History of the Fire lands, comprising Huron and Erie Counties, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of the prominent men and pioneers, Part 31

Author: Williams, W. W. (William W.)
Publication date: 1879
Publisher: Cleveland, Ohio : Press of Leader Printing Company
Number of Pages: 726


USA > Ohio > Erie County > History of the Fire lands, comprising Huron and Erie Counties, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of the prominent men and pioneers > Part 31
USA > Ohio > Huron County > History of the Fire lands, comprising Huron and Erie Counties, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of the prominent men and pioneers > Part 31


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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On the 15th of April, John Hawk, a young man, while out hunting along Pipe creek, near the west boundary of the county, discovered Negosheek in a swamp along the border of the ereek, hunting for "eraw-fish " (the river lobster or crab), upon which, with roots, he had lived since escaping. The shackle, which was fast to one leg when he ran away, had stuck to him like a brother, though rather an incon- venient appendage in his case. After watching him for a short time, Hawk became satisfied that the Indian was suffering from wounds, and concluded to investigate his discovery more closely, and upon ap- proaching nearer saw the shackles which the Indian vainly tried to conceal; he then captured the fellow and took him to an old hunter named John Pum- phrey, who brought him back to Norwalk. Pumphrey afterward, on behalf of Hawk and himself, filed a claim for the reward of one hundred and twenty-five dollars which the sheriff had offered for the recapture of the three Indians, of which claim the commis- sioners allowed twenty-five dollars.


Dr. Daniel Tilden was called in to attend to the wounded prisoner, and examination developed the fact that Soule was good at a running shot, for there was one wound in the shoulder, one in the hip, and one in the leg.


Raitt undertook the position of nurse to the wounded and half-famished prisoner. and turned him over fully healed before he was hung. From that day to his death Raitt bore the pre-fix of "Doc."


Soon after the escape of the Indians, Captain John Boalt, the father of the late C. L. Boalt, Captain


Henry Burt, of Monroeville, and the Frenchman, John B. Flammond, started for the Ottawa camp on the Maumee river, with the expectation of finding and re-capturing the fugitives; they arranged among themselves that Captain Burt, who was dressed in "regimentals" (military uniform). should be presented to the Ottawa chief as the governor of Ohio, and that as such he should demand the surrender of the mur- derers. The plan proved a success, and Negoneba was immediately delivered up to them, searched, de- prived of his weapons, his hands bound behind him, and with a rope fastened around his body as a leading string, placed in charge of Captain Burt and a gnard of friendly Indians, and conducted to Norwalk. The chief insisted that Negossum, the boy, was inno- cent, but upon being assured if that were true, he would not be injured, promised to send him on to Norwalk in a few days. Captain Boalt and Flam- mond remained to see that the promise should be ful- filled; it was, to the letter, and in due time they re- turned the boy to the custody of the sheriff at Nor- walk.


Captain Burt, with his prisoner and Indian guards, made their way directly for the shore of Lake Erie. The first night they camped in the woods; it was wet and uncomfortable; Burt wanted a fire; upon being promised a quart of whisky, one of the guards gathered some dry leaves upon which he emptied some powder from his horn, and bending over the pile, struck sparks of fire into it with flint and steel; an explosion followed, and the Indian, taken by surprise, jumped high in the air, but the fire was started, and the whisky was forgotten by the faithless "pale-face." He, however, was reminded of the promise the next day, by the Indian performing in pantomime what he had acted in earnest the night before; the whisky was delivered, and faith was kept.


At the lake shore the Indian guards turned back, and Burt leading his prisoner by the rope, proceeded on his journey. Once Negoneba thought his chance had come to escape, and with a sudden spring, made a bold and desperate strike for liberty, but Burt, who was a large, muscular man, in the prime of life, gave him some vigorous jerks with the rope; and then seizing him by the shoulders, shook him so severely as to effectually quell all thoughts of further resist- ance.


They arrived at Marsh's tavern on the 17th of May, and from there Tupper accompanied them to Nor- walk. Here Negoneba was again searched, and a knife, probably given him by his squaw just before the commencement of the journey, was found se- creted on his person. Had Burt been less watchful and determined, he probably would have followed Wood and Bishop to the happy hunting ground, on a free pass from the hand of this desperate savage.


