History of Berks county in Pennsylvania, Part 32

Author: Montgomery, Morton L. (Morton Luther), b. 1846
Publication date: 1886
Publisher: Philadelphia : Everts, Peck & Richards
Number of Pages: 1418

USA > Pennsylvania > Berks County > History of Berks county in Pennsylvania > Part 32

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Samuel Moore, first sergeant.

Jacob Homan, second sergeant.

Jacob Slichter, third sergeant.

Jacob Stout, fourth sergeant.

Peter Muffert, first corporal.

Thomas Christ, second corporal.

Peter Anrand, third corporal.

Henry Homan, drummer. David Rightmyer, fifer.

Privates .- Jacob Allgair, Jonas Baum, John Binga- min, Thomas Chadwick,1 Jacob Cyder [Seider ], John Dager, George Goodman, Frederick Graeff, Christian Haberacher, Samuel Haberacher, Frederick Hyne- man, John Heller, Mathias Isebeisse [Eisenbeis], John Kepner, John Kroh, George Kreisher, John Kim, Nicholas Lotz, Joseph Lowry, William Lotz, Daniel Lotz, Michael Lonaberger, Joseph McKoy, Francis Muhlenberg, George Nagle. Richard Porter, Jacob Phillippi, Abraham Prutzman, William Row, Abraham Reinhart, George Roland, Jacob Stont, Benjamin Stont, Samuel Stout, John Witman, John Weisman, William Witman, Charles Witman, Peter Wnnder, Joseph Wood, George Wunder, Daniel Young, George Zimmerman.

The following were in the company com- manded by Captain John Christian, Second Regiment, Second Brigade :

John Christian, captain, Reading. John Schwartz, second lientenant, Reading. John McIntosh, first sergeant, Reading.

John Homan, private, Reading.

Samuel Homan, drummer, Reading.

The other officers and privates of this com- pany were from Schuylkill County.

The following is the muster-roll of the com- pany commanded by Captain Gabriel Old, at York from September 1, 1814, to March 5, 1815:

Gabriel Old, captain, Longswamp. John Fisher, lieutenant, Maxatawny.

William Shook, ensign, Greenwich. Rudolph Meislin, first sergeant, Richmond. Isaac Levan, second sergeant, Maxatawny. William Graeff, third sergeant, Maxatawny. George Arnor, fourth sergeant, Richmond. Daniel Graeff, first corporal, Maxatawny. John Witman, second corporal, Richmond.

Jacob Layman, third corporal, Maxatawny. Jacob Longbien, fourth corporal, Maiden Creek. Jonas Freyler, fifer, Longswamp.

William Marx, drummer, Maxatawny.

