USA > Ohio > Columbiana County > History of Columbiana County, Ohio and representative citizens > Part 2
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67 | Part 68 | Part 69 | Part 70 | Part 71 | Part 72 | Part 73 | Part 74 | Part 75 | Part 76 | Part 77 | Part 78 | Part 79 | Part 80 | Part 81 | Part 82 | Part 83 | Part 84 | Part 85 | Part 86 | Part 87 | Part 88 | Part 89 | Part 90 | Part 91 | Part 92 | Part 93 | Part 94 | Part 95 | Part 96 | Part 97 | Part 98 | Part 99 | Part 100 | Part 101 | Part 102 | Part 103 | Part 104 | Part 105 | Part 106 | Part 107 | Part 108 | Part 109 | Part 110 | Part 111 | Part 112 | Part 113 | Part 114 | Part 115 | Part 116 | Part 117 | Part 118 | Part 119 | Part 120 | Part 121
208
Oldest Building in Lisbon, The
244
Oriental Company, The, Store of, Salem.
.656
PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS.
St. Aloysius, East Liverpool.
296
St. Paul's, Salem.
94
Immaculate Conception, Wellsville.
296
14
INDEX
PAGE
Peterson, Chal 528 Polk, William 558
POTTERIES.
Bennett's First, East Liverpool.
288
Homer Laughlin China Company, East Liver-
pool
158
Knowles, Taylor & Knowles
Company, East
170
Liverpool
East Palestine
340
Continental, East Palestine
340
Thomas China Company, Lisbon
208
Potters' National Bank Building, East Liverpool. 28
PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
Central, East Liverpool.
296
Mckinley Avenue, East Liverpool. 296
Union, East Palestine.
340
Chestnut Street, Lisbon
190
North Market Street, Lisbon. II6
High, Salem
328
Central, Wellsville
296
Public Square, View in, Lisbon.
276
Public Square, Old View of, Lisbon.
276
Railroad Bridge in Elkrun Township
76
RESIDENCES.
Allison, Nancy, Lisbon ..
244
Bishop, Isadore, Columbiana.
449
Brooks, Mrs. J. T., Salem.
62
Dowling, J. J., Wellsville.
62
Goodwin, Henry, East Liverpool.
62
Hammond, Dr. J. W., Wellsville.
62
PAGE
Mullins, W. H., Salem.
62
Thompson, John C., East Liverpool. 62 Uncapher, Miss Mary M., New Waterford. 763
Rose, James N.
752
Salem Iron Company, Plant of, Leetonia. 158 SANDY AND BEAVER CANAL VIEWS.
Cut in a Large Dam, Hanover Township. 76.
Lock No. 41, Elkrun Township.
76
Sebring, George E.
646
Sharp, Simeon
368
Siegle, Louis F.
598
Silver, Mr. and Mrs. Albert R.
388
Smith, Daniel Jones
418
Stevenson Company, Plant of, Wellsville. 132
STREET VIEWS.
East Walnut, Lisbon.
276
South Market, Lisbon.
276
Broadway, Salem, in 1887.
350
East Main, Salem
28
Main, Salem, in 1846.
315
Surles, William H.
458.
Tescher, Capt. John F.
618.
Theater, Ceramic, East Liverpool.
94
Vallandigham, Clement L., Birthplace of
208
Wallace, William C.
498
Wells, Alexander
356
Yengling, Arthur C., M. D.
696
history of Columbiana County
CHAPTER I.
PREHISTORIC CONDITIONS.
Geology of Columbiana County-Course of the Moraine in the Glacial Period-Reading of the Rocks-Man and Beast in the Glacial Era.
To attempt to give a treatise on the science of geology, or the geological history of Ohio or of Columbiana County, would not be proper in a work such as this. Space would not ad- mit; neither would it interest a large number of readers. The geology of this section of the country will therefore be touched upon merely by way of introduction, and in so far as may be necessary to make intelligible the legitimate treatment of the people, and the historical en- vironment of the past century.