On Tuesday. the 18th of May, 1819, the court of common pleas commenced its session in the old court house, which then stood where the present court house now stands, but was removed many years ago


129


HISTORY OF HURON AND ERIE COUNTIES, OHIO.


to the east side of "Enterprise Road," afterwards " Mechanic street," now "Whittlesey avenue," and is the "Central Hotel" building, kept by A. H. Rose.


Hon. George Tod, father of Ex-governor Tod, was presiding judge; Hons. Jabez Wright, Stephen Mecker and Ezra Sprague were the associate judges. The late James Williams, of Norwalk, was clerk; Lyman Farwell, then of Norwalk, since for many years of Watertown, New York, sheriff; Ebenezer Lane, then of Norwalk, and for many years since chief justice of Ohio, was prosecuting attorney, and was assisted by Peter Hitchcock, of Cleveland, after- ward for many years a judge of the supreme court of Ohio.


The indictment returned by the grand jury against these Indians charges the erime to have been com- mitted "at Lower Sandusky, in the said county of Huron." It will be seen by reference to Chase's Statutes, vol: 3, page 2,110, that Huron county was set off, February 7th. 1809, as the five western-most ranges of the Connecticut Western Reserve; being that part called the Fire-lands: By act of January 31st, 1815 (Chase's Statutes, vol. 3, page 2,120), a portion of the unorganized territory west of the Reserve and north of its south line, reaching about as far west as the present western boundaries of San- dusky and Ottawa counties, was attached to Huron county for judicial purposes; Lower Sandusky was within this attached territory.


A copy of the indictment found against the three parties charged, taken from the first volume of "Law Records" of Huron county court of common pleas, is as follows:


Pleas before the honorable, the president, and judges of the court of common pleas, holden at Norwalk, in and for the county of Huron and State of Ohio, in the term of May, A.D., 1819.


NO. 6-MAY TERM, A.D., 1819.


STATE OF OHIO


NEGOSHEEK, NEGONEBY AND


Indictment for Murder.


NEGOSSUM


State of Ohio, County of Huron.


At a court of common pleas begun and holden at the court house in Norwalk, within and for the county of Huron, on the eighteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and nineteen, before the honorable George Tod, president, and Jabez Wright, Stephen Meeker and Ezra Sprague, Esqs., associate judges holding said court. The grand jurors of the State of Ohio, in and for said county of Huron, to-wit: Henry Jeffry, Tinker R. Smith, Isaac Powers, Elihu Clary, John Drewry, Augustus R. Demick, Daniel Curtiz, Ezekiel Barnes, James Forman, Charles Hubbell, Reuben Pixley, Henry Barney, Silas G. Strong, William Gallup and Eli Holliday, good and lawful men of said county, then and there duly returned, tried, impanneled, charged and sworn to inquire for the body of the county of Huron, do, upon their oaths in the name and by the authority of the State of Ohio, present and find that Negosheek, an Indian of the tribe Ottawas, Negoneby, an Indian of the said tribe, and Negossum, an Indian of the same tribe, at Lower San- dusky, in the said county of Huron, on the twenty-first day of April, in the year one thousand eight hundred and nineteen, not having the fear of God before their eyes, but moved and seduced by the instigation of the devil, with force and arms in and upon the body of John Wood, in the peace of God and the State of Ohio, then and there being feloniously, unlawfully, willfully, purposely and of deliberate and premeditated malice, did make an assault; and the said Negosheek, with a tomehawk in his right hand then and there held, of the value of one dollar, the said John Wood, in and upon the head of him the said Wood, behind the left


ear of him the said Wood, and also in and upon the left side of the head over the left shoulder of him the said Wood, then and there feloniously, unlawfully, willfully, purposely and of his deliberate and premeditated malice, did strike, cut and penetrate, then and there giving to him the said John Wood, with the tomehawk aforesaid, in and upon the head behind the left ear of him the said John Wood, and also in and upon the left side of the head and over the left shoulder of him the said John Wood, two mortal wounds, each of the breadth of three inches and of the depth of three inches, of which said mortal wounds the said John Wood then and there instantly died; and the said Negoneby and the said Negossum, at the time of the committing the said felony and mur- der by the said Negosheek in the manner and form aforesaid, unlaw- fully, feloniously, willfully, purposely and of their deliberate and pre- meditated malice, were present aiding, assisting, abetting, counselling, procuring, helping, comforting and maintaining the said Negosheek the felony and murder aforesaid in manner and form aforesaid to do, com- mit and perpetrate: and so the jurors aforesaid, upon their oaths afore- said, do further say that the said Negosheek and the said Negoneby and the said Negossum, him, the said John Wood, then and there, in manner and form aforesa d, feloniously, un'awfully, willfully, pur- posely and of their deliberate and premeditated malice, did kill and murder, contrary to the form of the statute, in such case made and pro- vided, and against the peace and dignity of the State of Ohio.


