USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Cincinnati > Sketches and statistics of Cincinnati in 1851 > Part 3
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The upper terrace, as was the case with the lower, slopes gently back from its southern or river margin, and at the average distance of a mile, terminates against the base of the Mount Auburn range of blue Silurian limestone hills, whence, during rains, there descend upon it several torrents, which coalesce and flow nearly in the same direction with the river. To the east this terrace is terminated by the narrow valley of a hill-torrent, called Deer creek. Up this valley, in early times, the back-water of the river, when in flood, ascended for half a mile ; and on its recess left a deposit of silt, which, how- ever, was to the summer-leeward of the town, and therefore never produced much effect on the health of the people. Beyond this ra- vine stands Mount Adams, between the base of which and the eastern margin of the city terrace the low ground has been raised above the highest river floods, a culvert has been formed for the creek, with streets extended across it, and the new surface built upon. The ravine, higher up, has a rocky bed and no bottom-lands.
The Western canal from Lake Erie, generally called the Miami canal traverses the back part of the upper terrace, from north-west to south-east, and descends into the Ohio by a series of locks through this valley, but does not seem to have generated fever.
We must now turn to the western margin of the terraces. In stretching off in that direction down the river, both become wider and sink lower, until they are lost in the broad alluvial valley of Mill creek, which stream, once a great river, joins the Ohio one mile and a half below the centre of the city. Its banks are of mud, and por- tions of them are overflowed by river freshets. The work of eleva- tion, by the transfer of gravel and pebbles from the upper terrace, is, however, going on with the rapid extension of the city in that direc- tion ; so that the time seems to be at hand when the whole tract
31
MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY.
will be redeemed from all but the extraordinary floods which hap- pen at distant periods, and of which there have been but three since the first settlement of the city. From that date down to the present time, the inhabitants of this locality have been subject to autumnal fever, while those farther east remained exempt.
The Whitewater canal, from Indiana, which is conducted up the river bank, crosses Mill creek by an aqueduct, and traversing the lower terrace, terminates in a basin of stagnant water in the south- western part of the city, contributing, no doubt, to the prevalence of fever in that quarter.
The river shore, from the mouth of Deer creek to the mouth of Mill creek, a distance of two miles and a half, presents but few nui- sances. At the former point the stream has thrown out a quantity of silt, which, in low water, is laid bare to a limited extent; from that spot to the other, the shore is free from natural sources of insa- lubrity, much of it being sloped and graveled down to low water. In front of the mouth of Mill creek there is a deposit of silt, envelop- ing the trunks and limbs of trees, of which a considerable extent is exposed in summer and autumn, and, lying to the windward of the city, may be regarded as the most permanent nuisance around it. Below the embouchure of Mill creek, for two miles, and above that of Deer creek for four miles, there is no alluvial bottom, and the river presses against the base of the limestone hills.
Let us now contemplate, as a whole, the locality we have been surveying in detail. First : As a general fact, where a tributary enters the Ohio, there is much low bottom; but here, two join it, on opposite sides, and the extent of drowned land is very little. It has elsewhere been intimated that Mill creek, during the diluvial period, was a great river ; and then it was, that an immense quantity of drift, in the form of sand, gravel, pebbles, and bowlders, was heaped up in this locality to such a height that nearly all the terraces are above the ordinary freshets of the Ohio. Second : The area of these terraces, including both sides of the river, is about six square miles ; and their extent, taken in connection with their elevation above the river gives this locality an advantage over every other, from the sources to the mouth of the river. Third : As a consequence of this topography, there is no other spot on the banks of the Ohio, where so great a number of persons could reside with as little exposure to the causes of intermittent and remittent fever. Fourth : From obser- vations continued through forty-eight years, it may be stated, that
32
MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY.
while, in early times, autumnal fever, occurring every year, was sel- dom, except in some very limited spots, a violent and frequent dis- ease, it has regularly diminished ; and that parts once infested have become exempt. So true is this of the central portions of the city, in latter years, that when a case of intermittent fever happens there, it is generally found that the patient had sojourned in the country. Of remittent fever, so much cannot be said, as occasional cases still appear on streets which are entirely exempt from the other variety. Fifth : The estimated population, within a circle having a radius of a mile and a half, is about one hundred and twenty thousand ; and the extraordinary growth, which has assembled such a number in so short a time, must undoubtedly be ascribed, in part, to the slight prevalence of autumnal fever; by which we are instructed, that medical topography has an intimate connection with the progress of population and civil improvement.
