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M 9
GENERAL LIBRARY -OF THE-
PARK CHURCH -IN- ELMIRA, N. Y.
No. 17/3
GEN
3 1833 02530 7387
Gc 979.5 B22h v. 1 Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1832- 1918. History of Oregon
MER
ELECTION
THE WORKS
OF
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.
VOLUME XXIX.
HISTORY OF OREGON. VOL. I. 1834-1848.
SAN FRANCISCO: THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 1886.
Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1886, by HUBERT H. BANCROFT, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
All Rights Reserved.
PREFACE.
1216689
THE more remote in Oregon affairs has been given in my History of the Northwest Coast, which is indeed a part of the History of Oregon, as elsewhere ex- plained. The later volumes deal with events which occurred within the memory of men now living; they are wrought out from yet more original sources, a large proportion of the facts herein presented never having before appeared in print. Obviously it is more difficult to treat fully and fairly a comparatively modern epoch, from absolutely crude material, than an earlier one which has been worked over by scholars for centuries. Of the hundreds of personal narratives which have been placed before me by those who as- sisted in making the history, no two wholly agree; and yet to the careful student, with all the evidence before him, the truth is generally clear.
The leading features of this history are not found in bloody conquests inspired by the thirst for gain and .glory united to the hope of winning heaven, but in the more gentle purpose of adding to the enjoyments of earth by commerce and agriculture, the fur com- pany, the missionaries of different sects soon converted into rival traders, and the middle class from the United States, all contributing of their several characteristics to form a society at once individual and independent.
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Baitfield -$375.00/39 ml
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PREFACE.
It is in the missionary rather than in the commer- cial or agricultural elements that I find that romance which underlies all human endeavor before it becomes of interest sufficient for permanent preservation in the memory of mankind. A mountain-walled plain, between the coast elevations and the northern stretch. of the great Andean range, with a fertile soil, a genial climate, and picturesque scenery, through a peculiar sequence of events become the western Utopia of the American states, and kindle in the breasts of those who here lay the foundations of a commonwealth the fire of patriotism, forever sacred even when fed by fallacies. The silent conquest of this area by men and women from the border, intent on empire, is a turning-point in the destinies of the country ; and it is to me no less a pleasure than a duty to recognize the heroic in this conquest, and to present one more example of the behavior of the Anglo-Saxon race un- der the influence of American institutions.
Nor did the people of the earlier west enter upon these achievements without a well-defined purpose. Proselyting alone was not the object; nor yet traffic, · nor even broad lands. There was present, besides the desire to secure for themselves and their descendants some small portion of this earth, the determination to plant here those pure moralities and fair civilities which belong to the higher Christian civilization; and one glance at the present condition of the people is' sufficient to assure us that they succeeded. Aside from the somewhat antiquated sentiments of eternal justice and the rights of man as apart from man's power to enforce his rights, the quick extermination of the aborigines may be regarded as a blessing both
ix
PREFACE.
to the red race and to the white. The two seldom profitably intermix. And this happy consummation, the swift and sharpest means of sweeping from the earth every human encumbrance, the people of the United States have never been backward about. However merciless the conquerors, Spain's govern- ment, aided by the church, was ever tender of her native American subjects, and we see the result in Mexico and Central America. The British fur-traders would not permit the killing of their hunters, and we see the result in British Columbia. Avarice, war, injustice, and inhumanity are often the most impor- tant aids to civilization. In this respect, with noble intentions and devout aspirations far higher than ordinary, the settlers of Oregon but followed their destiny. They labored for the best, and quarrelled not with the inevitable.
It is proper to remember here that the United States first reached the Pacific in the latitudes of Oregon, thus completing the great zone of states from ocean to ocean; that the first proposals to build a line of military posts, a wagon-road, and a railway across the continent were made in connection with the occu- pation of the Columbia Valley; likewise in the first project to connect the eastern and western coasts by steamships Oregon was the objective point.
Through the generosity and frankness of the people of Oregon I am enabled to present this history in the fulness of its details, and I sincerely hope they have not found their confidence misplaced. It has been my earnest endeavor, here as everywhere, rightly to understand facts and properly to construe motives.
HIST. OR., VOL. I. b
X
PREFACE.
Of every one, however humble, who came early to Oregon, and of all those who early or late contributed their intelligence and energy toward establishing the commonwealth, so far as possible I have made men- tion; and I believe the time will come, if it be not here already, when to the descendants of these hardy empire-builders this enrolment will be recognized as equivalent to a patent of nobility.