Privates-William Addam, Longswamp ; Jonathan Aker, Maxatawny; Abraham Biehl, Maxatawny; Samuel Bushy, Maxatawny ; Abraham Boyer, Rock- land; John Bowman, Maiden-creek; Andrew Brocon, Maiden-creek; George Braish, Maxatawny ; Daniel Boyer, Richmond; Jacob Danner, Longswamp; Michael Delong, Maxatawny; William Dox, Max- atawny; George Esser, Maxatawny ; Jacob Eisen- hart, Longswamp; John Fisher, Maxatawny ; Jacob Fisher, Maxatawny; George Fegeley, Maxatawny ; Adam Flower, Longswamp ; Samnel Flower, Maiden- creek; Peter Folk, Longswamp; William Frasher, Richmond; John Frimot, Maxatawny; Jacob Glanser, Rockland; Jonas Gilgart, Maiden-creek ; Valentine Geist, Longswamp; Joseph Hoffman, Rockland ; Gideon Hoffman, Ruscomb-manor ; Peter Hill, Rich- mond; Jacob Housknecht, Greenwich; Jeremiah Hughes, Richmond; John Keyser, Maxatawny ; Benjamin Kercher, Maxatawny ; Jacob Keiffer, Long- swamp; John Kimerling. Ruscomb-manor; Jacob Kemp, Richmond; Samnel Kemp, Richmond ; An- drew Kanp, Maxatawny; Nicholas Kreisher, Maiden- creek; Daniel Long, Longswamp; Abraham Lit- weilor, Longswamp; Reuben Leiby, Maxatawny ; John Minker, Richmond ; Henry Minker, Richmond ; Philip Miller, Richmond ; John Noll, Richmond ; George Old, Greenwich; Jacob Polsgrove, Longswamp; John Reeder, Maxatawny; Henry Raff [Rapp], Max- atawny ; John Roof [Rapp], Maxatawny ; David Rau- zan [Ranenzahn], Richmond; Christopher Rauzan [Ranenzahn], Richmond ; Moses Reifsnyder, Rus- comb-manor; John Reninger, Ruscomb-manor; George Stroup, Maxatawny; Samnel Stout, Maiden-creek ; Jacob Shaffer, Maiden-creek; Nathan Shaffer, Long- swamp; John Strome, Richmond ; William Simons, Longswamp ; John K. Snyder, Richmond; John Snyder, Greenwich ; Andrew Smith, Maiden-creek ; Michael Sherer, Greenwich ; Jacob Wisser, Max- atawny ; Jacob Winter, Maiden-creek; Henry Weaver, Longswamp; George Woulison, Maiden- creek ; Peter Weaver, Greenwich ; Daniel Yonng, Ruscomb-manor; Benjamin Zeigler, Longswamp.

READING WASHINGTON GUARDS .- Another company from Reading was enlisted in this war. It was the "Reading Washington Guards," under the command of Captain Daniel De B. Keim. The company was raised, uni- formed and equipped within fifteen days. On the 16th of September, 1814, previous to departure it was paraded and then formed in a circle on Penn Square where the Rev. J. F. Grier (pastor of the Presbyterian Church) deliv-

1 Promoted to fourth corporal.

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THE WAR OF 1812.

ered an appropriate and pious address. A band of music, under the leadership of Colonel Simons, escorted the company to the Schuylkill where boats were taken. Upon its arrival at Philadelphia, its services were not required for the defense of the city. But it was ordered to

WASHINGTON GRAYS.

join the army near Wilmington, and thence it marched to "Camp Dupont." It was afterward attached to the "Advance Light Brigade," Eleventh Company, First Regiment, Pennsyl- vania Volunteer Infantry, under the command of General Cadwalader and served till the close of the war. The following is the roll :

Daniel De B. Keim, captain. Henry Betz, first lieutenant. Jonathan Good, second lieutenant.

Samuel Baird, ensign.

Samuel Conner, first sergeant.

James D. Biddle, second sergeant.

Nathan P. Hobart, third sergeant.

David Medary, fourth sergeant.

John C. Neidly, fifth sergeant.

Henry W. Pearce, first corporal.

John W. Roseberry, seeond corporal.

Charles A. Bruckman, third corporal. J. R. Thomas, fourth corporal.

Privates .- Gerhard Geisse, Robert E. Hobart, Rob- ert Lafferty, William Brooke, John Schambers, Jacob Rahn, David Potts, Jr., Robert M. Ross, Thomas Potts, Wm. Kleinginni, William Bird, Samuel Potts,

George Snyder, James Leits, John Metzger, William Skeen, William Nice, Lewis Stichter, Daniel Kaercher, Christian Brohst, James Eckert, George Hahn, Wil- liam Bower, Matthew M. Brooks, Samuel Kerschner, Richard Boone, John Kulp, Samuel Schaeffer, Wil- liam Shower, Thomas Baird, Robert May, Samuel Barde, Timothy Lindsley, John Bannan, Benjamin Putt, Jacob Seitzinger, David Jones, William Thomp- son, Henry Keiser, John Barde, Thomas Wilson, Charles Bushar, Jonathan Stroud, Peter Yeager, John Bright, Thomas Kepple, George Wile, George Drenkle, Samuel Granl, Joseph Green, Abraham Seifert, John Ruth, Joseph Kendall, James B. Hubley, Elisha Ely, Henry Schoener, John Hanley, Thomas Reiffsnyder, Adam Bell, Thomas B. Smith, Jacob Maurer.