Cincinnati has extended (chiefly by a single street), nearly four miles up the Ohio, with the river close on one side and the hills as close on the other ; the bank rising above high water. This exten- sion comprehends the villages of Fulton, Lewistown, and Pendleton. Beyond the last to the mouth of the Little Miami river, two miles further up, there is a broad, alluvial plain, on which once stood the village of Columbia, the second settlement in the State of Ohio, made November 18th, 1788. Much of this bottom, especially that nearest the Miami, is subject to inundation in the spring of the year, and the inhabitants, chiefly agriculturists, are subject to autumnal fever; which, however, is much less prevalent and violent than it existed in 1803, and for many years afterward, when the locality was in transitu from dense woods to cultivated fields.
Up the valley of Mill creek, which is equal in width to that of the Ohio (although in summer there is scarcely the feeblest current of water), autumnal fever is an annual endemio-epidemic. This valley is not without second, and even third bottoms or terraces, which are elevated and dry ; but it has also broad and low alluvions, on which the overflows of the stream and the spring rains leave sloughs filled with the decaying vegetation of its deep and fertile soil. To these surfaces we should ascribe the fever, which, limited to them in its origin, extends far beyond them in its spread ; as it frequently reaches, not only to those who reside on the older terraces, but, also, the inhabitants of the neighboring bluffs. The malignant intermit- tents of the south are not, however, often met with in this locality,
33
MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY.
nor ever have been ; and the chief mortality is from the remittent type, in its progress becoming typhous.
The hill-lands around Cincinnati are, in all directions, of the same height and character. In some places there are gently undulating table lands ; but in general the country is rolling, and presents a countless number of knobs or tuberosities, covered with rich soil, resting on a clay or loam bed, embellished with numerous country seats. Permanent springs are scarce, and much of the well-water is of an inferior quality. Ponds, swales and swamps are of course, unknown ; yet autumnal remitting fever, tending to a continued type, occurs more or less every year, and sometimes proves fatal.
For many years after the first settlement of Cincinnati, the people supplied themselves with water from wells, and also from the river, as is still the case in Newport and Covington. But to these methods succeeded the present hydraulic system. The water is thrown by a forcing-pump into reservoirs, exposed to the sun and rains, whence it is distributed, through iron and lead pipes, over the city. It often comes to the consumers turbid. The silt which it deposits in the reservoirs, a portion of which remains in suspension and is swallowed with the water, no doubt varies considerably in its composition. A single analysis, of a specimen thrown out of the reservoir in the spring of the year, was made by Dr. Raymond, and gave the fol- Jowing results in one hundred parts :
Alumina . 49.84
Silex. . 38.30
Carbonate of lime 2.00
Do. iron 1.15
Phosphates of alumina and iron 0.52
Carbonate of magnesia, a trace 0.00
Vegetable mold (humus) 3.50
Other organic matter 4.69
100.00
.
In general, during every flood, the water when distributed is turbid.
For a long time after the settlement of Cincinnati, its only fuel was wood, but this, to a great extent, has been superseded by bitu- minous coal, from the Apalachian Basin. At present, the amount consumed is greater than in any other locality in the Interior Val-
34
MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY.
ley, save Pittsburgh, perhaps. This results, not merely from the great number of inhabitants, but also from the multiplication of their manufacturing establishments. From the better ventilation of this locality, its atmosphere is, however, much less laden with the fumes of burning coal, than that of Pittsburgh.