The history of Oregon has been to me a most inter- esting study, and of her present proud position and her brilliant future her sons cannot entertain too high an opinion.
CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.
CHAPTER I. OREGON IN 1834.
PAGE.
The Northwest Coast and the Oregon Territory-Physical Features- Mountain Ranges and Rivers-The Imperious Columbia-Distribution of Vegetation-Climate-Sunshine and Rain-Post-plantings of Civ- ilization-Fort Vancouver-Its Lord Paramount-The Garden-Hos- pitality-Money, Morality, and Religion-Fort George-Fort Nis- qually-Forts Langley, Umpqua, and Walla Walla-Okanagan and Colville-Forts Hall and Boisé-Fort William and Wapato Island- The French-Canadian Settlement-Missionaries, Traders, Farmers, Horse-dealers, Scientists, and Fur-hunters as Empire-builders- Origin of the Term Oregon.
1
CHAPTER II.
LIFE AT FORT VANCOUVER. 1825-1846.
Marriage Relations-Fidelity-Social Conditions-McLoughlin-Doug- las-Peter Skeen Ogden-Ermatinger-Thomas Mckay-Duncan Finlayson-Gairdner and Tolmie-Pambrun-Mckinlay-Black- Rae-McLoughlin Junior-Lewes-Dunn-Roberts-Barclay-Man- son-McLeod-Birnie, Grant, McBean, McDonald, Maxwell, Ballen- den, and McTavish-Patriots and Liberals-Attitude toward the Settlers-The Blessed Beavers
26
CHAPTER III.
SETTLEMENT OF OREGON. 1832-1834.
The Flatheads at St Louis-They Ask for Missionaries-Interest Raised among Religious People-The Churches Roused-Action of the Methodist Board-Jason and Daniel Lee Chosen Missionaries- Wyeth Consulted-Journey Overland from Independence-Prcach- ing at Fort Hall-Arrival at Fort Vancouver-Visit to the Willa- mette Valley-Mission Site Chosen-Reasons for Abandoning the Flathead Plan-The French Canadians-Campement du Sable- Hall J. Kelley-Something about the Men Who Came with Lewis and Clarke, the Astor Expeditions, Wyeth, Kelley, and Ewing Young
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54
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV. METHODIST OCCUPATION. 1834-1838. PAGE.
Removal of Effects-Fencing, Building, and Planting-The Sorrowful Work of Conversion-Missionary Failures-Daniel Lee Visits the Islands-Arrival of Kelley and Young-Figueroa's Letter-Estrange- ment of Ewing Young-Attack on an Incoming Party by the Natives of Rogue River-The Affair of the Distillery-Arrival of a Govern- ment Agent. 78
CHAPTER V.
COMING OF THE PRESBYTERIANS.
1834-1836.
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions-Parker and Whitman Sent to Choose Mission Sites-Whitman Returns East for Teachers-Parker's Adventures-His Favorable Opinion of the Indians-Their Desire for Teachers and Religious Observances- Parker Selects a Site at Waiilatpu-Religious Services Established at Fort Vancouver-Parker Returns Home-Whitman and Spalding and their Wives-Their Overland Journey-Whitman's Wagon Route-Stuart and Pilcher-The Welcome at Fort Vancouver-Re turn of Gray for More Teachers-Later Missionaries, Walker, Eells, and Smith 104
CHAPTER VI.
THE WILLAMETTE CATTLE COMPANY. 1836-1837.
Need of Cattle in the Willamette Valley-The Hudson's Bay Company Refuse to Sell-McLoughlin's Views on the Question-Meeting at Champoeg-Formation of the Cattle Company-Ewing Young and Party Sent to California for Stock-Solemn and Momentous Nego- tiations-The Crossing of the San Joaquin-Herds Drawn Across by Ropes and Rafts-An Indian Ambush-Plot to Shoot Edwards and Young-Division of the Stock and its Increase in Oregon-What Became of Ewing Young's Property. 139
CHAPTER VII. COLONIZATION. 1837-1840.
Three Missionary Brides-Jason Lee's Marriage-Sea-coast Excursions -- Branch Mission among the Calapooyas-Petition to Congress for a Civil Government-Lee Goes East-Death of Mrs Lee-Missionary Enthusiasm in the East-Bill for the Occupation of Oregon-Sailing of the 'Lausanne' with the Mission Colony-Treaty of Commerce with the Hawaiian Islands-Affairs in Oregon-Drowning of the First White Boy Born in the Territory-Death of Shepard-Reli- gious Interest at the Dalles-Arrival of the Mission Colony
154
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VIII.
