USA > Ohio > History of Ohio; the rise and progress of an American state, Volume Five > Part 21
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car in the old Peerless bicycle plant, where they had previously manufactured motors for the DeBion- Bouton Motorette Company, which failed in 1900, the Peerless Company taking their business. In 1903 the Royal car was first made, when E. D. Sherman, presi- dent of the Royal Company, purchased the old Hoff- man Automobile Company. In 1904 the Rauch and Lang Company was started."
The slaughtering and meat packing industry stands third, with products of the value of $17,192,000 in 1910, against $7,514,000 in 1900. Number of estab- lishments, 1910, 35; persons engaged, 1,336; wagework- ers, 1,076; capital, $3,555,000; wages, $599,000. This department of enterprise has had steady development in Cleveland, with the growth of population. Its early promotion was largely due to W. G. Rose, a citizen of wide usefulness, who organized the Cleve- land Provision Company.
Fourth in order is the industry of women's clothing, having an output in 1910 of $12,789,000 value, made in ninety-six establishments, which employed 6,226 per- sons (5,418 being wageworkers), had a capital of $4,941,000, and paid wages of $2,903,000. The kindred industries of "millinery and lace goods" and "hosiery and knit goods" produced, respectively, $1,206,000 and $2,957,000 values. "Men's clothing, including shirts," had a product valued at $5,953,000. If the clothing manufactures of all kinds were considered together, instead of in their subdivisions, this branch of enterprise would stand next to the foundry and machine shop interests for the value produced.
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Following women's clothing are the printing and publishing products, valued at $9,635,000. Number of establishments, 245; persons engaged, 4,671; wage- workers, 3,104; capital, $6,944,000; wages, $2,009,000.
The paint and varnish business has reached large dimensions in Cleveland. Pioneers in these lines were Henry A. Sherwin and Edwin P. Williams, who about 1870 formed a partnership and started a small paint factory on the canal near Seneca Street, and Francis H. Glidden, who began the manufacture of varnish in 1875. There were twenty-four paint and varnish establishments in 1910, with products valued at $6,138,000.
Malt liquors produced in Cleveland were of the value of $5,124,000 in 1910. Whiskey distillation, formerly of relative importance, has now sunk to insignificance, only $14,000 value having been recorded in 1910.
Industries having products of from $4,000,000 to $5,000,000 value are :- stoves and furnaces, including gas and oil stoves, $4,977,000; bread and other bakery products, $4,731,000; electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies, $4,036,000; and lumber and timber prod- ucts, $4,021,000. The electrical interests are of much variety and importance. It will be recalled that the arc light was invented by a Cleveland man, Charles F. Brush. Concerning the lumber industry, Professor Gregory says: "The Cuyahoga River is of value in the lumber trade because of the facilities with which lumber boats can discharge cargoes. The lumber yard interests control and operate more of the available river front than any other industry on the flats. There are more
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
than forty-two lumber yards in the city; two-thirds of these are along the river. One Cleveland concern is the largest importer of foreign wood in the middle west. The lumber is consumed by hundreds of indus- tries and is the backbone of the building trade. Furni- ture, window sashes, automobile bodies, boxes, and sewing machine cabinets are among the important consumers, one factory having a capacity of ten thou- sand boxes daily."
No detailed Cleveland statistics are given in the census for sewing machines or shipbuilding, both of which are important local industries. In the manu- facture of sewing machines, Cleveland has long been preeminent. The business was established in 1870 by the White Manufacturing Company, of which the incorporators were Thomas H. White, Rollin C. White, George W. Baker, Henry W. White, and D'Arcy Porter. In 1900 the sewing machines made in the city had a value of $2,575,000. As a shipbuilding center Cleve- land is noted for its large lake vessels, the shipyards being located in the old bed of the Cuyahoga River.
Other industries specified in the census which in 1910 produced exceeding $1,000,000 value were :- boxes, fancy and paper, $1,141,000; chemicals, $1,866,000; confectionery, $2,852,000; furniture and refrigerators, $1,069,000; patent medicines and compounds and drug- gists' preparations, $1,010,000; and tobacco manufac- tures, $2,769,000.
The remaining manufactures of Cleveland valued at exceeding $250,000 are, so far as given in the census of 1910 :- blacking and cleansing and polishing prepara- tions, $355,000; boots and shoes, including cut stock
ROBERT JOHNSON
Manufacturer, of Springfield; identified more than forty years with important concerns in the agricultural imple- ment industry; died February 15, 19II.