Cincinnati stands in Lat. 39º 6' N., and Long. 84º 29' 30" W. The elevation of the surface of the river at low water, above the level of the sea, is four hundred and thirty-one feet; that of the lower plain about four hundred and ninety ; that of the upper five hundred and forty-three ; that of the surrounding hills, on an average, not far from eight hundred and fifty feet.
The population of the city presents many varieties of physiology. The original settlers were from various states of the Union; and the armies of Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne, during the Indian wars, left behind them a still greater variety of persons. The subsequent immigration, although largely from the Middle and Northern Atlantic States, has been, in part, from the more Southern. In latter years it has been composed, still more than from either, of Europeans. The most numerous of these are Germans, next Irish, then English, Scotch and Welsh. Very few French, Italians, or Spaniards have sought it out. Lastly, its African population, chiefly emancipated slaves and their offspring, from Kentucky and Virginia, is large : and although intermarriages with the whites are unknown, the streets present as many mulatto, griffe, and quadroon complexions, as those of New Orleans. Thus the varieties of national physiology are very great.
A comparative view of the facility or otherwise with which these heterogeneous elements become swallowed up in the absorbing and fusing process, now and for the future in progress, which is destined to render the Anglo-American race paramount throughout this great continent, would be sufficiently curious, although too extensive a sub- ject to be brought into discussion here. It may suffice to say, that of all classes of foreigners, the German soonest assimilates to the great mass. It takes but one generation to obliterate all the dis- tinctive marks of this race-even of its language, usually a most tenacious feature. On the contrary, the Irishman, whose dialect does not differ much, except in accent and tone, from ours, retains his family identity for several generations. So, also, but in a less degree, with the English and Scotch.
35
METEOROLOGY.
436453
METEOROLOGY.
IN the following article, it is proposed to give a summary of the meteorological observations made at Woodward College in this city (Lat. 39º 6' N., Long. 84º 22' W. ) during the sixteen years begin- ning with 1835 and ending with 1850. It is most conveniently presented under the following divisions : TEMPERATURE, WIND, RAIN, WEATHER, and HEIGIIT OF TIIE BAROMETER.
TEMPERATURE.
The first of the following Tables is deduced from observations made at least three times daily, viz. : at or a little before sunrise, at 2 P. M., and at 9 P. M. In meteorological reckoning the day com- mences at sunrise, and terminates at sunrise of the following morn- ing ; the mean temperature of each day is the average temperature of the whole 24 hours, and is found by adding together the tempera- tures of the two extreme periods of the day, twice the temperature at 2. P. M., and twice the temperature at 9 P. M., and dividing the sum by 6. Supposing the temperature to increase or decrease gra- dually between each observation, the result is mathematically accur- ate, and is more worthy of confidence than the common method of taking the mean of the greatest and least temperature. This rule is commonly called De Witt's Rule, and is used by the academies in the State of New York.
TABLE I.
MEAN TEMPERATURE OF CINCINNATI FOR 16 YEARS.
Yrs.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Aprl.
May.
June. July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Whole Year.
1835|34.6
24.5
10.1
50.5
65.3
8.2
71.7
O 69.1
59.1
o 55.8
0 43.3
O 31.4
51.