COURSE OF THE MORAINE IN THE GLACIAL PERIOD.
The boundary line of the moraine of the glacial period enters Columbiana County at a point near East Palestine, and runs slightly south of west to the line of Stark County, with a slight inclination north of Canton, where it turns slightly, running almost to the line of Tuscarawas, and enters Holmes near the northwest corner. Thence southwest to Mill- ersburg, where it turns to the south, passing the eastern edge of Knox, through Newark and on to Perry; across the northwest portion
of that county to Rushville, in Fairfield. From that point it runs west to Lancaster, and, after crossing the Hocking Valley, along the bound- aries of Pickaway and Hocking to the north- west corner of Ross. There again it turns westward, crossing the valley of the Scioto a few miles north of Chillicothe, and again turns south, making a slight detour, touching the northwest corner of Pike, crossing southeast Highland and northwest Adams, entering Brown County near Decatur, thence westward across the southern portion of Clermont and Brown and across the Ohio River near the line between Campbell and Pendleton counties, Kentucky. It recrosses the Ohio west of the line dividing this State from Indiana. All of the State of Ohio north and west of this boundary was under the domination, or direct influence, of the glacial moraine at some time or other during the period of its continuance.
MAN AND BEAST IN THE GLACIAL ERA.
Prof. G. Frederick Wright, D. D., LL. D., has contributed to Howe's "Historical Col- lections of Ohio," an intensely interesting ar-
1
18
HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA. COUNTY
ticle on "Glacial Man In Ohio," from which a few paragraphs are herewith quoted: "The glacier, which in a far distant period invaded Ohio, can be traced by three signs: (I) 'Scratches on the bed rock; (2) 'Till'; (3) Boulders. Taking these in their order, we notice (I) that scratches on the bed rock in such a level region as Ohio could not be pro- duced by any other means than glacial ice, and that a glacier is entirely competent to pro- duce them.
"Now these phenomena, so characteristic of the areas just in front of a receding glacier, are very abundant in certain portions of Ohio. The most celebrated locality in the State, and perhaps in the world, is to be found in the islands near Sandusky.
"But the greater part of Ohio is several hundred feet higher than Lake Erie, and yet similar glacial scratches are to be found all over the higher land to some distance south of the water-shed, and in the western part of the State clear down to the Ohio River. On this higher land the direction of the scratches is south and southeast, showing that there was an ice movement during the height of the glacial period which entirely disregarded the depression of Lake Erie.
"(2) The 'till' of which we have spoken consists of the loose soil which in the glaciated region covers the bed rock. In places this is of great depth, and everywhere it has a peculiar composition.
"The only way in which materials could thus be collected in such situations and thor- oughly mixed is by ice action. The ice of the glacial period, as it moved over the rough surfaces to the north, ground off the promi- nences and filled up the gorges and hollows, and we have in this unstratified mixture, de- nominated 'till,' what Professor Newberry called the grist of the glacier. The extent of this deposit in Ohio is enormous. In St. Paris, Champaign County, the till was penetrated more than 500 feet without finding the bed rock. This was doubtless in the filled-up gorge of a pre-glacial water-course, of which there are a great many in the State. But the aver- age depth of the till over the glaciated part of
the State, as shown by the facts Professor Or- ton has gathered from the wells recently bored for gas, is nearly 100 feet.
"(3) The boulders most characteristic of the glaciated region of Ohio are granitic. These are variously known in different locali- ties as boulders, hardheads and 'niggerheads,' and have all been brought from a great dis- tance, and so are common, not only to the glaciated region of Ohio, but to the whole glaciated region of the States east and west of it. The granitic mountains from which these boulders must have been derived run from the northern part of New York, where they constitute the Adirondacks, through Can- ada to the northern shore of Lake Huron and extend westward along the south shore of Lake Superior, containing the celebrated mining dis- trict of that region. Boulders from this range of mountains are scattered all over the region which was glaciated. They are found in great abundance in the hills of Northwestern Penn- sylvania, and everywhere down to the glacial line.