And the jurors aforesaid, at the term aforesnid, and on their oath aforesaid, in the name and by the authority aforesaid, do further pre- sent and find that the said Negosheek, the said Negoneby, and the said Negossum, at Lower Sandusky aforesaid, on the twenty-first day of April, aforesaid, not having the fear of God before their eyes, but moved and seduced by the instigation of the devil, with force and arms in and upon the body of George Bishop, in the peace of God and of the State of Ohio, then and there being feloniously, unlawfully, willfully, purposely, and of their deliberate and premeditated malice, did make an assault, and that the said Negoneby, with a certain tomehawk, of the value of one dollar, in his, the said Negoneby's right hand, then and there hit the said George Bishop in and upon the head of him, the said George Bishop, and also in and upon the breast of him, the said George Bishop, then and there unlawfully, feloniously, wilfully, pur- posely, and of his deliberate and premeditated malice, did strike, cut, and penetrate; giving to the said George Bishop, then and there with the tomehawk aforesaid, in and upon the head of the said George Bishop six mortal wounds, of the breadth of three inches, and the depth of three inches each, and also giving to him, the said George Bishop, then and there, with the tomehawk aforesaid, in and upon the breast of the said George Bishop two other mortal wounds, each of the breadth of three inches, and of the depth of six inches; of which mortal wounds the said George Bishop then and there instantly died. And that the said Negosheek, and the said Negossum, at the time of committing the last mentioned felony and murder aforesaid, by the said Negoneby, in manner and form aforesaid, unlawfully, feloniously, wilfully, purposely and of their deliberate and premeditated malice, were present, aiding, abetting, counselling and procuring, helping, assisting, comforting and maintaining the said Negoneby the felony and murder last mentioned aforesaid, in manner and form aforesaid, to do, commit, and perpetrate; and so the jurors aforesaid, upon their oaths aforesaid, do further say that the said Negosheek, and the said Negoneby, and the said Negossum, him, the said George Bishop, then and there, in manner and form aforesaid, feloniously, unlawfully, wilfully, purposely, and of their de- liberate and premeditated malice, did kill and murder, contraryto the form of the statute, in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the State of Ohio.


E. LANE, Pros. Attorney.


Upon the back of which indictment appears the following, to wit:


"A true bill. Filed May term, 1819." SILAS G. STRONO, Foreman.


The trial took place on Friday, May 21st. The court-room was crowded to its fullest capacity, and many who could not gain access were congregated in the front yard. David Abbott, of Avery (the old county seat), and Samuel Cowles, of Cleveland, appeared as attorneys for the Indians.


On being arraigned and the indictment read and interpreted to them, each plead "not guilty," and demanded separate trials.


Negoneba was first put upon trial, a jury called and he informed of his right of challenge, which he at once exercised by rejecting every red-headed man on the list. The jury finally selected and sworn were


17


130


HISTORY OF HURON AND ERIE COUNTIES, OHIO.


Josiah Rumery, Ezra Abbott, William Watkins, Syl- vester Pomeroy. William R. Beebe, Samuel Spencer, Moody Mears, Daniel Mack, Royal N. Powers, Daniel Warren, William Speers and Isaac Allen.


The witnesses for the State were Charles C. Tupper, the half-breed Chazee. Abiather Shirley, Barnabas Meeker, and some others called on minor matters.


The prosecutor made no opening argument. Cowles, for the defense, read some authorities and addressed the jury upon the evidence. Hitcheoek, for the State, replied, and upon a charge from the court the jury retired, and soon returned with a verdict of murder in the first degree.