PEACE DECLARED .- Peace was concluded at Ghent on December 24, 1814. But it was not till February 22, 1815, that the event became known at Reading. During the day, the citizens of the borough signalized it by shooting off cannon, and at night by a grand illumination in which sixteen hundred pounds of candles were consumed.

The following extract of a letter, dated at Reading, on February 23, 1815, written by Mrs. Mary Keim to her husband George De B.

GEORGE DEBENNEVILLE KEIM

Keim, who was then at Philadelphia, describes the manner in which the people of the borough received the news :

"With pleasure did I peruse your affectionate

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HISTORY OF BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

epistle and the preparations for last night's illumina- tion have alone prevented my answering it sooner. As the wife of a true American, I felt disposed to enter patriotically into it, and I exhibited a few emblematic pieces from my chamber windows, which attracted crowds of gazers, who, by loud shouts, evinced their admiration of our house, which was said to excel all the others. But to do justice to the people, the town was brilliantly lighted up and the utmost order pre- vailed during the early part of the evening. But we unfortunately have two classes of beings; one who considered it a day of privileges, and not even the blessedness of peace to our country could restrain them. By this the Laws of Heaven are violated, the peace of society broken, religious duties and morality ridiculed. Vice alone ruled, and this urged them to destroy a great deal of harmony by breaking windows, lamps, etc."

CHAPTER XI.

MEXICAN WAR. 1

Cause of the War-Reading Artillerists-Departure for Mexico-Participation in War-Battles Engaged In- Return of Artillerists-Brilliant Reception.

CAUSE OF THE WAR .- The Mexican War arose out of the question relating to the annexa- tion of Texas to the United States. The constitu- tion of Mexico prohibited slavery in Texas, and this provision was a sufficient reason why the Southern States of the Union should wish to control it. President Adams and also President Jackson made fruitless efforts to buy the prov- ince; and subsequently for some years the scheme of annexation was considered. One of the last acts of Jackson's official life was the appointment of an official agent to Texas, thereby acknowledging the independence of the province. This was looked upon as the first step towards obtaining possession of territory large enough for five new slave states. Hence- forward the project was urged with persistence, but little success till about 1842, when Presi- dent Tyler gave it his encouragement. It was argued that if slavery were abolished in Texas

the ruin of the Southern States was inevitable; but if the province were annexed to the Union, the future of the slave States would be brilliant. Van Buren having declined the request of Texas for admission into the Union, he was "killed politically ;" and subsequently Webster was removed from Tyler's cabinet because he was not willing to encourage the scheme. In 1844, Calhoun became Secretary of State, and he " believed in annexation at any cost," and President Tyler justified Calhoun's invitation to Texas to join the United States because he thought Great Britain was engaged in a diplo- matic intrigue to abolish slavery in Texas. Calhoun then made a treaty with Texas in reference to annexation without the consent of Mexico, but offered Mexico $10,000,000 as an indemnity. But the Senate rejected the treaty ; it was not even supported by the Democratic party. Yet, iu the Presidential election of 1844, Polk was elected as a Democrat, because he favored annexation, whilst other Democrats, such as Van Buren and Benton, were retired from political favor because of their opposition, -the opposition of the former closing his public career. At the close of Tyler's admin . istration, a joint resolution was passed annex- ing Texas; and Tyler acting under this resolu- tion the annexation was carried. But as Tyler went out of office with the scheme carricd through Congress, Polk came into office with the certainty of war with Mexico. In the beginning of May, 1846, the regular troops under General Taylor were intercepted along the Rio Grande by the Mexican troops under General Arista, and the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma ensued. Before the news of these events reached Washington, Con- gress had declared war on the 13th of May, and authorized the President to call for 50,000 volunteers for one year. After carrying on war for nearly two years, the Mexicans were con- quered, and a treaty of peace was signed in February, 1848, at the City of Mexico, whereby the United States acquired not only Texas, but also Arizona, New Mexico and California.