1836,30.6
28.8
36.1
55.6
65.8
70.4
75.8
71.6
69.3
46.2
38.7
30.6
51.6
1837 30.1
36.6 .41.8
48.3
62.5
70.1
75.3
72.4
64.9
55.8
48.1
35.5
53.5
1838 36.4
20.9 48.4
50.5
56.7
73.1
79.2
77.7
66.3
50.6
39.0
28.2
52.2
1839 38.0
37.0
44.9
60.2
66.0
69.5
76.2
73.5
61.1
60.3
37.3
30.6
54.5 53.9
1840,25.7
42.0
47.7
57.4
63.2
70.8
75.4
74.7
61.8
51.3
40.9
32.4
1841|32.0
32.5
44.7
51.2
62.1
75.1
79.1
76.4
67.8
51.2
44.2
36.3
54.4
1842.36.7
36.4
52.4
57.7
60.8
C9.0
75.6
71.4
6G.G
52.2
35.1
33.8
54.0
1843 35.8
26.6
28.8
51.3
62.8
70.4
73.8
170.3
69.3
47.7
40.6
36.2
51.1
1844 31.7
37.4
44.4
64 1
66.8
71.6
78.5
72.6
65.7
49.5
44.2
36.3
55.2
1845 37.9
40.1
44.5
59.9
61.6
72.6
73.4
73.0
61.1
50.2
40.3
24.8
53.5
1846 35.2
31.5
44.2
57.1
67.0
68.2
75.9
76.4
70.7
52.8
45.7
39.8
55.4
1847 30.8
36.8
40.2
55.7
62.7
69.
74.4
7.0.5
64.1
53.2
44.9
34.3
53.1
1848 36.7
36.9
42.3
53.7
66.5
71.8
73.8
74.6
62.2
51.0
39.8
41.1
54.4
1849 32.3
32.2
46.5
52.6
63.9
73.9
73.7
73.5
65.3
53.3
49.9
31.6
54.1
1850 36.6
35.6
41.2
49.0
58.9
73.3
81.6
78.3
66.0
53.4
46.4
34.6
54.6
33.8
33.5
43.0 54.7
63.3
71.2 73.5 73.5 65.3 52.6 142.4
33.6
53 5
O
o
0
36
METEOROLOGY.
From this table we deduce the mean temperature of the four seasons as follows :-
Winter-Dec. Jan. Feb. 33º.6. Summer-June, July, Aug. 73º.5.
Spring-Mar. Apl. May, 53º.7. Autumn-Sept. Oct. Nov. 53º.4.
An inspection of the above table also shows the following, among other particulars :-
1st. February, on the average, is the coldest month of the year .* It is not, however, always the coldest of the winter months.
2d. July is always the warmest month of the year.
3d. June is the least variable month of the year, in regard to its mean temperature, the range being 6º.9; therefore its general character in regard to temperature, can be predicted with more cer- tainty than that of either of the other months.
4th. March is the most variable month of the year, in regard to its mean temperature, the range being 23º .6; its general character, therefore, in regard to temperature, can be predicted with less cer- tainty than that of any other month.
5th. The mean temperature of October is nearly the same as that of the entire year.
6th. The range of the mean temperature of the year is about 3º.5. In regard to the four seasons, we notice further; that the coldest winter in the above period was in 1845-6, of which, the mean tem- perature was 30°.5; and, that the warmest winter was that of 1844-5, of which, the mean temperature was 38º.1. This gives for the range of the mean temperature of winter, 7º.6.
The coldest spring was that of 1843, of which, the mean tempera- ture was 47º .7; the warmest spring was that of 1844, of which, the mean temperature was 58º.4. This gives for the range of the mean temperature of spring, 10°.4.
The coldest summer was that of 1847, of which, the mean tem- perature was 71º.4; the warmest summer was that of 1850, of which, the mean temperature was 77º.7. This gives 6º.3, for the range of the mean temperature of summer.
The coldest autumn was that of 1842, of which, the mean tempera- ture was 51º.3; the warmest autumn was that of 1846, of which, the
* Of the 54 military posts of the United States, embracing various latitudes from 24° 20' to 47º 15' N., at 8 posts, December was the coldest month of the year; at 30 posts, January; and in 16 posts, February. At 5 posts, June was the warmest month of the year; at 43 posts, July; and at 6 posts, August .- See Army Reports.
37
METEOROLOGY.
mean temperature was 56°.4. This gives 5° .1 for the range of the mean temperature of autumn.
A comparison of these results shows, that of the four seasons, autumn is the most stable, and spring the most variable in its tem- perature.
TABLE II.