Rott John
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
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No details& Cliviland statistics are given in L conta Bir aniog machines or shipbuilding, both which an important local industries. In the manu fatture of sewing machines, Cleveland has long bo premoloene. The business was established in 187 Iry the Whole Manufacturing Company, of which ti Herrpanden were Thomas H. White, Rollin C. Whit George W Tilus Hoary W. White, and D'Arcy Porter Au Tqod the e machines made in the city had At a shipbuilding center Cleve land ir mace de la Marge lake vessels, the shipyan heita Mente la d. old bed of the Cuyahoga Riven fred in the census which in 1910 proditent vding 51,000,000 value were :- boxe fancy 4 1 8v,141,000; chemicals, $1,866,00m confectionery, 51,464000; Furniture and refrigerator $1,069,000; puu nl nindicines and compounds and dru gists preparfum. Ar,gj0,00g; and tobacco manufac tures, $2,700,00
The remains tortures of Cleveland valued at exceeding Sagtyo00 , o far as given in the census of 1910.blacking and leageing and polishing prepara- tions, $355,000; hoors and shoes, including cut stock
Engraved. By Chas. B Hall N.Y.
Rottelohmon Ohmon
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and findings, $951,000; brick and tile, $769,000; car- riages and wagons and materials, $462,000; cooperage and wooden goods, not elsewhere specified, $708,000; gas and electric fixtures and lamps and reflectors, $654,000; ice, manufactured, $368,000; leather goods, $271,000; leather, tanned, curried, and finished, $636,- 000; marble and stone work, $468,000; mattresses and spring beds, $365,000; models and patterns, not includ- ing paper patterns, $251,000, and umbrellas and canes, $253,000.
"Among the smaller industries," says Professor Gregory, "are several which supply the builder with the indispensable materials of stone and lumber. The building stone is obtained from the largest sandstone quarries in the world, which are located near Cleveland in Cuyahoga and Lorain counties. They were first operated nearly seventy-five years ago, and since then enough stone has been quarried to build several Ameri- can cities. The stone has been used to build thousands of blocks, bridges, churches, and buildings in all parts of the United States, and is exported to Canada. The Berea, Amherst and 'Gray Canyon' are some of the various grades of building stone obtained from the quarries, which cover thousands of acres and are from thirty to two hundred feet in depth. These various quarries about Cleveland have a daily capacity of over three hundred cars of stone, and Cleveland is the center of the sandstone industry of the United States.
"For the housewife, Cleveland makes more vapor stoves and gas ranges than any other city of the coun- try. It stands first in sewing machines and chewing
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
gum. It is the great distributing point for millinery furbelows and face massage preparations. The oil refineries of the city supply kereosene, gasoline, paraf- fine, dies, disinfectants, flavoring extracts, floor oils and soap. For the home beautiful paints and varnishes are made daily by the ton and carload in many estab- lishments, one of which is the largest paint factory in the world."
2. Cincinnati, second city of Ohio. Population :- 1820, 9,642; 1830, 24,831; 1840, 46,338; 1850, 115,435; 1860, 161,044; 1870, 216,239; 1880, 255,139; 1890, 296,908; 1900, 325,902; 1910, 363,591.
The early development of manufacturing in Cin- cinnatihas already been noticed in detail (pages 268-274). A very extensive history of its consecutive progress to the Civil War could be deduced from several excellent authorities, especially the three invaluable books of Charles Cist: "Cincinnati in 1841," "Cincinnati in
1851," and "Cincinnati in 1859." For our purposes it will be sufficient to make a brief digest of the statis- tics and information so abundantly given by Mr. Cist. This writer is entitled to the greatest credit for his comprehensive and exhaustive publications on the city, which, moreover, are distinguished in the descriptive text by a superior literary style. He states that the particulars for the manufacturing industries were derived from his personal investigations.
