USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Cincinnati > Sketches and statistics of Cincinnati in 1851 > Part 4
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11.09 inches.
Spring
Mar., April, May
12.00
Summer
June, July. Aug.
14.74
Autumn
Sept., Oct., Nov.
10.17
This shows that summer is the wettest, and autumn the driest season of the year.
A further inspection of the table, shows that the wettest month of the year is June, and the driest September (taking into account that it is two days longer than February ).
The greatest quantity of rain in any month was 11.5 inches, in June, 1845; the least quantity in any month was one-eighth of an inch, in Oct., 1839.
The most marked drouth in the above period, was in 1850. From September 18th to November 26th-68 days, only 1.6 inches of rain fell.
The greatest quantity of rain in any one year, was in 1847; the amount being 65.18 inches, which was about 17 inches above the mean ; the smallest quantity in any one year was 30.62 inches, which was about 17 inches less than the mean.
1835
3.82
1.75
1.86
3.37
7.57
7.34
2.46
6.54
3.23
4.35
6.66
1.72
30.62
1839
4.56
2.75
2.69
2.38
4.46
1.96
2.97
0.56
3.24
0.13
2.20
41
METEOROLOGY.
TABLE VIII.
DEPTH OF UNMELTED SNOW AT CINCINNATI, FOR II WINTERS.
Winter.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
Total.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN.
IN.
1839-40
0.0
7.0
6.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
13.3
1840- 1
1.0
10.4
8.0
2.0
3.0
0.0
24.4
1841- 2
1.0
0.0
0.0
7.8
0.0
0.0
8.8
1842- 3
1.5
3.1
12.1
7.6
2.7
1.3
28.3
1843- 4
1.0
2.8
3.8
1.5
1.2
0.0
10.3
1844- 5
1.0
1.9
2.5
4.6
0.0
0.0
9.0
1845- 6
4.3
0.5
2.6
15.7
0.5
0.0
23.6
1846- 7
7.2
0.8
8.4
3.1
8.6
0.0
28.1
1847- 8
0.0
20.6
7.0
0.0
2.5
0.0
30.1
1848- 9
1.5
4.0
1.0
7.4
0.0
0.0
13.9
1849-50
0.0
18.0
10.0
19.0
3.0
0.0
50.0
Mean.
1.7
6.3
5.6
6.2
2.0
0.1
21.8
This table shows that the amount of snow during the year, is a very variable quantity, ranging from 9 to 50 inches. It also shows, that frequently November and March, and sometimes both, are without snow; and that only once in ten years, has any snow fallen in April.
WEATHER.
We have divided the days into three classes. Those that were clear, or of which the greater part was fair, are denominated clear and fair days ; those partly clear, but of which the greater portion was cloudy, are denominated variable days; and those that were nearly or entirely cloudy, are denominated cloudy days. The follow- ing is the average number of days of each kind in a year, deduced from the observations from 1840 to 1850, except that the average number for July and August are deduced from the observations alone of 1841,-43,-45,-49, and 50.
Clear and fair days 146.3
Variable days 140.6
Cloudy days 78.3
This result is the same for the number of clear and fair days as the average from 1835 to 1840.
The least number of clear and fair days in any one of the last sixteen years was 107; this was in 1843, and the mean temperature of this year was only 51º .1; or more than 2º below the annual mean. In 1850 the number of cloudy days was only 62, and the
42
METEOROLOGY.
mean temperature of this year was more than 1º above the annual mean,
The following table contains the average number of days of each kind of weather, for the several months of the year, according - to the preceding classification.
TABLE IX.
Clear and Fair Days.
Variable Days.
Cloudy Days.
January
10.7
7,8
12.5
February
10.0
9,2
9.0
March
10.8
11.2
9,0
April
12.4
12.6
5.0
May
13.0
14.4
3.6
June
11.9
15.3
2.8
July
14.6
13.6
2.8
August
12.8
15.8
2.4
September
15.9
11.2
2.9
October
14.7
10.8
5.5
November
10.8
9.8
9.4
December
8.7
8.9
13.4
According to this table the greatest amount of clear and fair weather occurs in June, July, August, September, and October; and the greatest number of cloudy days in December and January.