MINIMUM TEMPERATURE OF EACH MONTII IN 16 YEARS, AT CINCINNATI.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
A. M.
June.
July.
Aug.
S. O. N.
Dec.
Whele Year.
1835
32
-17
1,21 40
45
48
46
33
129
3
9
-17 Feb. 8th.
1836
0
- 7
-4:25 38
52
55
48
40
27
15
3
-
7 Feb. 3d.
1837
5
8
20 26 39
52
57
52
42
26 :22
7
+ 5 Jan. 3d.
1838
8
-10
11 28 36
53
59
62
39
30
14
-4
-10 Feb. 22d.
1839
13
5
2.32
36
46
54
47
31
|32
2
8
2 March 4th.
1840
-1
0
21.27 42
47
50
7
41
19 18
7
- 1 Jan. 2d, 19th.
1841
-7
4
18:30 37
53
59
9
42 25
18
-
-
- 5 Feb. 17th.
1843
2
2
1 26 41
38
50
53
48 19
15
-2 Feb. 7th, 16th.
1844
-1
15
20 28 45
54
65
56
38,26 15
8
- 1 Jan. 29th.
1845
19
8
18 20 34
51
49
50
40 25 11
-6
-
- 6 Dec. 20th.
1846
10
0
20 27 43
46
57
64
44 28 15
19
0 Feb. 26th.
1847
-3
5
14 26 36
47
54
52
38 27 19
2
- 3 Jan. 8th.
1848
-4
17
5 31 40
50
58
61
40 36 25
24
- 4 Jan. 10th.
1849
16
3
28 28 45
57
59
57
43 34 24
2
+ 2 Dec. 31st.
1850
7
0
22 25 36
44
65
60
44 31 25
11
0 Feb. 4th.
Least.
-7
-17
4 20134
38
48
- 46
31
19
2-6
-17
TABLE III. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OF EACH MONTH IN 16 YEARS, AT CINCINNATI,
Years.
Jan.
F. M. A.
May.
June.
July.
Aug. S. O. N.
Dec.
Whole Year.
1835
66° 56 70 83
91
95
93
89
86
82 76
63
95° June 13th.
1836
61
62 71 91
89
95
99
95
93 80168
55
99 July 23d.
1837
53
'66 73 89
95
95
96
94
90,80 75
73
96 July 15th.
1838
69
51:85 85
87
93
97
100
91 84 65
54
100 Ang. 9th.
1839
66 70 79 83
94
94
96
95
88 88 61
48
96 July 25th.
1840
55
75,75 91
89
93
96
93
85 82 71
58
96 July 16th.
1841
54
58 83 82
93
99
98
96
93 76 7
64
99 June 12th.
1842
65
69 85 90
88
95
92
93
94 84 77
69
95 June 22d.
1843
67
58 59 88 70 72 89
89
90
94
93
89 76 75
64
94 July 6th, 14th.
1845
62
70 77 93 55 69 88
91
91
96
92
92 81
73
66
96 July 10th.
1847
67
60 72 86
88
92
92
90
89 83!
75
60
92 July 18th.
1848
69
60 86 84
90
91
90
92
86 75
59
73
92 Aug. 14th. .
1849
60
69 73 88
87
92
92
92
91 74 80
60
92 J'e 22, J'y 13, A. 5.
1850
61
72 71|86
89
95
96
93
90 83
77
65
96 July 6th.
Gr'tst.| 69 :72 86.93|
95
99
99 100
94 88 80
73
11000
9.3
97
98
92
92 77 68
60
98 J'y 1st, 16th, 27th.
1844
56
91
94
95
92
86 76 68
51
95 July 21st.
1846
67
5
25 27 36
45
56
53
40 27
8
0
7 Jan. 18th.
1842
9
-
125
22
-
An examination of tables II and III, shows that the extreme range of the thermometer at Cincinnati is 117º: and that the greatest range in any one year is 100°.
38
METEOROLOGY.
That in 16 years the least temperature has occurred seven times in February, six times in January, twice in December, and once in March.