Comparing Cincinnati with Pittsburg in 1841, Mr. Cist says that, notwithstanding the more impressive outward appearances of industrial activity in the latter city, the advantage was really very much in favor of Cincinnati, alike for value and variety of products
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and the number of persons engaged in manufacturing. The industries of Pittsburg, he says, were conducted with a very great utilization of steam power and con- sumption of soft coal, and the resulting clang and dense smoke gave to the casual observer the impression of a productive energy with which the more quiet way of doing things in Cincinnati contrasted sharply. "Our manufacturing establishments," he says, "with the exception of a few requiring in their nature to be carried on conveniently to the river, and which, therefore, must be driven by steam, are either set in motion by the water of the canal or are, in the literal sense, manu- factures-works of the hand. These last embrace the principal share of the productive industry of our mechanics, and are carried on in the upper stories, or in the rear shops of the warerooms in which they are exposed for sale, in a variety and to an extent which can only be realized from a visit to the interior of these establishments. All these are, therefore, to a great extent out of sight." From a comparison of reliable data he asserted that the number of persons engaged in mechanical and manufacturing employment in Cincinnati was, in proportion to those of corresponding pursuits in Pittsburg, fully as two to one.
At that time the Miami Canal (destined, in conjunc- tion with the Wabash Canal, to connect Cincinnati with Lake Erie) had been completed to Piqua, a distance of eighty-three miles. One of the great advantages derived from it was an abundance of water power, which was promptly availed of by the local manufac- turers. This factor was of much importance in the increasing development of the city.
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The manufacturing statistics of Cincinnati for 1841, as presented by Mr. Cist, show the following totals :- persons engaged, 10,647; value of products, $17,432,670. In 1840, according to the census, the capital invested in manufactures was $14,541,842.
We reproduce his recapitulation of the industries (1841) :-
Hands
Value
Wood, principally or wholly
1,557
$2,222,857
Iron, entirely or principally .
1,250
1,728,549
Other metals.
46 1
658,040
Leather, entirely or principally.
888
1,068,700
Hair, bristles, etc.
198
366,400
Cotton, wool, linen, and hemp.
359
411,190
Drugs, paints, chemicals, etc.
II4
458,250
The earth.
30I
238,300
Paper.
512
669,600
0
Food.
1,567
5,269,627
Science and the fine arts.
I39
179,100
Buildings
1,568
953,267
Miscellaneous.
1,733
3,208,790
10,647
$17,432,670
th
The foremost productive interest was pork packing, represented by forty-eight establishments, which em- ployed 1,220 persons and had an output valued at $3,074,512. This interest was exclusive of the ordinary butchering concerns (beef and pork), sixty-two in number and producing a value of $1,098,915.
The iron industry had already risen to respectable proportions. Under this head were thirteen foundries and engine shops, with products of $668,657 value and two rolling mills producing $394,000 value.
The b metal industries other than iron included thirty-two
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copper, brass, sheet-iron, and tin-plate concerns, with products of $311,300 value. Mr. Cist refers at some length to the marked excellence of the productions of the Cincinnati bell founders, which at this period com- manded a market throughout the west and south, and even to the east of Pittsburg.
In wood manufactures, ranking next to food, it is of much interest to note that steamboats had the lead- ing place, thirty-three boats, of five thousand, three hundred and sixty-one tons, being produced at a cost of $592,500. Cabinet ware, which from an early date was a leading Cincinnati commodity, was manufactured to the value of $538,000.
The leather goods of Cincinnati had also long been of superior reputation and extensive distribution. The principal items in 1841 were boots and shoes, $448,000, and saddlery, trunks, collars, and harness, $231,000.
The textile industries were of considerable variety, but none of them showed a development to justify the early predictions. The largest item of production was cotton yarn, $95,000. On the other hand, the clothing industry (classified by Mr. Cist among the miscellaneous manufactures) produced the large value of $1,223,800. Mattress makers and upholsterers (classed with the hair manufacturers) made goods to the value of $284,800.
Earthen ware manufactures had not as yet advanced to any special prominence, the principal item being brick, $87,500. But the product of the quarries had the important value of $253,450.
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Among the miscellaneous articles were :- soap and candles, $332,940; tobacco, $325,000; hats, $312,000; beer, $126,000; and distillery products, $145,000.
The very substantial development of the publishing interests reflected the high culture for which Cincinnati was noted from its beginning. There were twenty-five book, newspaper, and other publishers, employing 362 persons and producing a value of $518,500. Mr. Cist alludes with pride to the industry engaged in making "philosophical and mathematical instruments," and enumerates their delicate and valuable produc- tions.