During the excitement throughout the coun- try incident to the declaration of war, a great patriotic feeling was developed at Reading. On

1 A series of interesting articles on the "Mexican War" appeared in the Berks and Schuylkill Journal, begin- ning with the issue of March 19, 1853, contributed as " Leaves from the Diary of a Volunteer." I could not ascertain the author.

181

THE MEXICAN WAR.

the 20th of May, 1846, a large town meeting was held, presided over by Chief Burgess William Betz, at which the national govern- ment was sustained. A second meeting was held on the next day, at which appropriate resolutions were adopted, approving the course of President Polk. A prominent prevailing sentiment was-"Our country, our whole coun- try, our country right or wrong." And during this week the volunteer companies of Reading, -Reading Artillerists, Washington Grays and National Grays-held meetings and tendered their services to the President.

READING ARTILLERISTS.'- The following officers and privates comprised the Muster Roll of the "Reading Artillerists" when the ser- vices of the company were tendered to the President, and accepted with marching orders to proceed to Pittsburg :

Captain, Thos. S. Leoser. First Lieutenant, William Wunder. Second Lieutenants, Levi P. Knerr and Henry A. M. Filbert.

First Sergeant, Lewis H. Wunder. Second Sergeant, Henry Beidinger. Third Sergeant, Ellis L. Aker. Fourth Sergeant, William W. Diehl. First Corporal, William R. Graeff. Second Corporal, Jefferson Alocher. Third Corporal, Charles Leader. Fourth Corporal, William Herbert.

Drummer, Jacob Coleman. Fifer, Thos. McGee.

Privates .- Joseph Alexander, New York; Paul Albert, John Q. Anderson,(Virginia); John E. Arthur, Jacob Armpriester, John Briestly, Lewis Brown, Geo. Bachman, (Baltimore); John Bertlinger, Frank- lin Bitting, Henry Boyer, Nehemiah Bean, Hiram Bauchter, Thomas Carragan, Charles Clinger, Cyprian Cobb, Schuylkill County ; William S. Diehl, John Donnelly, Charles Dunbar, James Eason, Josiah Ebbert, Edwin Fritz, Charles Flickinger, William Flickinger, John Frymire, Augustus Fisher, John Fisher, Daniel L. Forney, (Schuylkill County); Wil- liam Frey, George H. Gibbs, Frederick Gast, Daniel Graeff, John Hardee, Isaac S. Hottenstein, Peter

Hogan, John G. Hambright, Charles W. Horrell, George Henry, William Herbst, John A. Heil, Jesse C. Jones, (Delaware) ; John H. Jones, (Pottstown); John Jordon, Joseph Kohlberg, Israel Kaercher, (Schuylkill County); Henry Kaercher, (Schuylkill County); Valentine Klotz, George R. Kramer, (Schuyl- kill County); John Kurtz, George H. Long, William Laing, Christian Linderman, Richards McMichael, Lewis Mouzert, Peter B. Madara, George L. Moss, Isaac Moyer, Peter Moyer, Albert Myers, John Miller, William Marks, Adam Mathias, Nathan Metz, Ran- dall McDonald, Sylvester McCaragan, Napoleon Merceron, (Baltimore) ; William Patterson, Jacob Rapp, Abraham Roland, Charles Ritchey, Thomas C. Rissler, (Pottstown); Charles Smith, Daniel G. Saul, John Sheetz, Frederick Saener, Garret Scher- merhorn, (New York); William Trayer, William Umpleby, (Chester County); William Van Thiel, Cornelius Van Doren, (Schuylkill County) ; Bernhard Vaux, (Schuylkill County) ; William Clemens, John Fleshour, John Foesig, Henry Gardner, Lewis Heil- man, Christian Jaus, John Steel, William M. Smith, William Walters and John White.

