USA > Ohio > Historical collections of Ohio in two volumes, an encyclopedia of the state, Volume I > Part 3
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Columbus, 1846
616
Columbus, 1887.
615
Conneaut in July, 1796.
262
Coppock, Edwin, Monument of .. 450
Copus Family, Monument to Memory of 259
281
Cowles, Betsy M., Portrait of.
513
Cowles, Edwin M., Portrait of ..
Coshocton, 1846.
469
Coshocton, 1887 ..
469
Cottage of a German-Swiss Emigrant ... 463
Crusading Women of New Vienna ......
429
Cummings, Rev. E. H., Portrait of.
403
Custer, Gen. Geo. A., Portrait of ...
895
Custer, Gen. Geo. A., Birthplace. 895
Dam, The Great, at Cincinnati in the
Ice Age.
741
Dawes, Colonel E. C., Portrait of.
155
Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 1846 ..
631
Deafand Dumb Asylum, 1888.
631
Decline of Day on the Upper Ohio
462
Defiance, Fort ..
540
Defiance, 1846.
541
Defiance, 1887.
541
Delano, Sec'y, Columbus.
990
Delaware, 1846
555
Delaware, 1886.
555
Dennison, Gov. William, Portrait and
Autograph of ...
522
Dexter Mausoleum, Spring Grove ..
857
Dorn, Hon. Henry, Portrait of.
208
Dow, Lorenzo, Portrait of.
413
Drake, Dr. Daniel
821
Early Settlers Pounding Corn .. 244
Edgerton, Hon. Alfred P., Portrait of ..
547
Edison, Thomas Alva, Portrait of ....
580
Edison, Thomas Alva, Birth-place of ...
581
Ewing Mansion, The.
594
Ewing, Hon. Thomas, Portrait
and
Autograph of ..
593
Ewing, Gen. Thomas.
178
Farrar, Hon. William, Portrait of
201
Female Seminary, Steubenville.
970
Fern Cliff.
401
Field of Derricks, Lima.
248
Findlay, Gen. James
869
Findlay in 1846.
869
Findlay in 1890 ...
872
First Church in Cincinnati.
753
First Court-House in Greene County
695
Foraker, Gov. J. B ..
919
Forks of the Muskingum ..
468
PAGE
29
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE.
Forrer, Samuel, Portrait of 119
Fort Hill, Map of .. 921 Frankenstein Homestead, The. 404
Franklin County Court-House ... 624
French Settlers Cutting Down Trees. .. 675
Friends' Yearly Meeting-House, Barnes- ville 325
Galion, 1887. 489
Gallipolis, 1790. 672
Gallipolis, 1846. 678 Gallipolis, 1886. 678
Galloway Chair, The
706
Garfield's Monument.
506
Geddes, James, Portrait of.
119
Geneva, 1888
276
Geological Map of Ohio.
65
Giddings, Joshua R., Portrait and Auto- graph of. 269
Giddings, Joshua R., Law Office of. 270
Giddings' and Wade's Monuments .. 269
Girty's Island. 906
Glaciated Area of Ohio, Map of. 91
Glaciated Area of North America, Map of 92
Glaciated Area, Hamilton County, Map of 93
Glaciated Area of New Jersey, Map of .. 97
Goshorn, Sir Alfred T .. 847
Grant School-House, Georgetown 332
Grant Homestead and Tannery. 332
Grant, Birth-place of. 420
Grant, U. S., Portrait and Autograph of 333 Grant, Jesse R., Portrait and Autograph of ... 333
Grant, Mrs. Hannah, Portrait and'Auto- graph of ... 333
"Gray Old Farm House," The 838
Greenville in 1846. 531
Greenville in 1886.