CLOSE OF THE METHODIST RÉGIME. 1840-1841. PAGE.
Settlement of Clatsop Plains-The Nisqually Mission Site-Daniel Lee Returns East-The Willamette Station-Trials of Inexperienced Pioneers-Exploration of the Umpqua Valley-White Determines to leave Oregon-Accident at the Falls-The Oregon Institute-Plan to Drive McLoughlin from the Falls-Conduct of Waller-Parts Played by Hastings and Abernethy-Ingratitude and Trickery- Legality of Claimants to Oregon City-Lee Superseded by George Gray-Progress of Colonization.
184
CHAPTER IX.
PROGRESS OF EVENTS.
1839-1841.
The Peoria Party-Incidents of the Journey-Farnham Arrives in Oregon-Return of McLoughlin from London-Dissatisfaction of Missionaries and Colonists-Petition to Congress-Belcher's Expe- dition-Extent of Canadian Jurisdiction-More Immigrants from Illinois-Missionaries Continue to Arrive-The Newell Party-Mis- sionary Hospitality-Spaulding's Report-Wilkes on the Coast- The 'Star of Oregon'-Overland Exploration to California-Sir George Simpson at Fort Vancouver-Mofras' Mission-The Red River Settlers 226
CHAPTER X.
THE SUB-INDIAN AGENT'S COMPANY.
1842-1845.
The Effect of Lee's Letter to Cushing-White Visits Washington- Plans of the 'Friends of Oregon '-White is Appointed Sub-Indian Agent for Oregon-He Raises a Large Company of Emigrants- Incidents of the Journey-A Canine Massacre-Dissensions in Camp -The Halt at Fort Laramie-The Sioux Take a Hand-Fort Hall is Reached-Reception by the Missionaries-White and the Colonists- Disgusted Immigrants-McLoughlin to the Rescue-Hastings Leads
. 253 a Party to California
CHAPTER XI.
WHITE'S ADMINISTRATION OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. 1842-1845.
The Indian Agent's Troubles-His Negotiations with the Cayuses and Nez Percés-A Code of Laws for the Indians-The Peace Broken again, and again Patched up-White's Troubles with Illicit Distil- leries-The Killing of Cockstock-The Oregon Rangers-Yellow Serpent's Disastrous Expedition to California-Death of his Son Elijah-White's Interview with Chief Ellis-His Conciliatory Prom- ises, and How They were Kept-His Departure from Oregon.
268
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XII.
ORGANIZATION OF THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. 1843.
PAGE.
Methodist Officials-A Probate Court Needed-Meeting of the Settlers- Officials Chosen-Withdrawal of the French Catholic Element- Further Political Elements-The Oregon Lyceum-Fresh Overtures to the Canadians-The Land Law-Another Methodist Movement- The 'Wolf' Organization-The Canadians Brought in-New Selec- tion of Officials-Report of the Legislative Committee-Govern- ment Expenses-The Four Great Districts-Measures against McLoughlin-Influence of Shortess on Political Affairs. 292
CHAPTER XIII.
THE CATHOLIC MISSIONS-MORE OF THE PRESBYTERIANS. 1838-1847
Call of the French Canadians-Coming of Blanchet and Demers-The Vicar-general among the Cayuses-St Francis Xavier on the Cow- litz-Protestant and Catholic Rivalry-Langlois and Bolduc-The Jesuits in the North-west-Labors of Father De Smet-Point and Mangarini-St Marys on the Bitter Root-Mission of the Sacred Heart-De Vos and Hoecken-Jesuit Reinforcements-Blanchet Made Archbishop-St Pauls-Affairs at Waiilatpu and Lapwai-In- solence of the Savages-Whitman's Winter Journey to the East-
.. 315 His Treatment by the Board-Return and Disappointment. . ..
CHAPTER XIV. OREGON BEFORE CONGRESS. 1820-1846.
Oregon's Early Champion-Irrepressible Destiny-Crude Ideas of the Country-Expediency of Occupying the Columbia-Tortuous Course of Floyd's Bill-The Russian Ukase-Baylies, Tucker, Colden, Mal- lary, Wood, Walker, Breckenridge, Buchanan, Dickerson, Benton, and Others Express their Views-End of the First Epoch of Legisla- tion-Linn, Clay, Calhoun, Pierce, Cushing, and Pendleton, of the Second Epoch-Linn's Bill-Popular Feeling-Petitions for the Oc- cupation of Oregon-The Question of Slavery.