BAROMETER. TABLE X.
Year.
Mean height Inches.
Min. height Inches.
Max. height Inches.
Range.
1835
29.353
28.70
29.89
1.19
1836
29.345
28.66
29.82
1.16
1837
29.291
28.54
29.81
1.27
1838
29.347
28.72
29.91
1.19
1839
29.357
28.66
30.04
1.38
1840
29.348
28.53
29.86
1.33
1841
29.314
28.42
29.96
1.54
1842
29.326
28.61
29.84
1.23
1843
29.302
28.48
29.92
1.44
1844
29.309
28.71
29.78
1.07
1845
29.323
28.83
29.85
1.02
1846
29.297
28.64
29.94
1.30
1847
29.294
28.57
29.91
1.34
1848
29.291
28.47
29.86
1.39
1849
29.519
28.65
30.05
1.40
1850
29.273
28.50
29.92
1.42
29.318
28.42
30.05
1.63
The above table contains the mean height, the minimum and maximum height, and the range of the barometer at Woodward col-
43
METEOROLOGY.
lege, which is situated about 150 feet above low water of the Ohio, and about 17 feet above the level of Lake Erie.
From the table it will also be seen, 1st. that the mean height in any given year, differs but little from the annual mean height; 2d. that the range of the minimum height for different years is .41 of an unit ; that the range of the maximum height for different years is .27 of an inch ; and 3d. that the extreme range is 1.63 inches.
The following table presents the mean height of the barometer for each month, during the preceding period; also the minimum and maximum heights that have occurred in each month, in the same period.
TABLE XI.
Months.
Mean height. Inches.
Min. height. Inches.
Max. height. Inches.
Mean height for the Seasons.
Jan.
29.344
28.57
30.05
Feb.
29.312
28.50
30.01
Winter. 29.335 inches.
Mar.
29.310
28.48
29.94
Apr.
29.289
28.42
29.76
Spring
29.281
May
29.243
28.59
29.63
June.
29.271
28.84
29.59
Summer
29.316
July.
29.329
28.91
23.61
Aug.
29.348
29.05
29.62
Autumn. .. 29.348
Sept.
29.341
28.73
29.72
Oct.
29.362
28.66
29.91
Nov.
29.342
28.61
30.04
Dec.
29.350
28.47
30.04
An examination of this table gives the following results: The mean height of the barometer is the lowest in May, and the highest in October; the former being .075 below, and the latter .044 above the mean for the year; the range being .119. The minimum height of the barometer occurs when the sun is north; and the maximum height when it is south of the equator. The month nearest to the mean height, is July. Of the four seasons, autumn and winter are above, and spring and summer below the mean height for the year. Spring is the lowest, and autumn the highest of the whole; the difference between them being .067. The mean height for the summer is nearly the same as the mean height for the year.
The barometric heights were corrected for capillarity and reduced to the temperature of freezing water.
44
POPULATION - CENSUS OF 1850.
II. PERSONAL STATISTICS.
POPULATION-CENSUS OF 1850.
CINCINNATI.
WARDS.
WHITE.
COLORED.
TOTAL
1
6411
434
6845
Q
8026
187
8213
3
7567
101
7668
4
10,394
563
10,957
5
5122
161
5283
6
9229
401
9630
7
9167
178
9345
8
. 14,328
96
14,424
9
9889
816
10,705
10
. 12,887
145
. 13,032
11)
. 19,246
90
. 19,336
125
112,266
3172
115,438
TOWNSHIPS.
HAMILTON COUNTY.
Fulton
3323
3323
Spencer
1655
1
1656 .
Columbia
2411
5
2416
Anderson
3014
36 3050
Mill creek 6180
107
6287
Storrs
1666
9
1675
Green
3947
1 3951
Delhi
1942
1942
Sycamore
3727
4
3731
Symmes
1115
1115
Colerain 3105
20
3125
Miami
1513
44
1557
Whitewater
1514
53
1567
Crosby .