531
Greenwood, Miles
821
Hall, Capt. Chas. F. 841
Halstead, Murat, Portrait of .. 353
Halstead, Murat, Boyhood Home and Sycamore Grove at .. 353
Hamer, Gen. Thomas Lyon, Portrait of 331 Hamilton, 1846. 346 Harrison, Autograph of Pres. W. H 813 Harrison, Pres. W. H. 811 Harrison, Benj. 811 Harrison, Mrs. William Henry 813 Hayden's Falls .. 628
Hayes, President, Birth-place of .. 557
Heatherington, Jacob, Portrait of. 323 Highland House .. 783
Hillsboro Court House .. 915
Hillsboro, Business Street in 918
Hillsboro, Residence Street in. 918
Hitchcock, Judge Peter, Homestead. 687 Hoadly, Gov. George 839
Horn, A Historic. 947 House that Jack built. 323
Howard, J. Q., Portrait of ..
184
Howells, William Dean, Portrait of. 327
Howells William Dean, Birth-place of ... 327
Hunter, Capt. Robert, Portrait of. 155
Imbecile Youths, Asylum for 632 Inclined Plane, Mt. Auburn. 783 Inscription Rock. 576
Jack, the Mule.
323
Tackson in 1886.
952
Jefferson, 1846. 267
Johnson's Island Prison 575
Kail, Mrs. Mary E., Portrait of. 364
Kelly, Hon. Alfred, Portrait of .. 649 Keifer, Gen. J. Warren, Portrait and Autograph of .. 406
Kennan, George. 946 Kenton Court House Square. 877
Kenton in 1846 ..
877
Kenton, Simon, Portrait of. 376
Kenton, Simon, The Grave of .. 376
Kenyon College
987
Kinney, Col. Coates, Portrait of. 714 Kirtland, Dr., Portrait of. 510
Knight, Prof. Geo. W., Portrait of. 137
Lamp, A Log-Cabin 884
Lancaster, 1846
591
Lancaster, 1886 591
Lane Seminary. 757
Latham, E. P., Portrait of. 688
Latham, E. P , Specimen of Handwriting of. 688
Lee, Homer, Portrait and Autograph of 178 Lewis Div. 915
Lima, 1846 245
Lima, 1887
245
Logan in 1846. 926
Logan in 1890
926
Longworth, Nicholas. 818
Longworth's Vineyard.
857
Loving Dog and Horse.
948
Lundy. Benjamin, Portrait of. 312
Lytle, Gen. Wm. H. 834
Manchester Landing.
230
Maple Sugar, Old-Time Way of Making 685 Martin's Ferry, 1887. 326 Matthews, Judge Stanley .. 845 McBride, James, Portrait of. 356
McCook, Major Daniel, Portrait of 366
McCook, Dr. John, Portrait of .. 366 McCook, Martha L., Portrait of. 367
McCook, Gen. Robert Latimer, Portrait of. 368
McCook, Brig .- Gen. Daniel, Portrait of .. . 368 McCook, Charles Morris, Portrait of ..... 369 McCook, Brig .- Gen. Anson George, Por- trait of. 370
McCook, Col. John James, Portrait of .. 37 L
McDowell, Gen. Irvin, Birth-place of .. 648
McIlvaine, Bishop Chas. P. 990 Mckeever, Abbie C., Portrait of. 422
Miami University, Oxford. 354
Middletown, 1846. 351
Middletown, 1887 351
Milan, 1846 ..
578
Mill, The Old. 919
Millersburg in 1846. 938
Millersburg in 1890. 938 Millikin, Col. Minor, Portrait of. 357
Miners' Cottages. 320
Miners' Tools
952
Mitchell, Gen. O. M. 838
Monnett Hall.
556
Morgan, Gen. John, Portrait and Auto- graph of. 452
Morgan, Gen. John, Surrender of. 452
Morgan, Gen. G. W .. 991 Morris, Senator Thomas, Monument of 415
Mount Pleasant.
590
Mt. Vernon in 1846
984
PAGE.
Georgetown, 1846 ... 330
30
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE.