349
CHAPTER XV. THE IMMIGRATION OF 1843.
Effect of Congressional Discussion and Missionary Agitation-Flocking to the Rendezvous-Organization-Disaffection and Division-Names of the Emigrants-The Light Column and the Cow Column-Along the Platte-At Fort Hall -- Whitman's Doings-On to the Columbia and down the River-Policy of the Hudson's Bay Company-It is Better to Sell or Give than Tempt the New-comers to take by Force- The Applegates-Other Biographical Notices.
391
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVI. LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS. 1844, PAGE.
Character of the Immigration of 1843-The Land Law-Old and New Settlers-Organic Laws-Personnel of the Committees-Message of the Executive Committee-Revision and Correction of Legislative Errors-Judicial Affairs-The Blessings of Land aud the Ballot- Willamette Falls the Seat of Government-The Question of Boun- dary-Law Relating to Marriage-Liquor Law-Slavery-Negroes and Mulattoes-Attitude toward the British Fur Company-Inde- pendence of Oregon. 425
CHAPTER XVII.
THE IMMIGRATION OF 1844.
Belligerent Attitude of the British and Americans-Vancouver Forti- fied-Gathering of the Emigrants-The Several Divisions and Com- panies-The Independent Colony-Cornelius Gilliam-Nathaniel Ford-The Journey-Sufferings on the Journey-Their Destitute Condition-Reception by Missionaries and Fur-traders-Names of the Immigrants-Biographical Notices. 446
CHAPTER XVIII.
AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS
1845.
The First Three Legislative Bodies-Opposing Parties-The Several Legislatures-Memorial to Congress-What Benton Thought of It- Elijah White's Exploits-Proceedings of the Legislature-Fusion of the Americans and British-English Spies in Oregon-British Vessels-Conduct of McLoughlin Discussed-Unjust Censure-Con- sequence to McLoughlin 470
CHAPTER XIX.
THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845.
A Notable Migration-Various Starting-points-Divisions and Com- panies-Joel Palmer-Samuel K. Barlow-Presley Welch-Samuel Hancock-Bacon and Buck-W. G. T'Vault-John Waymire-Solo- mon Tetherow-California Extolled at Fort Hall-Meeting with White-His Fatal Friendship-A Long Cut-off-Hardships on the Malheur-Disease and Death at the Dalles-Heartlessness of Waller and Brewer-Emmet's Wanderings-The Incoming by Sea-Names of the Immigrants-Third Session of the Legislature-Explorations for Immigrant Pass-Wagon-road-Public Buildings, Capital, and Liquor Questions-New Counties-Revenue
508
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XX.
OPENING OF THE SOUTHERN OREGON ROUTE-IMMIGRATION OF 1846.
PAGE. Road-making as a War Measure-A Pass Required-A Company Organ-
ized-They Proceed to Rogue River-Whence they Continue East- ward and Cross the Cascade Range into the Humboldt Valley -They Proceed to Fort Hall-Hastings and his Cut-off-Immigration of 1846-Applegate's Cut-off-J. Q. Thornton, his Book and his Vin- dictiveness-Sufferings of the Emigrants by the New Route-Com- ments of the Settlers on the Southern Route - Biographical Notices. 542
CHAPTER XXI.
THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON.
1846.
Social Efforts of the Crew of the 'Modeste '-First Theatrical Entertain- ments-First American Newspaper on the Pacific Coast-A Military Company-Arrival in the Sound of H. B. M. Ship 'Fisgard '- President Polk's Message-Arrival of the U. S. Schooner 'Shark '- Horse-racing-Howison on the Situation-Wreck of the 'Shark '- A Flag and Guns for Oregon -- Passage of the Notice Bill-Overland Railway-The Boundary Determined-How Tidings of the Treaty were Received. 573
CHAPTER XXII.
POLITICS AND PROGRESS.
1846-1847.
Waiting for a Territorial Government-The Question of a Delegate to Washington-Attempts to Provide for the Ejectment of British Subjects from their Land-Legislative Proceedings-Memorial to Congress-Public Reproof to Trespassers-Reelection of Abernethy --- Douglas' Bill for Establishing a Territory, and its Failure-Action of the People-Private Delegate to Congress-Biographical Notices- The Immigration of 1847 600
CHAPTER XXIII.