2480
8
2488
Springfield
. 3598
34
3632
153,356
3494
156,850
Drawn by Capt Jong Heart U. S. A. 1790.
Orcken's Lithography, Cincinnati, 0
FORT WASHINGTON.
45
POPULATION -CENSUS OF 1850.
As the population of Cincinnati in 1840 was 46,338, the census returns for 1850, manifest an increase, for the last ten years, of one hundred and fifty per cent. The increase from 1830 to 1840, was ninety per cent. Our city may therefore be ranked among those cities of the United States, whose growth is not exhausting their elements of progress. It would be doing injustice to the actual increase in population of Cincinnati, to omit the fact, that the recent national census was taken at a period when the cholera was raging in the midst of us. Not only did we sustain a loss of 4832 deaths on this score, but the population returns were farther reduced from the still greater numbers put to flight by the approach and arrival of that pestilence. For weeks every vehicle of conveyance was filled with these fugitives, who, in most cases, did not return in time to be included in the enumeration of inhabitants. There can be no just reason to doubt, that but for these drawbacks, Cincinnati would have yielded within its corporate limits alone, the population of 130,000 inhabitants, which it now comprehends, by including that of its suburbs and immediate adjacencies.
The following comparative table will afford a contrast of the pro- gress in the population of Cincinnati, with that of other cities in the Ohio and Mississippi valley.
CINCINNATI.
PITTSBURGH.
LOUISV.
Census of 1800. . .
750. . . 1565
600. .
NEW ORLEANS. 9650
1810. . . 2540. . . 4768
1350. .
17,242
1820. .
9602. . . 7243 4012. . . 27,176
66 1830. .
24,831. . . 21,412*
. 10,306. . 46,310
1840. .
46,338. . . 36,478*
. 21,214. . . 102,296
1850. . . 115,438. . . 67,871* . 43,277. . . 120,951
These successive census returns for Cincinnati, embrace its corpor- ate limits merely. If we include Covington, Newport, Fulton, Storrs, and other adjacencies, which may with as much propriety be reckoned with Cincinnati, as suburbs and adjacent villages are included with Philadelphia, our population will reach 150,000 souls.
At the same time, it must be observed, that Cincinnati derives less from its immediate neighborhoods, on the score of population, propor- tionally, than most other cities. While we have hardly more than one-fourth of the population put down to Philadelphia, the number of inhabitants within our corporate limits, is little less than that of
* Including Alleghany city.
4
46
NATIVITIES - UNITED STATES.
those within that city; and, while the adjacencies included with Pitts- burgh swell her population to 80,000, our inhabitants number one hundred and fifty percent. more than hers, computing city limits alone.
The colored population, in 1826, amounted to 690 persons-the white inhabitants being at that date, 15,540. They were, therefore, as one in twenty-four of the entire population. In 1840, they had so far increased as to form one in twenty, or more exactly 2258, of the 46,382 persons returned in the census of Cincinnati of that period. They are now 3172 in 115,438, or one in thirty-six of the population. It is a significant fact, that in Columbus, the colored race form 1233 out of 17,867 inhabitants ; or one in fourteen, although our city must afford a greater variety, as well as a greater extent of employ- ment congenial to the habits and qualifications of the race.
It will be found on comparing the population progress of Cincin- nati with that of other places, for the last ten years, as exhibited by a view of the census of 1840 and 1850, that there is no place of equal or greater magnitude in the United States, whose ratio of increase has been as large. Nor is there any whose absolute increase is so great, except Philadelphia and New York cities,-the one concentrating the most extensive mining and manufacturing operations in the United States, and the other being the great receptacle of its foreign commerce, as well as one of its most important manufacturing points.
NATIVITIES-UNITED STATES
Ohio . 33,258
Mississippi . 201
Pennsylvania. 5005
North Carolina 178
New York 3331
Illinois
166
Virginia. 2370
Rhode Island 147
Kentucky 2223
District of Columbia 138
Maryland . 1663
South Carolina 131
New Jersey
1546
Georgia
128
Indiana .
1256
Missouri. 107
Massachusetts. 1166
Michigan
97
Connecticut
500
Alabama
63
Louisiana.