Mt. Vernon in 1886 984
Music Hall and Exposition Building. 793
Napoleon in 1887 906
New Lisbon, 1846. 438
New Lisbon, 1886 439
Norwalk in 1846. 943
Norwalk in 1886
943
Noyes, Gen. E. F ..
842
Ohio Boys' Industrial School
599
Ohio Normal University 885 Chio Penitentiary, Prisoners Marching in 631
Ohio Penitentiary, 1846. 644
Ohio River Beacon.
235
Ohio State University. 621
Ohio University, 1846 .. 286
Ohio Wesleyan University. 556
Ohio, Mapof ..
8
Old Harrison Mansion, Ground Plan 861
Orton, Prof. Edward, Portrait of .. 59
Our Cabin, or Life in the Woods. 316
Over the Rhine Saloon.
786
Paleolith from Abbeville, France. 95
Paleolith from Trenton, New Jersey 96
Pendleton, Hon. Geo. H. 844
Pennyroyal Distillery, A. 732
Perkins, Joseph, Portrait of .. 514
Perry's Den.
735
Perry Statute, Monumental Park, Cleve- land. 505
Peter, Mrs. Sarah. 823
Piatt, John H
818
Piatt, Jacob Wyckoff. 819
Poison Crystals, Forms of.
657
Pompey's Pillar ...
723
Pottery, Knowles, Taylor & Knowles, East Liverpool. 460
Purcell, Archbishop, Portrait of ... 341
Purchase of the Ohio and Scioto Land Companies. 671
Quarries at Berea. 526
Rankin, Rev. John, Portrait of. 238
Read, Prof. M. C., Protrait of. 188 Read, T. Buchanan ... 851
Reid, Whitelaw, Portrait and Autograph of. 719
Reid, Whitelaw, Birth-place of .. 719
Residence of the Late President Harri- son, North Bend.
862
Ripley, 1846.
337
Robinson, Gen. James. 883 Rock Bridge. 931 Rock House Cave .. 931
Rocky Gorge of Paint Creek. 921 Rosecrans, Gen. W. S., Portrait and Autograph of ... 564
Rossville, View from Hamilton, 1846. 346
Rouse, Mrs., Portrait of .. 515
Roy, Hon. Audrew, Portrait of. 110 Runyan, Mrs. 915
Ruggles, Hon. Almon, Portrait of .. 583
Salem, 1846. 449
Salem, 1887. 449 Salem Town Hall, Audience Room. 450 Ward, J. Q. A., Portrait of. 383 Sandusky Harbor, 1846 569 Warder, Dr. John A. 840
Sandusky Harbor, 1888. 565
Sausage Man, The.
786
Seal of Ohio
51
Seitz, Enoch Berry, Portrait of. 533
Serpent Mound, Diagram of ... 232 Serpent Mound, The Head of. 234 Serpent Mound Park. 222
Serpent Mound, Skeleton Found in. 222
Sherman, Gen. W. T., Portrait and Au- tograph of ... 593
Simpson, Bishop Matthew 890
Singing Before a Saloon. 915 Sinton, David. 844
Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home ... 720
Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, Sitting Room. 715
Soldiers Returning from the War. 782 Solitary Elm, The. 353
Springfield, 1846. 397
Springer, Reuben R 843
Spencer, Platt, R., Portrait and Auto- graph of. 277 Squirrel Hunters Crossing the Pon- toons at Cincinnati .. 782
Stanton's Boyhood Home 970
Stanton, Secretary Edwin M. 975
Steubenville in 1846.
965
Steubenville in 1886 .. 965
915
St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, Portrait and Au- tograph of .. 402
St. Clairsville, 1846.
309
St. Xavier's College.
757
State Capitol of Ohio.
610
Stanbery, Hon. Henry, Portrait of. 653 Strata along the Niagara River. 98
Surveys of Public Lands, Map .. 134
Suspension Bridge.