THE WHITMAN MASSACRE.
1847.
Savages as a Handiwork of the Creator-They might have been Better Made-But They are not so much Worse than White Men, who are Bad Enough-Rival Claimants for the Rewards to Follow their Con- version-Portentous Clouds Hanging over Marcus Whitman- Strange He cannot See the Darkening Sky-The Natives Maddened by the White Man's Diseases, and by the Coming in of so Many to Take from Them their Lands-Attitude of Catholics und Protestants- Rival Roads to Heaven-The Savages Prefer their own Way-And Thereupon They Perpetrate a most Horrible Deed.
639
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXIV. RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES, 1847
PAGE. His Honor the Indian-Preparations for War-Legislative Proceedings- Joseph L. Meek, Messenger to Washington-Formation of Military Companies-Applegate's Attempt to Reach California-Public Ap- propriation and Private Subscriptions-Joel Palmer, Superintend- ent of Indian Affairs-Chief Factor Ogden's Adventures among the Cayuses-The Ransom Effected-Price Paid for the Captives-Cor- respondence between Ogden and Abernethy-The Gentle Savage is Willing to Forgive the White Men not yet Massacred-Further Dis- play of Hot Distemper between Catholics and Protestants. 669
CHAPTER XXV. THE CAYUSE WAR. 1848,
Organization of the Army-Colonel Gilliam en Route for the Dalles- Thomas Mckay's Canadian Company-Captain English's Company- Captain Martin's Company-Captain Shaw's Company-Captain Gar- rison's Company-The Army at Fort Gilliam-The Army at Fort Lee-Meek's Party-Peace Measures-A Brush with the Enemy- Official Correspondence-Headquarters at Waiilatpu-Action of the Peace Commissioners-Council with the Cayuses-The Murderers must be Delivered Up-Death of Colonel Gilliam-Major Lee As- sumes Command-The Governor's Proclamation-Scarcity of Am- munition-The War Ended and Troops Mustered out-Biographical Sketches 700
CHAPTER XXVI.
OREGON'S ENVOYS-ERECTION OF A TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. 1848.
Journey of Thornton-Adventures of Meek-The Pious Lawyer and the Profane Trapper-Interviews with the President-Memorials to Con- gress-The Ordinance of 1787-Bills before Congress-The Slavery Question-Warm Discussions-Final Passage of the Bill Creating the Territory of Oregon-Appointment of Officials-Anxiety of President Polk-Return of Joe Meek with a Live Governor-Lane and Meek at San Francisco Bay-Arrival in Oregon-Lane's Procla- mation-Decline of Mission Influence. 755
AUTHORITIES QUOTED
IN THE
HISTORY OF OREGON.
Abbott (H. L.), in Pac. R. R. Reports, vi.
Abbott (John S. C.), Life of General Ulysses S. Grant. Boston, etc., 1868.
Abernethy (Anne), The Mission Family. MS.
Absaraka, Home of the Crows. Philadelphia, 1868. Agric. College, Cor- vallis (Or.), Report, 1878. Portland. Agric. Soc., State Proceedings, 1868. Salem.
Adams (W. L.), Lecture on Oregon and the Pacific Coast. Boston, 1869; Oregon as it is. Portland, 1873; Rambling Notes of Olden Times. In Portland West Shore, Aug. 1875.
Albany, Journal, Linn County Advertiser, Oregon Democrat, Oregon Granger, Register.
Albany (Or.), Oregon Cultivator; State Rights Democrat; American Anti- quarian Jour. Cleveland and Chicago, 1878 et seq.
Album Mexicano. Mexico, 1849 et seq.
Allan, Reminiscences. MS.
Allan (Alexander), Cariboo and the Mines of British Columbia. MS.
Allen (William), Speech in U. S. Sen., Feb. 10 and 11, 1846, on our relations with England. n.pl., n.d.
Almanacs. American, Boston, 1830; Benton County, 1874; McCormick's Portland, 1862 et seq .; National, Philadelphia, 1863 et seq .; Tribune, New York, 1838 et seq.
Alsea River Improvements, Memorial of Oregon Legislature, Sept. 1876. [44th Cong., 2d Sess., H. Miss. Doc. 18.] Washington, 1876.
American Citizen (The). San Francisco, 1874 et seq.
American and Foreign Christian Union. New York, 1850 et seq.
American Geographical and Statistical Society. New York, 1850 et seq.