"One of the necessary accompaniments of the ice age was the production of great floods at its close. As there are spring freshets now on the breaking up of winter, when the ac- cumulated snow melts away and the ice forms gorges in the swollen streams, so there must have been gigantic floods and ice gorges when the glacial period drew to a close. All the streams flowing out from the front of it toward the south must have had an enormous volume of water, far beyond anything now witnessed. Nor is this mere speculation. I am familiar with all the streams flowing south from the glacial limit between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi River, and can testify that with- out exception such streams still bear the marks of that glacial flood. What are called the ter- races of the terrace epoch in geology are the results of them. These streams have, in addi- tion to the present flood-plains, a line of ter- races on each side which are from 50 to 100 feet higher than the water now ever rises. The material of these terraces consists of coarse gravel stones and pebbles of considerable size, showing, by their size, the strength of the cur-
19
AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS.
rent which rolled them along. A noticeable thing about these gravel stones and pebbles is that many granite fragments are found among them, showing that they must have been de- posited during the glacial period, for the streams have no access to granite rock except as the ice of the glacial period has brought it within reach. The connection of these terraces with the glacial period is further proved by the fact that those streams which rise outside of the glaciated region,-such, for example, as the Schuylkill in Pennsylvania, and the very small streams in Southeastern Ohio,-do not have these terraces, and others which barely rise in the glaciated region but do not have much of their drainage basins there, have correspond- ingly small terraces and few granitic fragments. Such are the Hocking River and Salt Creek in Hocking County and Brush Creek in Adams County.
"Any one living in the vicinity of any one of the following streams can see for himself the terraces of which we are speaking, especially if he observes the valleys near where they emerge from the glaciated region; for the ma- terial which the water could push along was most abundant there. As one gets farther and farther away from the old ice margin the mater- ial composing the terraces becomes smaller, be- cause more waterworn, and the terraces dimin- ish in size. Favorable places in which to observe these glacial terraces are as follows: Little Beaver Creek, Big Sandy Creek, near Bayard, in Columbiana County; the Nimishillen, below Canton, and the Tuscarawas, below Navarre, in Stark County; Sugar Creek near Deardoff's Mills, in Tuscarawas County ; the Killbuck, be- low Millersburg, in Holmes County ; the Mohi- can, near Gann; and Vernon River, near Mill- wood, in Knox County; the Licking River, below Newark, in Licking County ; Rush Creek, near Rushville, and the Hocking River, near Lancaster, in Fairfield County; Salt Creek, near Adelphi, in Hocking County; the Scioto River throughout its course, and Paint Creek, near. Bainbridge, in Ross County ; and both the
.
Miami rivers throughout their course. The Ohio River is also lined by these glacial ter- races which are from 50 to 100 feet above pres-
ent high water mark. On the Ohio there are special enlargements of these terraces, where the tributaries enter it from the north, which come from the glaciated regions as laid down on the map. This enlargement is noticeable below the mouth of the Muskingum, in the angles of the river valley below Parkersburg, in the vicin- ity of Portsmouth near the mouth of the Scioto, at Cincinnati below the mouth of the Little Miami, and at Lawrenceburg, Indiana, below the mouth of the Great Miami. Below the mouth of the Muskingum the terrace is 100 feet above the flood-plain of the river and the high- est part of the terrace on which old Cincinnati is built about the same height. Nearly all the cities along the Ohio are built on this glacial terrace. The most interesting thing about these terraces and what makes it proper for me in this connection to write thus fully about them, is that the earliest traces of man in the world are found in them.