Negosheek was next put upon trial before the fol- lowing jury: Anthony Beers, Samuel Cockrane, Beckwith Cook, Jacob Hawhn, John Barney, Samuel B. Carpenter, Gamaliel Townsend, Samuel B. Lewis, Joseph Strong, Jared Ward, Joseph Ozier and Levi Cole. The same witnesses appeared for the State as in the first case; and a like verdiet was rendered.


Negossum. the boy, was then put upon trial, but the testimony was so clearly in his favor that the prosecutor declared he would not further prosecute the indictment against him, and the court ordered his discharge.


Negoneba and Negosheek were sentenced by the court to be remanded to the jail from whence they came, and there remain until the first day of July next, and from thenee, between the hours of ten and twelve o'clock in the forenoon of said day, be taken by the sheriff of the county to the place of execution, and then and there, by said sheriff, be hanged by the neck until they be dead.


They did not approve of the sentence of hanging, and asked that they might be shot, but when they fully realized that they should surely be hung, they tried experiments upon each other; one would lie down upon his back and the other would sit astride of him, and with both hands elasped around his neck, choke him until nearly gone, and then let go; when sufficiently recovered, he would slowly arise and sagely shake his head and exelaim, "ugh! no good, no good;" then they would change places, and the compliment be returned in kind, with the same result; it was still "No good, no good."


The day of execution was warm and sultry. At an early hour people began to gather from far and near, dressed in the rude costume of those days; with the men. "buekskin trousers " were common; and one young man, who in coming from Huron had got his (not doeskin cassimere) "breeches " thoroughly wet in passing a creek, found them stretching down to an inconvenient length; he cut off enough to make them right, they continued to stretch, he cut them off again and again; on arriving at Norwalk the hot sun began to dry them and they began to shrink, and kept on shrinking until the bottoms erawled up above his knees, and in that plight he became an object of almost as much attention as the two criminals.


Seven or eight Indians, Ottawas, were present at the execution. some of them being the ones who had assisted in their capture on both occasions.


The " gallos " (gallows) was erected on the sand ridge just south of Main street, on the lot and near the site of the residence of A. G. Post, Esq., next west of the Episcopal cemetery.


A rifle company formed one or two years before, of about one hundred men, under command of Captain Henry Burt, attended the execution as a guard, and to assist the civil authorities.


They marched to the jail, and the prisoners having been dressed in their shrouds, with ropes around their necks, were taken out by the sheriff and. placed in a wagon, and, escorted by the guard, taken to the place of execution, when being asked if they had anything to say, Negosheek spoke a few words in broken English, but what he said eannot now be ascertained.


After life was extinet the bodies were placed in coffins and buried at the place of execution. The eivil officers and military company then marched to the house of Capt. Boalt, and were furnished a boun- tiful repast by him, after which a funeral discourse was preached by the Rev. William Hanford, a Pres- byterian elergyman.


Before Negosheek was executed he confessed the murder of six other white men, previous to that of Wood and Bishop.


This was the first important criminal trial in Huron county, and the first execution in Norwalk. Since then there has been only one other execution for murder in Norwalk; that of Bennett Scop for the murder of a peddler named Jacob Goodman in Green- field township, on the 9th day of October, A. D. 1869.


The cost of the capture and trial of the Indians was a heavy tax upon the new settlement, and the bills rendered are primitive curiosities. Some of them are here given in the original form and spelling:


VOUCHER No. 660. HURON COUNTY TO JENNINGS, DARLING & CO., DR.


Paid Sasa $12 00


Cabian. 12 00


Paqahkemann.


9 00


James


9 00


Undeno.


9 00


Measseka.


9 00


Ogenee


9 00


Thunder.


4 50


-


- 873 50


Goods and provisions to Mr. Tupper for going after pro- perty :


1 deer skin


12 feet bed cord. 19


2816 1b. bacon. 5 35


12 lb. young hyson tea. 94


Paid Indians for going after property as per order of C. Tupper:


1 black silk handk'f


1 25


Myrd. calico.


31


2 yrd. ribben.


41


3 yrd. plaid. 1 30


1 bandana handk'f


1 00


85 98


JENNINOS, DARLING & CO ..


Allowed.


Per MOSES FARWELL.


$1 50


131


HISTORY OF HURON AND ERIE COUNTIES, OHIO.