That in the same period, the greatest temperature has occurred eleven times in July, four times in June, and three times in August.
TABLE IV. MONTIILY RANGE OF TEMPERATURE AT CINCINNATI IN 16 YEARS.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov. Dec.
Wh. Yr.
1835
6.30
730
69
620
510
500
450
430
530
530
730
5.40
1120
1836
60
69
75
66
51
43
44
47
53
53
53
52
106
1837
48
58
53
63
56
43
38
42
48
54
53
66
90
1838
61
61
74
57
51
40
38
38
52
54
51
58
110
1839
53
65
77
51
58
48
42
48
57
56
59
40
94
1840
56
75
5-1
64
47
46
46
36
41
63
53
51
97
1841
61
54
65
52
56
46
39
37
51
51
47
46
106
1842
56
74
60
63
52
50
36
35
54
57
69
69
100
1843
65
60
58
62
52
59
48
39
4.4
58
46
45
99
1844
57
55
52
61
44
36
29
37
51
50
60
56
91
1845
43
62
59
73
57
43
46
42
46
51
57
57
101
1846
57
55
49
61
48
45
39
23
48
53
58
47
96
1847
70
55
58
60
52
45
38
38
51
56
56
58
95
1848
64
43
81
53
50
41
32
31
46
59
34
49
96
1849
44
66
45
60
42
35
33
35
48
40
56
58
90
1850
54
72
49
61
53
54
31
33
46
52
52
54
96
Mean.
57
62
61
61
51
45
39
38
49
54
55
54
From this table, we discover that the months having the greatest range of temperature, are February, March, and April ; and those having the least range, are August, July, and June.
TABLE V.
GREATEST CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE WITHIN 24 HOURS, IN EACH MONTH AT CINCINNATI, FOR 16 YEARS.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June. July.
Ang. Sept.
Oct. Nov.
Dec.
Wh. Yr.
1835
339
370
370
370
35
319
32c
330
319
300
280
370
1836
27
35
32
43
46
33
38
23
30
32
36
30
46
1837
27
25
32
40
42
31
30
35
22
31
32
31
42
1838
29
31
30
37
38
31
28
28
37
35
34
36
38
1839
25
35
31
38
35
35
39
33
35
40
29
19
40
1840
31
38
41
38
33
30
25
27
32
35
40
33
41
1841
21
30
30
37
36
33
30
28
30
35
31
21
37
1842
35
30
43
43
43
34
28
29
34
41
44
34
44
1843
31
31
32
34
36
38
34
32
29
38
28
26
38
1844
28
31
33
37
33
28
25
26
32
31
35
27
37
1845
32
38
39
43
42
32
30
33
31
39
35
32
43
1846
29
29
35
40
32
30
24
23
27
33
32
25
40
1847
22
27
33
42
38
30
25
25
29
7
29
30
42
1848
28
27
40
40
38
30
23
20
27
29
22
29
40
1849
21
28
32
32
34
30
24
30
34
34
34
21
34
1850
30
29
31
36
36
35
21
22
27
34
32
22
36
Mean.
35
38
43
43
46
38
39
35
37
41
44
36
46
39
METEOROLOGI.
The greatest changes, and those felt most sensibly, take place from noon or afternoon of one day to sunrise next morning-the thermometer falling.
The least changes generally occur in the summer and autumnal months ; and the greatest in the winter and spring.
TABLE VI. WIND
The following table contains the average course of the wind for each month in the year, the wind or breeze denoted as being from that one of the principal points to which its origin most nearly ap- proaches.
N.
N. E.
E.
S. E.
s. W.
W.
N. W.
Jan.
2.0
1.7
2.0
0.3
1.1
8.0
12.0
3.9
Feb.