"In my original 'Report upon the Glacial Boundary of Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky,' I remarked that since man was in New Jersey before the close of the glacial period, it is also probable that he was on the banks of the Ohio at the same early period; and I asked that the extensive gravel terraces in the southern part of the State be carefully scanned by archaeolo- gists, adding that when observers became familiar with the forms of rude implements found they would doubtless find them in abund- ance. As to the abundance, this prophecy has not been altogether fulfilled. But enough has been already discovered in Ohio to show. that man was here at that early time when the ice of the glacial period lingered on the south side of the water partings between the lake and the Ohio River. Both at Loveland and Madison- ville, in the valley of the Little Miami, Dr. C. L. Metz, of the latter place, has found an in- strument of ancient type several feet below the surface of the glacial terraces bordering that stream. The one at Madisonville was found eight feet below the surface, where the soil had not been disturbed, and it was in shape and ap- pearance almost exactly like one of those found by Dr. Abbott in Trenton, New Jersey. These are enough to establish the fact that men, whose
20
HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY
habits of life were much like the Eskimos, al- ready followed up the retreating ice of the great glacial period when its front was in the lati- tude of Trenton and Cincinnati, as they now do when it has retreated to Greenland. Very likely the Eskimos are the descendants of that early race in Ohio.
"In addition to the other conditions which were similar, it is found that the animals which roamed over this region were much like those which are now found in the far North. Bones of the walrus and the musk ox and the masto- don have been found in the vicinity of these implements of early man in New Jersey, and those of the mastodon were dug from the same gravel pit in Loveland from which an imple- ment found in that place was taken.
"In conclusion, then, we may say it is not so startling a statement as it once was to speak of man as belonging to the glacial period. And
with the recent discoveries of Dr. Metz, we may begin to speak of our own State as one of the earliest portions of the globe to become in- habited. Ages before the Mound-Builders erected their complicated and stately- structures in the valleys of the Licking, the Scioto,' the Miami and the Ohio, man in a more primi- tive state had hunted and fished with rude implements in some portions at least of Ohio.
"To have lived in such a time, and to have successfully overcome the hardships of that climate and the fierceness of the animal life, must have called for an amount of physical energy and practical skill which few of this generation possess. Let us not therefore speak of such a people as inferior. They must have had all the native powers of humanity fully developed, and are worthy ancestors of succeed- ing races."
CHAPTER II.
SURFACE AND SUB-SURFACE.
Topography-Elevated Points and Highlands-Nature and Productiveness of the Soil- Character of the Soil Dependent upon Geological and Geographical Conditions-Fores- try-Climate, Crops and Water-Courses-The Coal and Clay-Bearing Strata.
"Beautiful for situation," and enchanting in its environment, is old Columbiana County. The. diversified beauty and grandeur of its scenery is not surpassed, if equaled, by any county in the State. Monotony in its topo- graphical contour is unknown. Laving its southeastern and southern borders, are the Ohio River and Big Yellow Creek, overlooked by hills, approaching in majesty the average mountain range. These break off in the second tier, of townships from the east and south into undulating hills ; and these again as the interior, western and northern, sections are approached, modulate into elevated and slightly rolling plains and table lands. A goodly elevation is maintained; scarcely a marshy or miasmatic acre is to be found in the entire county. 'Therefore a pure and wholesome atmosphere is everywhere encountered, while water is abun- dant and unsurpassd in purity.
Originally Columbiana County was a solid, primeval forest. An old survey book-copied from the government surveys in 1836, and now in possession of J. B. Strawn of Salem, a former county surveyor-shows all section and even quarter-section corners marked by "witness trees." And the denuding of the land of these climate regulators and soil protectors, the forest trees, has not been so general, even in
the portions well adapted to all kinds of hus- bandry, as has been the case in most portions of the' State and the country at large.
ELEVATED POINTS AND HIGHLANDS.