796
Swayne, Chief-Justice, Portrait of. 655 Symmes, Judge J. C., Autograph of. 348
Symmes, Judge J. C., Monument to Memory of .. 348
Symmes, Judge John Cleves ...
813
Taft, Judge Alphonso.
842
Tappan, Judge Benjamin. 978 Tecumseh, Birthplace of .. 390
Thurman, Hon. A. G., Portrait and Autograph of ... 564
Tod, Gov. David, Portrait and Auto- graph of ... 522
Tomb of the Late President Harrison ... 862 Tourgee, Judge Albion W., Portrait of 280 Townshend, Dr. N. S., Portrait of. 100
Transrhenane Waiter.
786
Twin Sycamores, The.
730
Tyler Davidson Fountain. 793
Urbana, 1846.
375
Urbana, 1886.
375
Vallandigham, Clement L., Portrait of 451
Vallandigham, Homestead.
451
Valley of the Cuyahoga.
495
Viaduct, Cleveland.
495
Wade, Senator Benj. F., Portrait and Autograph of .. 269
Wapakonetta, 1887. 295
Washington C. H., 1846.
605
Washington C. H., 1886.
605
Wauseon, Central View in.
662
PAGE
Stewart, Mother
Stowe, Harriet Beecher ..
824
31
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAOE.
Wayne, Gen. Anthony, Portrait and Autograph of ..
402
Weiner Wurst Man, The. 786
Wellsville, 1846 .. 464
West Union, 1846. 229
Wetzel's Springs 308
White Sulphur Springs ..
559
Whittlesey, Col. Charles, Portrait and Autograph of. 521
Whittlesey Homestead. 521 Wilberforce University .... 722
Willich, Gen. August, Portrait of. 303
Willich, Gen., Monument to Memory of 303
Wilmington, 1846. 424
Wilmington, 1886. 424
Wittenberg College 398
Wood, Gov. Reuben. 511
Worthington Female Seminary, 1846 ... 612 Wright, Prof. G. Frederick, Portrait of 90
Xenia, 1846. 701
Xenia, 1886.
701
Zeigler, Major David.
846
Zoological Garden.
783
PAGE.
Introductory Articles.
FAGE
PAGE
Outline History 33
General Description FRANK HENRY HOWE, 51
Geography and Geology PROF. G. W. KNIGHT, 137
PROF. EDWARD ORTON, 59 Ohio in the Civil War
Glacial Man
PROF. G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, 90
History of Agriculture
PROF. NORTON S. TOWNSHEND, 100
Mines and Mining Resources
HON. ANDREW ROY, 110
Pioneer Engineers COL. CHAS. WHITTLESEY, 119
PROF. M. C. READ, 188
Ohio, the Buckeye State
HON. WM. M. FARRAR, 200
Workshop and Factory Inspection
FRANK HENRY HOWE, 208
Public Lands
JOHN KILBOURNE, 128
Ordinance of 1787
217
Counties.
(ADAMS TO KNOX.)
PAGE
PAGE
Adams
223
Erie.
564
Allen.
241
Fairfield
587
Ashland
251
Fayette ..
602
Ashtabula
261
Franklin
609
Athens.
282
Fulton
661
Auglaize.
293
Gallia
668
Belmont.
306
Geauga
682
Brow11
328
Greene.
692
Butler.
342
Guernsey.
726
Carroll
359
Hamilton
739
Champaign
372
Hancock
867
Clark
387
Hardin
875
Clermont.
408
Harrison
887
Clinton
423
Henry.
903
Columbiana
436
Highland
912
Coshocton
466
Hocking.