In 1851 the population had much more than doubled and a corresponding progress was shown in manufac- turing. The total value of products for this year was $55,017,000. Analyzing his statistics, Mr. Cist thus deduces the net advantages of manufactures to the city: "The raw material consumed in our manufac- turing operations does not on an average exceed fifty-four per cent, or thirty out of fifty-five million dollars, the entire value of our industrial products, leaving forty-six per cent, or more than twenty-five million dollars, as a revenue derived for Cincinnati from this department of business." He quotes the following quite remarkable tribute to Cincinnati, as a natural manufacturing center, by Horace Greeley, after a visit paid to the city in 1850:
"It requires no keenness of observation to perceive that Cincinnati is destined to become the focus and mart for the grandest circle of manufacturing thrift on this continent. Her delightful climate, her un- equalled and ever increasing facilities for cheap and
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rapid commercial intercourse with all parts of the country and the world, her enterprising and energetic population, her own elastic and exulting youth, are all elements which predict and insure her electric prog- ress to giant greatness. I doubt if there is another spot on the earth where food, fuel, cotton, timber and iron can all be concentrated-that is, at so moderate a cost of human labor in producing and bringing them together-as here. Such fatness of soil, such a wealth of mineral treasure-coal, iron, salt, and the finest clays for all purposes of use,-and all cropping out from the steep, facile banks of placid, though not sluggish navigable rivers. How many Californias could equal, in permanent worth, this valley of the Ohio?"
The statistical tables for the year 1851 include one hundred and eighty-five branches of manufacture. Pork packing was still the leading industry. There were thirty-three pork, beef, and ham-curing estab- lishments in the city, with products of $5,760,000 value, and in addition thirty-four concerns were engaged in making lard oil and stearine valued at $3,015,900. Soap and candles, products also largely subsidiary to the pork packing interests, had a value of $1,475,000. The dominant productive interest of Cincinnati, in its different departments, therefore had an output at the middle of the century of over $10,000,000 annual value. Mr. Cist gives an extended account of the rise of this business and of the opera- tions in its various branches. He says that it first attained large proportions in the thirties, and rapidly expanded until eighty per cent of the hogs killed in
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Ohio were put up in Cincinnati. In 1848, the number packed in the city was nearly a half million.
The industry of next magnitude was that repre- sented by the foundry and engine shops, of which there were forty-four, employing 4,695 hands and producing a value of $3,676,500. Of these, fully a third were in the stove trade, and as many as a thousand stoves had been made in the city in a single day. Aside from the stove business, the usual operations of foun- ders and engine-builders were carried on in infinite variety. Cincinnati at this period enjoyed a practical monopoly in the construction of sugar mills and steam engines for Louisiana, Texas, and Cuba, one firm (Niles & Company) having in 1851 transacted a business of $280,000 in those lines. Another firm, J. H. Bur- rows and Company, made a specialty of portable mills for sections of the South and Southwest where waterpower was scarce. The familiar name of Miles Greenwood occurs prominently in Mr. Cist's pages. His establishment, on Walnut Street from Canal to Twelfth, was founded in 1832, and in 1851 employed three hundred and fifty men and manufactured machinery and castings valued at $360,000.
Five iron rolling mills employed five hundred and fifty men, and produced a value of $1,050,000. A new industry in the iron interest was that of safes, in which three factories were engaged, with manufactures to the value of $96,000. Mr. Cist mentions Charles Urban, Pearl Street west of Vine, making the Salaman- der safe, "a thoroughly tested and approved article."
Whiskey production showed an enormous increase, the value being $2,857,920, and Mr. Cist remarks that
OLIVER S. KELLY
Springfield manufacturer, of the firm of Whiteley, Fassler, and Kelly (Champion mowers and reapers); died April 9, 1904.
.S Kelly
THE RISE AND PROGRES
YJAM a HaVIIO.
, volstidW to mil lent tom In 1848, the num
The industry of next magAfQuedrigA bgibthat ve sented by the foundry and engine shops, of which were Mirty four, employing 4,695 hands and prod a value of $3,676,500. Of these, fully a third in the stove trade, and as many as a thousand bal been made in the cry in a single day. from the stove business, the usual operations of ders and engine-builders were carried on in in varery, Cincinnati at this period enjoyed a prac monopoly in the construction of sugar mills and se engines for Louisiana, Texas, and Cuba, one (Niles & Company) having in 1851 transacted a busy of $280,Quo fu those lines. Another firm, J. H. I rows and Company, made a specialty of pori mille for An tums of the South and Southwest w The familiar name of M
momently in Mr. Cist's pa His estatill do it, Walniit Street from Can Twelfth, was fimedhd a 1822, and in 1851 emple three hundred and why mien and manufactu machinery and castlees valued at $360,000.