At a town meeting held in the court-house on December 19, 1846, for the purpose of devising means to aid the volunteers, a committee of prominent citizens was appointed to escort the company to Philadelphia. At the meeting, G. A. Nicolls, in behalf of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, offered the company a free passage over their railroad to Phila- delphia. The meeting recommended to Town Council that one thousand dollars be appropriated towards the comfort of the soldiers and the re- lief of such of their families as needed assistance. Subsequently, on December 22, 1846, the Town Council authorized a loan of one thousand dollars for the purposes mentioned. A similar appropriation was recommended by the grand jury of the county on the 5th of January, follow- ing, to be made by the county commissioners.

DEPARTURE FOR MEXICO .- The company left Reading for Philadelphia on the 26th day of December. The following interesting de- scription of their departure was published in the Berks and Schuylkill Journal, issued on the 2d of January, 1847 :

"The departure of this fine corps of Volunteers, on Saturday morning last [26th December, 1846], for the theatre of war, exhibited one of those scenes which occur but once in a life-time. At an early hour our streets were crowded with citizens of the town, and people and military from various parts of the country

' Major Richards McMichael has " muster in" and "muster ont " rolls of the company ; also " Daily Morning Report Book " of the company ; all of which by his kind permission I examined for the purpose of obtaining correct statements of the men mustered in and out of service, etc. For age, size and weight of men, see Reading Gazette, January 16, 1847.

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HISTORY OF BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

At eight o'clock the gallant little band formed into line on Fifth street, near Penn, and, preceded by the Committee of Escort and the corps of 'Washington Grays,' they were paraded through our principal streets, followed by crowds of people anxious to take a last look at those who had so nobly volunteered their services to defend the honor of our flag on the plains of a distant country. As they passed through the town, the windows were crowded, and many a fond bosom throbbed with anguish and many a bright eye moistened at the idea of parting for an indefinite time, perhaps forever, with those endeared to them by the ties of kindred and affection. The scene was solemn- so solemn, indeed, that not a cheer rose from the thousands who accompanied them through the streets. The feeling was too deep, too sad; the re- flection which their departure excited too melancholy to enliven the spirits of the most enthusiastic.

" At half-past nine o'clock the company reached the Depot and took their station in the cars provided for their accommodation by the liberality of the rail- road company. Here a thrilling scene ensued. The last farewell was to be said -- the last words spoken. The separation of wives from their husbands, mothers from their sons, sisters from their brothers and friends from one another was touching in the extreme. We noticed many a stout heart, that would scorn to waver on the field of battle, heaving with emotion while going through the feeling ceremony of leave-taking. The crowd around the Depot was one of the largest we have ever seen collected in this borough, and when the signal was given and the cars moved off, they rent the air with a shout that seemed to well up from the bottom of every heart, in one unanimous "God bless you." Most heartily do we hope that every one of this glorious little band of patriotic soldiers may live to return and enjoy the reward of their gallantry for many years yet to come."

The Artillerists arrived at Philadelphia in the afternoon of the same day. After their ex- amination by Dr. Wurts, United States Surgeon, he pronounced them the finest body of men he had yet passed into the service.

On the day previous to their departure, the officers were the recipients of numerous testi- monials of regard. The workmen of the rail- road company's shops distinguished themselves in this respect. The Captain and the Second and Third Lieutenants were in the company's employ. The officers were presented with swords. Sergeant McMichael was presented with an ele- gant sword, revolver, sash, belt and accoutrements by his friends and shop-mates engaged at John- ston's foundry. And numerous Colt's revolving pistols and Bibles were also presented.

The Artillerists left Philadelphia by railroad on Monday morning, December 28, and ar- rived at Harrisburg in the afternoon of the same day. After dining at Colonel Herr's, they pro- ceeded by railroad to Carlisle and Chambers- burg, where they arrived on Tuesday morning at two o'clock. After breakfast, they immedi- ately proceeded afoot on their way to Pittsburgh. That day they walked to McConnellsburg, twenty-two miles. Wednesday they walked to Bloody Run, twenty-six miles. The distance was arranged so as to reach Pittsburgh by Tues- day, January 4th. Three large six-horse bag- gage teams accompanied them, having been supplied by Joel Ritter, who was sent by the citizens of Reading to pay their expenses to Pittsburgh. They arrived on Jannary 5th. On the same day, the company were mustered into the service of the United States, as Company A, in the Second Regiment of Pennsylvania Vol- unteers, under the command of Col. William B. Roberts.1 Two regiments of volunteers from Pennsylvania were mustered into the ser- vice ; and two companies of men from Penn- sylvania volunteered to make up the quota of New Jersey, which were mustered in and attached to the Second Regiment from Pennsylvania, as Companies L and M.