925
Crawford 482
Holmes 934
941
Darke
529
Jackson
950
Defiance
539
Jefferson 959
Delaware
548
Knox
981
Public Land Surveys
COL. CHAS. WHITTLESEY, 133 Educational Progress
GEN. JOHN BEATTY, 150 Ohio Commandery of the Loyal Legion 155 Ohio Officers, State and National 166 Ohio Society of New York 178
A Glance at Ohio History and Historical Men J. Q. HOWARD, 184 Ohio's Work in the United States Sani- tary Commission
Civil Jurisdiction
COL. CHAS. WHITTLESEY, 122
Sources of Ohio's Strength
COL. CHAS. WHITTLESEY, 124
Cuyahoga
494
Huron
OHIO.
OUTLINE HISTORY.
THE territory now comprised within the limits of Ohio was formerly a part of that vast region claimed by France, between the Alleghany and the Rocky mountains, first known by the general name of Louisiana. In 1673, Marquette, a zealous French Missionary, accompanied with Monsieur Joliet, from Quebec, with five boatmen, set out on a mission from Mackinac to the unexplored regions lying south of that station. They passed down the lake to Green Bay, thence from Fox River crossed over to the Wisconsin, which they followed down to its junction with the Mississippi. They descended this mighty stream a thousand miles to its confluence with the Arkansas. On their return to Canada, they did not fail to urge, in strong terms, the immediate occupation of the vast and fertile regions watered by the Mississippi and its branches.
On the 7th of August, 1679, M. de la Salle, the French commandant of Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, launched, upon Lake Erie, the Griffin, a bark of about 60 tons, with which he proceeded through the Lakes to the Straits of Michillimackinac. Leaving his bark at this place, he pro- ceeded up Lake Michigan, and from thence to the south west, till he arrived at Peoria Lake, in Illinois. At this place he erected a fort, and after having sent Father Lewis Hennepin on an exploring expedition, La Salle returned to Canada. In 1683, La Salle went to France, and, by the representations which he made, induced the French Government to fit out an expedition for the purpose of planting a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. This expedition failed, La Salle being murdered by his own men.
This disaster did not abate the ardor of the French in their great plan of obtaining possession of the vast region westward of the English colo- nies. A second expedition sailed from France, under the command of M. D'Iberville. This officer entered the mouth of the Mississippi, and explored the river for several hundred miles. Permanent establishments were made at different points; and from this time the French colony west of the Alleghanies steadily increased in numbers and strength. Previous to the year 1725, the colony had been divided into quarters, each having its local governor, or commandant, and judge, but all subject to the superior authority of the council general of Louisiana. One of these quarters was established north west of the Ohio.
At this period the French had erected forts on the Mississippi, on the Illinois, on the Maumee, and on the lakes. Still, however, the communi- cation with Canada was through Lake Michigan. Before 1750, a French
(33)
34
OUTLINE HISTORY.
post had been fortified at the mouth of the Wabash, and a communication was established through that river and the Maumee with Canada. About the same time, and for the purpose of checking the progress of the French, the Ohio Company was formed, and made some attempts to establish trading houses among the Indians. The French, however, established a chain of fortifications back of the English settlements, and thus, in a meas- ure, had the entire control of the great Mississippi valley. The English government became alarmed at the encroachments of the French, and attempted to settle boundaries by negotiations. These availed nothing, and both parties were determined to settle their differences by the force of arms.
The claims of the different European monarchs to large portions of the western continent were based upon the first discoveries made by their subjects. In 1609, the English monarch granted to the London Company, all the territories extending along the coast for two hundred miles north and south from Point Comfort, and " up into the land, throughout from sea to sea, west and north-west." In 1662, Charles II. granted to certain set- tlers upon the Connecticut all the territory between the parallels of lati- tude which include the present State of Connecticut, from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. The claims which Massachusetts advanced, during the revolution, to an interest in the western lands, were founded upon a similar charter, granted thirty years afterwards.
When the king of France had dominions in North America, the whole of the late territory of the United States, north-west of the river Ohio, was included in the province of Louisiana, the north boundary of which, by the treaty of Utrecht, concluded between France and England in 1713, was fixed at the 49th parallel of latitude north of the Equator. After the conquest of the French possessions in North America by Great Britain, this tract was ceded by France to Great Britain, by the treaty of Paris, in 1763.