406
Arkansas 32
Vermont
316
Iowa 28
Maine.
255
Texas. 10
Tennessee.
251
Wisconsin 8
Delaware
220
Florida 1
New Hampshire
217
55,468
47
NATIVITIES - FOREIGNERS.
NATIVITIES-FOREIGNERS.
Germany 30,628
Russia
12
Ireland .
13,616
Norway
11
England .
3690
Spain .
10
France
820
Isle of Jersey
7
Scotland
771
Man 6
Wales
444
Greece
5
Canada.
338
Brazil
4
Italy .
171
Africa
4
Switzerland .
154
Portugal
3
Prussia
130
New Brunswick
2
Holland
94
China.
2
Poland .
77
Guatimala
2
At Sea 38
Isle of Wight
2
Nova Scotia
29
Guernsey
1
West Indies
27
France. 1
Sweden.
20
Newfoundland
1
Denmark .
18
Turkey
1
Mexico
15
51,171
. 8799
The proportion of natives of the United States to foreigners, in the respective wards of Cincinnati, may be thus stated ;
I. II. III. IV. V. VI.
Foreigners . . 2698 . . 3058 . . 3879 . . 4513 . . 1584 . . 3383
Natives. . . 3804 . . 4499 . . 3294 . . 5840 . . 3313 . . 5860
Unknown. . 343 . . 656 . . 495. . 604 .. 386. . 387
6845 8213
7668 10,957 5283 9630
VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII.
Total. Foreigners . . 3471 . . 4610. . 5504. . 5569. . 12,935. . . 51,171 Natives . 5526 . . 9516. . 4571. . 4875. . 4339. . . 55,468 Unknown . . . 350. . 298. . 630. . 2588. . 2069. . . 8799
9345 14,424 10,705 13,032
19,336
115,438
The Irish constitute the largest share of foreigners in the First, Third, Fourth, and Seventh Wards, as the Germans do in the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Wards of the
Belgium
16
Australia
1
Unknown, principally natives of the United States.
48
NATIVITIES - FOREIGNERS.
city. These two classes of foreigners are nearly balanced as respects numbers, in the Second Ward. The residue of our foreign popula- tion is, to a considerable extent, distributed equally throughout the city. The central wards contain the larger proportions of native population ; while, as a general rule, the Irish reside contiguous to the river, and the Germans occupy our northern territory. These last, to a great degree, own the property they occupy, and the high price of ground in the active business regions, together with its pre- occupation for other purposes than sites for dwellings, has concen- trated them along the northern line of Cincinnati.
In 1841, the elements of population stood, by estimate :---
Americans 54 per cent.
Germans 28
Great Britain
16
Other foreigners 2
100
It will be seen that the present constituent proportions of the com- munity, as determined by the recent census, correspond exactly to the estimate of 1841.
The additions to the native column since 1840, by births here, do not, therefore, more than counterbalance the foreign immigration during the same space of time.
Although the nativities under the division " Unknown," if ascer- tained, would render the number of natives of the United States greater than that of foreigners, yet the proportion of these last to the mass of population, is greater here than in any large city of the United States, except Boston among the atlantic, and St. Louis of the western cities.
To the industry of foreigners, Cincinnati is indebted in a great degree, for its rapid growth. Their presence here has accelerated the execution of our public improvements, and given an impulse to our immense manufacturing operations, without which, they could not have reached their present extent and importance.
49
OCCUPATIONS, TRADES, AND PURSUITS.
OCCUPATIONS, TRADES, AND PURSUITS.
AGENTS 94
Britannia ware mer-
Collectors 27
Apple-butter makers 3 chants 8
Architects 10 Bricklayers & plas- terers 809
Artists
25
Coroner 1
Artific. flowr. makers Attorneys at law. .. 176 Bristle dressers. . 7 Corkmakers 2 Auctioneers 19 Broom makers 1 Composition roofers. 14
Auditor
1 Bucket 5
Coach makers ..... 95
Author
1 Builders 7
painters .. ..
3
Awning makers 9 Butchers 672
trimmers . .