American Home Missionary Society, Reports. New York, 1826 et seq. American Missionary. New York, 1850 et seq.
American Missions, History of. Worcester, 1840.
American Quarterly Register and Magazine. Philadelphia, 1848 et seq.
American Quarterly Review. Philadelphia, 1827 et seq.
American State Papers. Boston, 1817-19. 12 vols .; Washington, 1832-4; 1858-61. folio. 39 vols.
American Society for Encouraging the Settlement of Oregon Territory. A General Circular to all persons. Charleston, 1831:
Anderson (Alexander Caulfield), Northwest Coast History. MS.
Anderson (J. Patton), Speech on the Indian War in Washington and Oregon, Aug. 6, 1856. n.pl., n.d.
Anderson (Wm.), Deposition before Joint Commission, 1865.
Annals of Congress. [Ist to 18th Congress. ] Washington, 1834-56. 42 vols. ; Xix )
XX
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Anthony (E. M.), Siskiyou County Reminiscences. MS. Anthropographic Chart of State Officers, etc., of Cal. Sacramento, 1869. Antioch (Cal.), Ledger.
Applegate (Jesse), Correspondence with Mrs Victor. MS.
Applegate (Jesse), A Day with the Cow Column in 1843. In Overland Monthly, i. 127.
Applegate (Jesse), Marginal Notes in Gray's History of Oregon. MS. Applegate (Jesse), Views of Oregon History. MS.
Applegate (Lindsey), Laying out the old immigrant road into Southern Oregon, 1846. In Portland West Shore.
Applegate (O. C.), History of the Modoc War. MS.
Armstrong (A. N.), Oregon. Chicago, 1857.
Arricivita (J. D.), Crónica Seráfica y Apostólic. Mexico, 1792. folio. Ashland, Tidings.
Ashley (C.), Speech in U. S. Sen., April 3, 1846, on Oregon Question. Wash- ington, 1846.
Astoria, Astorian; Marine Gazette.
Astoria, Oregon's Seaport. Astoria, 1875.
Athey (James), Workshops at Oregon City. MS.
Atkinson (G. H.), Address before N. Y. Chamber of Commerce Dec. 3, 1868. New York, 1868; Address before Oregon Historical Soc. Feb. 22, 1876. n.pl., n.d .; Correspondence in Home Missionary; Northwest Coast. Port- land, 1878; Reminiscences of Rev. E. Walker. Portland, n.d .; Sketch, n.pl., n.d.
Atkinson (Geo. H.), Amer. Colonist in Oregon. n. imp.
Atlantic Monthly. Boston, 1858 et seq.
Austin (Nev.), Reese River Reveille, April 6, 1867.
Bacon (J. M.), Oregon City Mercantile Life. MS.
Baker (E. D.), Speech in U. S. H. of Rep., Jan. 29, 1846, on Oregon Question. Washington, 1846.
Baker City, Bedrock Democrat; Herald; Reveille.
Balch (Wm. R.), Mines, Miners, etc. Philadelphia, 1882.
Baldwin (R. S.), Speech in U. S. Sen., June 5, 1848, to Establish a Territorial Government in Oregon. Washington, 1848.
Ballou (William T.), Adventures. MS.
Bancroft (A. L.), Diary of a Journey to Oregon. MS.
Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of Alaska.
Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of British Columbia.
Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of California.
Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of Nevada.
Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of Northwest Coast.
Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of Utah.
Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.
Bancroft (Hubert Howe), Native Races of the Pacific States. N. Y., 1875. 5 vols.
Bancroft Library MS. Scrap-books containing classified notes used in writing Bancroft's Works.
Bancroft Library Newspaper Scraps, classified under the following headings: Fisheries, Manufactures, Modoc War, Oregon Miscellany, Shipping and Navigation, Trade and Commerce, United States Mails.
Barber (John), and Henry Howe, History of Western States and Territories. Cincinnati, 1867.
Barkersville (B. C.), Cariboo Sentinel.
Barnes (G. A.), Oregon and California. MS.
Baxley (H. W.), What I Saw on the West Coast of South and North Amer- ica. New York, 1865.
Bayly (T. H.), Speech in House of Rep., Jan. 27, 1846.
Beadle (J. H.), The Undeveloped West. Philadelphia [1873]; Western Wilds. Cincinnati, 1879.
Beardsley (O. P.), in Wallings' Catalogue, 1875.
Bedinger (H.), Speech in House of Rep., Jan. 15, 1846.
xxi
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
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