The principal ground whereon the English claimed dominion beyond the Alleghanies was, that the Six Nations owned the Ohio valley, and had placed it with their other lands under the protection of England. Some of the western lands were also claimed by the British as having been actually purchased, at Lancaster, Penn., in 1744, at a treaty between the colonists and the Six Nations at that place. In 1748, the "Ohio Com- pany," for the purpose of securing the Indian trade, was formed. In 1749, it appears that the English built a trading house upon the Great Miami, at a spot since called Loramie's Store. In 1751, Christopher Gist, an agent of the Ohio Company, who was appointed to examine the west- ern lands, made a visit to the Twigtwees, who lived upon the Miami river, about one hundred miles from its mouth.
Early in 1752, the French having heard of the trading house on the Miami, sent a party of soldiers to the Twigtwees and demanded the traders as intruders upon French lands. The Twigtwees refused to deliver up their friends. The French, assisted by the Ottawas and Chippewas, then attacked the trading house, which was probably a block house, and after a severe battle, in which fourteen of the natives were killed and others wounded, took and destroyed it, carrying away the traders to Canada. This fort, or trading house, was called, by the English, Pickawil- lany. Such was the first British settlement in the Ohio valley, of which we have any record.
After Braddock's defeat, in 1755, the Indians pushed their excursions as far east as the Blue Ridge. In order to repel them, Major Lewis, in Janu- ary, 1756, was sent with a party of troops on an expedition against the Indian towns on the Ohio. The point apparently aimed at, was the upper Shawanese town, situated on the Ohio, three miles above the mouth of
35
OUTLINE HISTORY.
the Great Kanawha. The attempt proved a failure, in consequence, it is said, of the swollen state of the streams, and the treachery of the guides. In 1764, Gen. Bradstreet, having dispersed the Indian forces besieging Detroit, passed into the Wyandot country by way of Sandusky Bay. He ascended the bay and river as far as it was navigable for boats, and there made a camp. A treaty of peace was signed by the Chiefs and head men. The Shawnees of the Scioto river, and the Delawares of the Muskingum, however, still continued hostile. Col. Boquet, in 1764, with a body of troops, marched from Fort Pitt into the heart of the Ohio country on the Muskingum river. This expedition was conducted with great prudence and skill, and without scarcely any loss of life, as treaty of peace was effected with the Indians, who restored the prisoners they had captured from the white settlements. The next war with the Indians was in 1774, generally known as Lord Dunmore's. In the summer of that year, an expedition, under Col. M'Donald, was assembled at Wheeling, marched into the Muskingum country and destroyed the Indian town of Wapato- mica, a few miles above the site of Zanesville. In the fall, the Indians were defeated after a hard fought battle at Point Pleasant, on the Virginia side of the Ohio. Shortly after this event, Lord Dunmore made peace with the Indians at Camp Charlotte, in what is now Pickaway country.
During the revolutionary war, most of the western Indians were more or less united against the Americans. In the fall of 1778, an expedition against Detroit was projected. As a preliminary step, it was resolved that the forces in the west, under Gen. M'Intosh, should move up and attack the Sandusky Indians. Preliminary to this, Fort Laurens, so called in honor of the President of Congress, was built upon the Tuscarawas, a short distance below the site of Bolivar, Tuscarawas county. The expe- dition to Detroit was abandoned and the garrison of Fort Laurens, after suffering much from the Indians and from famine, were recalled in August, 1779. A month or two previous to the evacuation of this fort, Col. Bowman headed an expedition against the Shawnees. Their village, Chillicothe, three miles north of the site of Xenia, on the little Miami, was burnt. The warriors showed an undaunted front, and the whites were forced to retreat. In the summer of 1780, an expedition directed against the Indian towns, in the forks of the Muskingum, moved from Wheeling under Gen. Broadhead. This expedition, known as "the Coshocton cam- paign," was unimportant in its results. In the same summer, Gen. Clark led a body of Kentuckians against the Shawnees. Chillicothe, on the Little Miami, was burnt on their approach, but at Piqua, their town on the Mad River, six miles below the site of Springfield, they gave battle to the whites and were defeated. In September, 1782, this officer led a second expedition against the Shawanese. Their towns, Upper and Lower Piqua, on the Miami, within what is now Miami county, were destroyed, together with the store of a trader.