29
Astronomer
1
CABINET makers
485
Constables 16
BAKERS 421
Carpenters 2318
Cellar diggers. 20
Bandbox makers . .
2 Carmen 17
Congressmen 2
Basket
37
Carters
54
Comb makers
8
Barkeepers 189 Carders 8 Coal merchants. 13
Bedstead makers
7 Carriage drivers 42
Contractors 3
Bellows "
3 Cap makers 15 Coffin makers. 3
Barbers
227
Beef curers
4
Chandlers
82
Colporteurs 4
Billiard-table keep- ers
2 Card maker 1 Cutlers 13
Billiard-table maker.
1 Carvers
23
DAIRYMEN
5
Bill posters.
2 Candy manufactur- 1 ers
7 Dancing masters. 2
Blacksmiths 713 Chair makers. 303
Dentists. 32
Blacking makers 2
painters 4 Deputy marshal. . .
1
Blind
17 Chocolate maker ...
1
auditor 1
Block 66
3 Chemists. 9
sheriffs 7
Boardinghouse keep- ers 127
China manufacturers City Gauger
1 Draymen 482
Criers
4 Druggists 153
Boatmen 950
Weigher 1 Distillers 18
Boat builders 4
Marshal
1 Dyers. 19
Bookbinders 136
Civil engineers
5 Dress makers 23
Bookfolder 1
Cistern builders 6 Drovers 3
Bookkeepers 90
Cigar makers 170 EDITORS 26
Booksellers 43
Circus riders 2 Edge tool makers .. 41
Boot & shoe makers.1569 Clerks 1583
grinders. 9
Box makers 24
Club-room keepers. 3
Engineers 240
Brass founders 7
Clergymen 97
Engravers 55
3
Brewers 126
Coopers 868
Express messengers.
2
Boiler makers 69
Coffee-house keepers 327
FARMERS
61
Brush
67
Coffee roasters. 2 Feed store keepers. 8
Brick " 143 Copper smiths. 56 Flour dealers .. ....
4
Carriage makers 51
Cotton spinners 12
Bishop.
Caulkers 8 Clock 10
Daguerreotypists 40
2 Dranghtsmen 6
Bonnet pressers. 5
Brass finishers 4 Clothiers 22
Engine builders. . .
Cooks 142 Confectioners 136
4 Brokersand bankers. 61
Coke maker 1
50
OCCUPATIONS, TRADES, AND PURSUITS.
Fruiterers
4 Hotel keepers. 79 Maltsters. 3
File cutters
8 House movers.
2 Millwrights 30
Figure maker 1 Hod carrier.
1 Musicians 82
Finishers 264
Hose & belt makers.
4 Match makers
6
Farriers
7 INSPECTORS.
8 Music dealers. . .
2
Fishermen 2 Iron workers
3 Musical instrument 1 makers.
6
Furniture dealer 1 Ice dealers 4
Fur dealer
1 Ink makers 3
Morocco dressers. 9
1
Faucet makers 2
safe makers.
6 Milkmen
5
Ferryman
1 JACKSCREW maker ..
1 Metal roofer.
1
Fringe makers
6 Japaners
9 Mattress makers. 5
Fortune tellers 2 Judges
2 Market-masters 3
Forgeman
1 Jewelers 37
NURSES
9
Furnacemen
29
LABORERS 7864
Nailers 13
GARDENERS
88 Loafer
1 Nail cutters
4
Gasfitters.
8
Last makers 6 Nail makers 8
Gas pipe makers. . .
Gas maker
Gilders
11
Lamp makers
2
Gentlemen
11 Letter carriers 4
Newspaper publish- ers 9
stainer
1 Livery stable keepers 45
Newspaper carriers. 23 OILCLOTH makers ... 14
4
Glove makers 6 Landlords.
Glue
3 Leather dressers. ..
8 Organ builders Opticians
4
Grocers 533
4 Oil makers. 3
Gaugers and mea- surers.
8
Lithographers
10 PLUMBERS
39
Gold pen makers ... Gold beaters 3 MOLDERS
512
92
Goldsmiths
18
Merchants and tra-
3
Gold hunter 1 ders 1550 Paper box makers ..