VOUCHER NO. 656.


May 22. Huron county to Charles C. Tupper, one dollar and sixty- two & 1% cents. CHARLES C. TUPPER.


NOTE .- On the back of the voucher is the following :


Charles C. Tupper deter to Enos Gilbert. for liqur whist on gard. thirteen shilling & sixpence. CHARLES C. TUPPER.


This claim was allowed by the commissioners, and entered on their journal as follows:


To C. Tupper, for services $1 621%


VOUCHER 645. HURON COUNTY TO CHARLES C. TUPPER, DR.


Ny services 9 days in apprehending, securing and delivering the Indians on the first expedition $36 00


Ditto, ditto, 14 days on the second expedition. 56 00 Cash paid for expenses in pursuit of Indians 7 00


Ditto, to be paid to Anson Gray for 7 days services in apprehend- ing and securing the Indians on first expedition ... 10 50


Ditto, ditto, to Peter Mauminin for 5 days service in apprehend- iog and interpreting on first expedition 10 00


Ditto, ditto, Thos. Demas, 6 days services for ditto, on second


expedition


10 25


Ditto, ditto, Wm. Austin, 6 days services for ditto, on second ex-


pedition


9 00


$128 75


NOTE .- The following addition to the bill is in the hand-writing of E. Lane, then prosecuting attorney :


Two days attending as guard 2 00


Charles C'. Tupper, attending the grand jury three days.


1 50


E. LANE, Pros. Att'y 3132 25


VORCHER 634 COUNTY OF HURON TO JOHN B. FLEMING, DE. To eleven days service to pursue, retake and interpret for the Indian prisoners, @ $4 per day. .. $44 00 Norwalk, 22d May, 1819. J B. FLAMMOND. "


"This is Flammond's own signature and shows the correct spelling; in all the records it is spelled wrong.


VOUCHER No. 35 (new numbering).


DR. THE HONORABLE THE COMMISSIONERS FOR THE COUNTY OF HURON TO JOHN B. FLAMMOND,


2 days services, 30th June and 1st July, as interpreter.


$4 00


NOTE .- This bill was allowed by the commissioners, and entered in their journal as follows:


To John B. Fleming, for services hanging Indian $4 00


VOUCHER No. 17 (new numbering). SWAN CREEK, 11th May, 1819.


LIEUT. CHARLES C. TUPPER DR. TO MATTHEW MCKELVEY.


May 11. To 3014 1b bacon, @ 2s. : 7 5614


1 qt. whisky, @ 4s 50


12. To 1 qt. whisky. @ 3s 3716


Money paid Mr. Printis, 8s. 1 00


1 pt. whisky, 2s; to }6 pt., 1s; to 1 qt., 3s 75


Whisky for your men, 4s 50


13 To 1 qt. whisky, 3s.


Money paid Capt. Henderson, 9s. 1 1216


1 qt. whisky, 3s 3716


Paid Joseph Printis, 8s. 1 00


Rope to bind an Indian, 3s 3716


14. To 2 qts. whisky


75


$14 3114


Lyman Farwell pay Matthew McKelvey the above amount, and oblige yours, &c., it being articles had on our campaign after the runa- way Indians. CHARLES C'. TUPPER.


NOTE .- The use of the "necessaries of life" on the campaign men- tioned in the above bill, were in about the following proportion: One quart of whisky to four pounds of bacon. Hominy, potatoes and lodg- ing were either not necessary, or were thrown in as not of sufficlent account to be charged for.


VOUCHER No. 18 (new numbering). SWAN CREEK, 18th May, 1819. MR. BOLT DR. TO MATTHEW MCKELVEY.


To two gal. whisky $3 00


To two hired hands, three days .. 6 00


To use of boat same time.


1 00


:10 00


MATTHEW MCKELVEY


VOUCHER 661.


COUNTY OF HURON, DE. TO H. BURT


To charges in hunting Indians


31 75


Services in hunting


16 00


May 22d, 1819


HENRY BURT.


VOUCHER 658.


COUNTY OF HURON, TO JOHN BOALT, DE.


To nine davs services to Pursue Indian Prisoners, @ 4$


36 00


Norwalk, 22d May, 1819.


$27 00


JOHN BOALT.