The average elevation of the county, as a whole, is probably as great as that of any county in the State. Round Knob, in Madison town- ship, ranks No. 4 among the highest points in the State, the highest four being Hogue's Hill, near Bellefontaine, Logan County, 1,540 feet above tidewater ; hill'in Richland County, 1,475 feet; hill near Bloomfield, Jefferson County, 1,434 feet; Round Knob, Columbiana County, 1,417 feet. Salem is among the highest town sites in the State, the location of the palatial home of the late J. Twing Brooks, on High- land avenue of that city, which is 1,334 feet above sea-level, being, as it is claimed, the highest residence point in any city of the State. The railroad levels in various points of the county, which of course would naturally be much below the average elevation, will yet give a good conception of the elevations of the var- ious parts of the county. A number of these, taken from the three railroads which circum- scribe the county and also penetrate to its center, are as follows :
22
HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY
Feet Above Tidewater.
State Line, P., Ft. W. & C. Ry. 1,045
East Palestine, P., Ft. W. & C. Ry. 1,014
Columbiana, P., Ft. W. & C. Ry. 1,113
Leetonia, P., Ft. W. & C. Ry. . 1,017.56
*Leetonia, Erie Railroad Crossing 1,018
Salem, P., Ft. W. & C. Ry. 1,173
!_ Wodland' Summit, P., Ft. W. & C. Ry. (31/2 miles west of Salem)
1,245
Homeworth, C. & P. Railroad 1,150
Kensington, C. & P. Railroad 1,130
Bayard, C. & P. Railroad 1,076
Moultrie, C. & P. Railroad 1,103
Yellow Creek Summit, C. & P. Railroad I,II6
East Rochester, C. & P. Railroad 1,082
Salineville, C. & P. Railroad 87)
Wellsville, C. & P. Railroad 688
East Liverpool, C. & P. Railroad 693
Ohio & Pennsylvania State Line 706
Teegarden, Erie Railroad 1,043
Lisbon, Erie Railroad 958
The bluffs above and almost overlooking Walker's sewer pipe works, midway between Wellsville and East Liverpool, are 1, 198.36 feet above tidewater ; and as the river at that point is 649 feet above sea-level, the river hills rise there almost' perpendicularly about 550 feet. The summit at this point affords one of the finest views to be found anywhere on the Ohio River, the hills and bluffs bordering which give very many such views.
NATURE AND PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE SOIL.
For general agricultural purposes the soil of the arable lands of the county-and with the exception of that on the more rugged hills in the southern section, it is practically all arable-is very productive. That in the south and center is deep and rather heavy loams, along the river bottoms and in the little dells
among the hills; while that in the northern section is lighter. The former is suited to the growing of grains and vegetables, while the latter is better adapted to the culture of fruits. The raising of small fruits is engaged in quite extensively, especially in Fairfield, Middleton and portions of Elkrun and St. Clair townships. The finest grazing sections are in the west and northwest, and dairy products and live stock are sources of good incomes and prosperous condi- tions to the owners of the well-kept farms of these sections. Rural lands which, from the low figures paid by the early settlers, advanced at a period during and subsequent to the Civil War to anywhere from $40 to $100 an acre, have since that time experienced a decline in value. This has been due to a combination of circumstances. The bonanza farmers of the great West, by the introduction of modern ma- chinery, and the doing of business on a mam- moth scale, have done much toward putting the small . farmers of the country out of business, very much as the giant corporations are push- ing to the wall the small industries of the coun- try. Then there is in this section of country a lack of thoroughness in the work of tilling the soil, which places farming in Columbiana and her sister counties almost in the rear rank in the general march of progress. Another reason for the somewhat unfavorable conditions prevailing in farming districts of the county is the fact that boys and young men of to-day do not stay on the farm. They acquire a fair education and then either enter the learned pro- fessions, or embark in some more lucrative busi- ness in the cities ; or else they learn trades which prove more remunerative or more to their tastes than farming. City life, to young people of the present day, presents greater attractions and wider fields of opportunity than country life. However, rural free delivery and quick transit by means of the trolley line are rapidly bring- ing city people and country people nearer each other's doors; and these influences will in the course of a few years, it is believed, do much toward correcting a condition of affairs which has come to be greatly deplored.