Gunsmiths
21
Marble workers. ..
6 Paper bag
1
HACKMEN 3 Machinists 255
Plane 43
Ham eurers 12 Miniature painters. . 2 Pencil ..
1
Harness makers 22
Millers.
53 Plow ·
14
Hat-box maker 1 Milliners
8 Piano 15
Hair spinners. 6 Mill-stone makers ..
9 Pocket-book makers 3
Hatters 184
Mustard
4 1 . Penny postmen Physicians 278
Hostlers. 26 Mineral water mak- ers.
Horse dealers 8
9 Printers 298
" shoer
1 Magistrates
6 Painters & glaziers. 589
1 Peddlers 311
12
Grate
cutter
1 Lightning rod mak- ers.
3 Overseers
69 Organist
1
1 Looking-glass frame makers
Lumber merchants. 10 Optieal inst. maker. 1
2 Lath maker
1 Plaster Paris worker Pattern makers .... Paper
1
blowers 8
2 Linseed oil makers. 5 Naval officers 4 1 Lard 34 Nine-pin alley keep- ers 3
Glass makers
2 Loeksmiths 110
Math. and astr. inst. makers. 23
Foundrymen 162
Ironmonger
Flouring millers ...
2 Iron founders 13
Florists 2 rollers 12 Museum keeper . .
Hucksters 53 Mayor
2
51
OCCUPATIONS, TRADES, AND PURSUITS.
Pilots. 130
Stone masons. 428
Tailors 1676
Paper hangers. 45
Stone cutters. 229
Type founders 23
Pavers 51 Stone polishers. 2 Tinners 197
Porters 129 Stone molder 1 Turners. 143
Publishers
6
Stone quarriers. 15
Teachers 146
Perfumers
4 Students
162
Teamsters. 141
Potters 37
Sextons
41
Tanners and cur-
Polishers.
7 Servants
294
riers 298
Trunk makers. . . 49
5 Township trustees. 4
Saddletree 7 Theatre managers. . 3
Chemistry
2
Speculators
2 Theatrical perform- 2 ers 42
Pump makers .. .
5 Saw millers
2
Tiler
1
Pork packers ......
13
Slaters
2 Tollgate keepers. . .
2
President Gas Co ...
1 Scissors grinders. ...
2 Telegraphers
7
Produce dealers .... 10
Saw filer
1 Tin-plate workers. .
7
Paper stainer. .
1 Scene painter. .
1 Thieves.
42
Pyrotechnist.
1 Stucco workers .. . .. 2 Translators. 2
Straw bonnet dealer.
1 Type case maker ..
1
Pleasure garden
keepers . .
1 Steamboat captains. Superintend't water works.
7 11 Umbrella makers. . . VARNISHERS 32
Priests
25
Square makers. .. ...
4 Vinegar
4
Parlor grate maker.
1 Secretary Ins. Co ...
1 Vermicelli "
2
Policemen 28
Stove dealer.
1 WHITEWASHERS 45
ROPE makers 57 Shopkeepers
35 Whip sawyer 1
Recorder
1 Stencil cutter
1 Wire workers. 19
Rectifier
1
Smelter
1 Watchmen 23
Reporter
1 Surgeon
1 Watch makers. 40
Rigger .
1 Sail maker
1 Wagon 93
SILVER platers
4 Wig 66
5
Silversmiths
54
2 Whisky 4
22
Scale makers. 21
Sash
12
Spice & coffee grind- ers
6 Whitesmiths
3
Starch
10
1 White lead manuf'rs.
6
Sav
3
2 Wheelwrights 14
2 Wool dressers 7
1 picker 1
Stereotypists
4 Shoe blacks.
6 Wagoners. 29
2
Surveyors 8 Stamp cutters.
2 Wharf masters ... Stewards 83
Sheet iron workers. 11 Wood type cutters. . 4
Saddlers 176 TOBACCONISTS 219 Wine manufacturers. 2
Patent medicine ma- kers
4 Secretary Gas Co ... Steel plate printers.
1 UPHOLSTERERS 45
2 Undertakers 14
Picture frame maker
1
Press maker
1
2 Varnish makers. 3
Soap and candle makers.