There were other expeditions into the Indian country from Kentucky, which, although of later date, we mention in this connection. In 1786, Col. Logan conducted a successful expedition against the Mackachack towns, on the head waters of Mad River, in what is now Logan county. Edwards, in 1787, led an expedition to the head waters of the Big Miami, and, in 1788, Todd led one into the Scioto valley. There were also minor expeditions, at various times, into the present limits of Ohio.
The Moravian missionaries, prior to the war of the revolution, had a number of missionary stations within the limits of Ohio. The mission- aries, Heckewelder and Post, were on the Muskingum as early as 1762. In March, 1782, a party of Americans, under Col. Williamson, murdered in cold blood, ninety-four of the defenceless Moravian Indians, within the present limits of Tuscarawas county. In the June following, Col. Craw-
36
OUTLINE HISTORY.
ford, at the head of about 500 men, was defeated by the Indians, three miles north of the site of Upper Sandusky, in Wyandot county. He was taken prisoner, and burnt at the stake with horrible tortures.
By an act of the Parliament of Great Britain, passed in 1774, the whole of the late north-western Territory was annexed to, and made a part of the province of Quebec, as created and established by the royal proclama- tion of the 7th of October, 1763. But nothing therein contained, relative to the boundary of the said province of Quebec, was in any wise to affect the boundaries of any other colony.
The colonies having, in 1776, renounced their allegiance to the British king, and assumed rank as free, sovereign and independent States, each State claimed the right of soil and jurisdiction over the district of country embraced within its charter. The charters of several of the States embraced large portions of western unappropriated lands. Those States which had no such charters, insisted that these lands ought to be appro- priated for the benefit of all the States, according to their population, as the title to them, if secured at all, would be by the blood and treasure of all the States. Congress repeatedly urged upon those States owning western unappropriated lands, to make liberal cessions of them for the common benefit of all.
The claim of the English monarch to the late north-western Territory was ceded to the United States, by the treaty of peace, signed at Paris, September 3, 1783. The provisional articles which formed the basis of that treaty, more especially as related to the boundary, were signed at Paris, November 30, 1782. During the pendency of the negotiation relative to these preliminary articles, Mr. Oswald, the British commis- sioner, proposed the river Ohio as the western boundary of the United States, and but for the indomitable perseverance of the revolutionary patriot, John Adams, one of the American commissioners, who opposed the proposition, and insisted upon the Mississippi as the boundary, the proba- bility is, that the proposition of Mr. Oswald would have been acceded to by the United States commissioners.
The states who owned western unappropriated lands, with a single exception, redeemed their respective pledges by ceding them to the United States. The State of Virginia, in March, 1784, ceded the right of soil and jurisdiction to the district of country embraced in her charter, situated to the north-west of the river Ohio. In September, 1786, the State of Con- necticut also ceded her claim of soil and jurisdiction to the district of country within the limits of her charter, situated west of a line beginning at the completion of the forty-first point degree of north latitude, one hundred and twenty miles west of the western boundary of Pennsylvania ; and from thence by a line drawn north parallel to, and one hundred and twenty miles west of said line of Pennsylvania, and to continue north until it came to forty-two degrees and two minutes north latitude. The State of Connecticut, on the 30th of May, 1800, also ceded her jurisdictional claims to all that territory called the " Western Reserve of Connecticut." The states of New York and Massachusetts also ceded all their claims.
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