The late Edward Orton, for many years State geologist of Ohio, some years before his
*These figures illustrate the accuracy of the surveys made respectively by the Pennsylvania and Erie railroad companies. Taking their bearings or bench marks from tidewater, the engineers of the two companies came within a fraction of a foot-about five inches-of finding exactly the same elevation at a given point,-that where their lines cross each other at Leetonia.
||The highest point on the P., Ft. W. & C. Ry. be- tween Pittsburg and Chicago.
-
23
AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS.
death wrote concerning the "Soils and. Forests of Ohio :"*
FORESTRY.
"The division of the State into a drift- covered and driftless region coincides as pre- viously intimated with the most important divi- sion of the soils. Beyond the line of the termi- nal moraine, these are native, or, in other words, they are derived from the rocks that underlie them or that rise above them in the boundaries of the valleys and uplands. They consequently share the varying constitution of the rocks, and are characterized by considerable inequality and by abrupt changes. All are, fairly productive, and some, especially those derived from the abundant and easily soluble limestones of the Upper Coal Measures, are not surpassed in fertility by any soils of the State. Large tracts of these excellent native soils are found in Belmont, Harrison, Monroe, Noble, Guern- sey, Morgan, Jefferson and Columbiana coun- ties. Wool of the finest staple in the country has long been produced on the hills of this gen- eral region. Among the thinner and less pro- ductive soils which occupy but a small area are those derived from the Devonian shales. They are, however, well adapted to forest and fruit production. The chestnut and the chestnut oak, both valuable timber trees, are partial to them, and vineyards and orchards thrive well upon them. The northern sides of the hills throughout this part of the State invariably show stronger soils than the southern sides, and a better class of forest growths. The locust, the walnut and hickory characterize the former. The native soils of the Waverly group and of the Lower Coal Measures agree in general characters. They are especially adapted to forest growth, reaching the highest standard in the quality of the timber produced. When these lands are brought under the exhaustive tillage that has mainly prevailed in Ohio thus far, they do not hold out well, but the farmer who raises cattle and sheep keeps to a rota- tion between grass and small grains, purchases
a ton or two of artificial fertilizers each year, and does not neglect his orchard or small fruits, can do well upon them. The cheap lands of Ohio are found in this belt.
"The other great divisions of the soils of Ohio, viz., the drift soils, are by far the most important, alike from their greater area and their intrinsic excellence. Formed by the com- mingling of the glacial waste of all the forma- tions to the north of them, over which the ice has passed, they always possess considerable variety of composition, but still in many cases they are strongly colored by the formation un- derneath them. Whenever, a stratum of uni- form composition has a broad outcrop across the line of glacial advance, the drift beds that cover its southern portions will be found to have been derived in large part from the forma- tion itself, and will thus resemble native seden- tary soils. Western Ohio is underlaid with Silurian limestones and the drift is consequently limestone drift. The soil is so thoroughly that of limestone land that tobacco, a crop which rarely leaves limestone soils, at least in the Mis- sissippi Valley is grown successfully in several counties of Western Ohio, 100 miles or more north of the terminal moraine. The native forests of the drift regions were, without ex- ception, hard wood forests, the leading species being oaks, maples, hickories, the walnut, beech and elm. The walnut, sugar maple and white hickory and to quite an extent the burr oak, are limited . to warm, well-drained land, and largely to limestone land. The upland 'clays have one characteristic and all-important forest tree, viz., the white oak. It occupies vastly larger areas that any other single species. It stands for good land, though not the quickest or most generous, but intelligent farming can always be made successful on white oak land. Under-draining is almost always in order, if not necessary, on this division of our soils. The regions of sluggish drainage, al- ready referred to, are occupied in their native state by the red maple, the elm, and by several varieties of oaks, among which the swamp Spanish oak is prominent. This noble forest growth of Ohio is rapidly disappearing. The vandal-like waste of earlier days is being
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.