11 Surgical inst. makers Salve maker.
2
1 Weavers Waiters 74
54
Stove
28
Silk manufacturer .. Sergeant-at-arms .. . Spirit gas makers .. Spindle maker. ...
Spectacle makers. .. 1 Ship carpenters 22
8
11 Street commissioners 2
Portrait painters
Professors 11
Stocking makers ...
Languages
Math'ics ..
1 Stock makers
4 Sailors
Sugar refiners Stage drivers. 5 Wood sawyers " dealer 1
52
EDUCATION.
III. EDUCATION.
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION in the United States, is divided generally into three kinds : that of Schools,-so called-that of Academies, or more recently called High Schools; and lastly, that of Colleges, or when Professional Education is added, Universities. The objects of these three classes of institutions is to convey three different kinds or gradations of education, according to the time and means which the pupils or students have to spare. The Primary Schools, whether public or private, simply teach the elements of knowledge, such as reading, writing, grammar, arithmetic, and geography. The object of Academies or High Schools, is to give some knowledge of higher studies ; such as mathematics, history, or the classics. The object of Colleges is to afford, what is termed, a thorough classical educa- tion, being a course of instruction in the Sciences, the Classics,- Philosophy, and Belles Lettres. To this course, is generally added a supplementary one-in Law, Medicine, and Theology-open to volunteer students for professional life. When a college has classes in these subjects, it is termed a University ; an institution in which, it is presumed, that instruction is given in all branches of human knowledge. In addition to these means of instruction, there are in all large cities, societies and rooms established for popular lectures, or popular reading; such as Lyceums, Mechanics' Institutes, and Mercantile Libraries. The means of education, whether public or private, are thus diffused in the United States, through all classes of people ; and there are none, who cannot, if they choose, find access to useful instruction, in almost any department of knowledge.
Before Cincinnati had attained half its present magnitude, and before it had reached middle age in an individual, all these modes of education had been established in the midst of its population, and were in successful and prosperous operation. Her schools have been visited by gentlemen of the highest intelligence, both in Europe and America, and thought not inferior to the same class of institu- tions in the most civilized states. That the reader may understand clearly the means and system of Education adopted in Cincinnati,
53
EDUCATION.
the following brief review of its Schools, Colleges, and Institutions of education is given :
I. PRIMARY SCHOOLS .- Of these, there are in Cincinnati, three different kinds, viz .: 1. The Public or City Schools: 2. The Pa- rochial, or Church Schools: and 3. The Private, or Individual Schools.
The PUBLIC SCHOOLS of Cincinnati arose out of a general principle, adopted in the first legislation-not only for the State of Ohio; but for the north-western territory. In the ordinance of 1787-for the north-western territory-Article 3, of the COMPACT between the original States and the people and States in said territory ; it is declared, that
" Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged."
This positive compact and injunction has been carried out practi- cally, both in the legislation of Ohio, and of Congress. The latter has reserved one thirty-sixth part of all the public lands for the support of Education in the States in which the public lands lie ; and to this munificent grant, has added endowments for numerous universities, of which two, thus endowed, are in Ohio; those of Miami and Athens.
The system of Public Schools, thus founded in the original com- pact of Government, and sustained by liberal grants of public pro- perty, was carried into effect by the Legislature of Ohio, in 1824, and established in Cincinnati, 1830-31. In these " COLLEGES OF THE PEOPLE,"" as they are termed, the children of the masses of the people, of all conditions, are educated. There they acquire in the short time most of them can spare for education, those simple ele- ments of knowledge, which are most useful in common life. The majority of children who enter these schools, probably acquire little other knowledge than that of reading, writing, and arithmetic ; but the instruction afforded by the schools is not confined to these elementary branches. On the contrary, the studies of the elder and higher classes exhibit ample proof, that a wide range of study and acquisition is included in the scheme of Public Education. To this may be added, that these Public Schools are literally FREE; those
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