Five iron rolling mills employed five hundred a fifty men, and produced a value of $1,050,000. A n industry in the iron interest was that of safes, in wh three factories were engaged, with manufactures the value of $96.000. Mr. Cist mentions Char Urban, Pearl Street weit of Vine, making the Salam's der safe, "a thoroughly tested and approved article
Whiskey production showed an enormous increa the valge being $2,857,920, and Mr. Cist remarks thi
Engraved By Chas B. Hall NY
0, 5 Kelly
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"This is the greatest whiskey mart of the world." The business of the breweries also had a striking development; value, $556,000.
Other principal manufactures of 1851 were :- alcohol and spirits of wine, $608,260; boots and shoes, $1, 182,- 650; clothing, $1,947,500; domestic liquors, $726,000; feed and flour, $1,690,000; furniture, $1,660,000; mil- linery, $820,000; patent medicines, $660,000; publish- ing, $1,246,540; sheeting, yarn, and candle wicks, $636,000; tanning and currying, $965,000; tobacco, $931,000; trunks, etc., $506,000. In this list we have not included any industry producing less than $500,000.
Cincinnati in 1859, according to Mr. Cist, had manufactured products of $112,254,400 value, engaging the labor of forty-five thousand persons. This was two years before the beginning of the Civil War, which was to work so great a change in economic and indus- trial conditions throughout the country and which so peculiarly affected Cincinnati.
The clothing industry stood first in importance, with a product valued at $15,000,000, and, according to Mr. Cist, Cincinnati was "the largest market for ready-made clothing in the country, east or west." The great progress of clothing manufacture was largely due to the introduction of the sewing machine, of which no city showed a more prompt and general ap- preciation than Cincinnati.
The combined distillery, brewery, and vineyard products were second in order. These included whis- key, $5,318,730; domestic liquors, $3,600,000; alcohol and spirits of wine, $2,260,000; ale and beer, $1,500,- 000; and wine, $150,000. The resulting demand for
,
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS
casks gave great prosperity to the cooperage establish- ments, which had an output valued at $1,510,000.
Pork and beef packing ($6,300,000) and the allied manufactures of candles, lard oil, soap, etc. ($6,114,500), together had a value of nearly twelve and one-half millions.
The foundry products had risen in value to $6,353,- 400; bar, boiler, sheet iron, etc., and nails, to $4,334,000; and wrought iron and tubular bridges to $1,000,000. The safe industry had a product of $408,000. Among other manufactures wholly or principally of iron or steel were steam engine boilers, $463,000; surgical and dental cutlery, etc., $80,000; edge tools, $158,000; and lightning rods, $175,000. The various industries using copper and tin showed a flourishing condition. Bells and brass work had a value of $425,000; bri- tannia ware, $100,000; and copper, iron and sheet iron ware, $610,000.
The products of the wood utilizing interests were, in part :- furniture, $3,656,000; sash, blinds, and doors, $1,380,000; sawmill products, $820,000; carriages and omnibuses, $460,000; steamboats, $400,000; billiard tables (a new industry), $342,000; and railway chairs (also new), $360,000.
Book and newspaper publishers issued products worth $2,610,000, and there were also music publi- cations valued at $200,000. The manufacture of type and printing materials had been established in Cin- cinnati in early days, and this business in 1859 produced a value of $310,000.
Such old established lines as leather, tobacco, patent medicines, boots and shoes, millinery, cotton yarns and
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sheetings, quarry products and brick, paint, and chemicals, continued to prosper.
A new industry, started in Cincinnati about this time, was the extracting of "coal oil" from cannel coal. The value produced in 1859 was $660,000. "There are," says Mr. Cist, "four coal oil establish- ments in Cincinnati and adjacencies, all of which, aided by supplies from the interior of the State, Ken- tucky, and Western Virginia, fall short of meeting the demand which has sprung up for the article." As an illuminant, he said, this coal oil was superior to the popular lard oil of the time, and far cheaper; it could be sold at the remarkably low price of sixty cents a gallon, whereas almost any other burning oil cost ninety cents a gallon, wholesale. He indulges in lively anticipations of the future of the industry. One of the men most prominently concerned in the Cincinnati coal oil interests was E. Grasselli, who, as we have seen, removed a few years later to Cleve- land to take advantage of the newly established petroleum business.
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