1.5
1.6
1.8
0.6
1.4
6.1
9.6
5.6
March
3.1
2.8
2.7
1.0
2.1
6.3
6.8
6.2
April
2.8
2.8
2.6
0.8
2.0
6.3
8.1
4.6
May
3.5
3.0
2.8
0.4
1.7
5.7
8.4
5.5
June
1.5
1.5
2.3
0.8
2.0
7.5
9.0
5.4
July
2,9
3.8
1.6
2.0
3.4
5.9
7.0
4.4
August
2.2
4.1
4.0
1.0
2.6
7.5
4.8
4.8
Septr.
2.5
3.4
2.8
0,5
1.6
7.8
5.4
6.0
October
2.5
3.0
1.1
0,6
1.6
6.8
9.4
6.0
Novem.
1.7
3.0
0.8
0.2
1.7
7.5
9.8
5.3
Decem.
1.6
2.0
2.6
0.5
13
7.8
10.5
4.7
27.8
32.7
27.1
8.7
22.5
83.2
100.8
62.4
From the above table it will be seen that westerly winds prevail annually, on an average, about 246 days, or two-thirds of the year ; that easterly winds prevail about 68 days, or less than one-fifth of the year ; that the wind is from the north about 28 days, or one- tenth of the year; and from the south, about 22 days, or one-six- teenth of the year.
The above table is deduced from the observations of the 10 years* ending with 1850, and is the result of about 7000 separate observa- tions. It coincides very nearly with the result of the six years' observations terminating with 1840.
* Except in regard to July and August. I was occasionally absent from the city during these months, and could not supply the course of the wind from the tables of other observers in the city, as I frequently did that of the tem- peratures from the tables of my friend, John Lea, Esq.
40
METEOROLOGI.
TABLE VII.
AMOUNT OF RAIN AND MELTED SNOW AT CINCINNATI FOR 16 YEARS.
Year.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug ..
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN. 3.20
IN. 52.15
1836
2.97
4.34
4.18
4.54
9.01
2.14
7.42
5.54
4.77
13.71
4.41
4.36
57.39
1837
0.80
3.43
3.70
2.00
3.79
4.38
3.83
5.91
3.14
4.16
2.52
5.05
42.71
1838
1.90
1.64
0.56
4.77
8.57
7.55
2.47 3.76
0.71
3.55
3.12
0.85
39.45
1840
1.13
4.68
13.65
4.78
6.08
6.84
4.45
3.73
1.56
4.74
2.50
3.20
47.34
1841
5.55
0,82
2.3
4.75
2.16
1.51
5.33
2.71
2.94
2.46
4.92
5.56
41.05
1842
2.75
6.09
3.02
2.97
3.04
5.67
2.35 4.22
2.95
1.90
3.76
2.57
41.29
1843
3.51
3.54
12.97
6.15
3.54
4.52
2.92 5.89
6.73
4.16
4.26
3.00
51.19
1844
3.10
1.04
4.50
3.13
7.00
6.16
3.50 3.65
1.26
4.32
3.18
1.10
43.65
1845
3.03
1.66
5.46
1.08
1.89
11.50
3.06 6.88
7.51 2.03
1.68
0.60
46.38
1846
3.59
3.23
12.26
13.51
5.17
7.53
3.93 6.10
2.50
2.1
4.26
9.25
53.52
1847
4.71
|1.06
5.37
2.12
4.30
7.63
8.25 3.20
3.87
9.57
3.95
8.15
65.18
1848
4.58
2.81
6.72
0.55
5.13
1.86
6.95 3.90
1.53 3.62
2.60
9.43
49.68
1849
6.48
2.04
4.70
3.65
13.61
4.90
8.90 4.41
2.68 3.86
2.42
5.32
52.97
1850
5.20
6.28
6.62
4.27
1.86
5.00
6.30 7.20
2.22 1.05
2.54
6.22
54.76
Mean. 3.60 3.14 3.79 3.38 4.82
5.41
4.69 4.64 3.18 3.49
3.50
4.35
48.02
The above gives for the quantity of fluid in the four seasons, the following results :-
Winter
Dec., Jan., Feb.
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