VOUCHER 657. COUNTY OF HURON, DR. to nine days ยป ervises on guard over the ingins a dollar a day and night. Norwalk, May the 22, 1819


D. G. RAITT.


VOUCHER 624. GENTLEMEN COMMISSIONERS OF HURON COUNTY :- J. G. Thayer has served five days as a Guard during this term of Court. LYMAN FARWELL. Sheriff.


Norwalk, May 22, 1819.


$5.00 allowed.


VOUCHER 623


GENTLEMEN COMMISSIONERS OF HURON COUNTY :- Calvin Bates has served two days in Guarding Prisoners during this term of the Court. May 21st, 1819. LYMAN FARWELL, Sheriff.


200 cts allowed by Commissioners


VOUCHER 659.


HURON COUNTY TO LYMAN FARWELL, DR.


To paying Gnard at Portland.


4 50


To transporting Prisoners


5 00


To cash paid Tupper.


3 31-$12 81


Norwalk, May 22, 1819.


VOUCHER 641.


I, JOHN PUMPHRY, do hereby certify that John Hawk and myself did, on the 15th of this instant, take up Negossheek, one of the Indian murders and on the 16th Instant delivered said Indian to the Jailor of Huron County, for which we the said John Hawk and John Pumphry claim the Reward offered by the Sheriff of said county, it being one hundred and twenty-five dollars. Norwalk, May 20, 1819.


Allowed on the above 25 dollars.


VOUCHER 626.


The sum of twenty-five dollars is allowed Peter Hitchcock for assisting in prosecuting the pleas of the State in the county of Huron, at the May term, 1819. By order of the Court. GEORGE Ton, Pres't.


VOUCHER 635.


COUNTY OF HURON TO SAMUEL COWLES, DE.


To assisting on the trial of Naugeshek, Negonebee and Negossum as Counsel for prisoners. $25 00


May term, 1819. The above amount is allowed by order of the Court. GEORGE TOD. Pres't.


VOUCHER No. 36 (new numbering).


Allowed to EZRA ABBOTT:


July the 1. 1819 DR. THE COMMISSINOERS OF THE COUNTY OF HURON.


To building Gallos 14 00


to two Coffins ^ 4 each. 8 00


to making Srowd.


1 00


to one shirt


1 00-824 00


VOUCHER 113.


HURON COUNTY DR. TO ALMAN LOOMIS.


Dr to Diging Grave for Indians


$1 00


July 1. 1819. Certified by me.


LYMAN FARWELL, Sheriff.


VOUCHER 112 (new numbering). May 4th 1819.


COUNTY OF HURON, DR.


To boarding 3 Indians six days


.18 days.


They then escaped.


Afterwards Negasset.


.11 days.


Negunneba


7 days.


Negassum


4 days.


Rowlin


8 days.


Downing


6 days.


To the end of May Court


54 days. = 7 weeks 5 days.


Rowlin two weeks .. .


2 weeks.


Two Indians five weeks four days.


11 weeks 1 day.


at two dollars p week.


20 weeks 6 days.


JOHN PUMPAREY.


132


HISTORY OF HURON AND ERIE COUNTIES, OHIO.


Two Guards six days.


12 days.


Two .. four days.


8 days


Four .. seven days.


28 days


Five ..


two days ...


10 days.


58 days. 8 weeks 2 days.


Three . five weeks three days ....


. . . 16 **


24 weeks 4 days.


Three old shirts .. 1.50


2416 weeks at 2.50 per week


1016 1b. candles at 2s. 6d .. 3.28


Meals for extra Guards. .... 5.00


8 61 38


14 meals for seven Indians .. 3.50


Criminal. 41 87%


Whisky to dress the wounds


17 53


of the Indians and extra


Guards 414 Gallons. .. . . . . . 4.25


120 781%


Ending July 1st 1819.


$17.53


$120.78.


for LYMAN FARWELL, Sheriff, Exos GILBERT.


NOTE .- For much of the information contained in the foregoing ac- count of facts, scenes and incidents attending the murder, capture, trial and conviction. the writer is largely indebted to an article pub- lished in the Fire-lands Pioneer of June, 1865, page 43. Also, to official records and files, and to his own memory of conversation between "Doc. Raitt" and the late Hallet Gallup, in his hearing when a hoy




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