PARTICIPATE IN WAR .- The company, with other companies, left Pittsburgh on the 8th of January in the boat " Anthony Wayne," and proceeded by way of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to New Orleans, arriving there on the 15th. They encamped on the old battle-ground of 1812-15, seven miles below the city. " And there they laid all night in the rain without tents ; and, owing to the negligence of certain government officials, they were without provis- ions for thirty-six hours. This cansed much dissatisfaction in the ranks, and, as a consequence, twelve men of the company deserted." Such was their beginning in active military service.

1 "The ten persons last named in the muster roll were not mustered in with the " Artillerists," though they went with the company for that purpose, owing to the military regulation as to the number of each company. They, how- ever, enlisted in other companies, and were mustered into the service. In the election of staff officers for the regiment, at Pittsburgh, on January 6, 1847, Richards McMichael was elected sergeant-major.

183

THE MEXICAN WAR.

The company served with distinction through- out the war and was particularly recognized for its bravery. The following highly compliment- ary mention was made of the company by Colonel Geary, of the Second Regiment, in his report to General Scott :

"Company A, commanded by Captain T. S. Leoser, allowed no one to surpass them in the performance of their duty : in crossing the swamp, ascending the hill, and, in fact, during the whole day, they maintained their position well. I would here beg leave to call to your recollection the gallant conduct of Captain Leo- ser and Lieutenant McMichael, of this company, in crossing from the Garita to the breastwork near the citadel during the afternoon. The great coolness with which they acted in an unusually exposed position will, I hope, receive your particular atten- tion."

The following extract was taken from a letter dated May 20, 1847, at Jalapa, and published in the Philadelphia Ledger,1 in refer- ence to the brave conduct of Richards MeMich- ael at the battle of Cerro Gordo :

" After we had received the first round of grape and canister, our company fell back with the rest of the ten, when Richards McMichael sprang forward, crying to us to come on. We immediately followed. He led us through the thickest of the fire, the men fall- ing on each side of him, but he, undaunted, still en- conraged the wavering and reprimanded the cow- ardly. Such conduct has gained him the esteem of this regiment. Words I find insufficient to express our admiration of this brave young man. .

BATTLES ENGAGED IN .- The company was engaged in the following battles : Vera Cruz, March 19th to 28th ; 2 Cerro Gordo, April 18th; Chapultepec, September 12th ; Belen Gate, September 13th.3

RETURN OF ARTILLERISTS. - The City of Mexico was taken on the 14th of September, the Mexicans having evacuated the capital during the previous night, owing to the cap- ture of the San Cosmo Causeway and the Beleu road. The troops, including Com- pany A, were stationed in this famous city till the 18th of December, when they were removed

to San Angel, at which place they continued till peace was declared. They were ordered home about the middle of June, 1848. They then marched to Vera Cruz-consuming about a month in the march - where they took transportation on the bark ".Florida " for New Orleans. Thence they proceeded up the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers to Pittsburgh, and were mustered out of service there on the 21st of July. The company then were com- posed of the following officers and privates :

Thomas S. Leoser, captain.

Richards McMichael,4 first lieutenant. William Graeff,“ Ellis L. Aker, 2d lieutenants. Jefferson Alocher, first sergeant. Charles Leader, second sergeant. William Herbert," third sergeant. Peter Hogan," fourth sergeant. John A. Heil, first corporal. John Frymire,8 second corporal. John E. Arthur,6 third corporal.

Nehemiah Bean, fourth corporal. Thomas McGee,6 Musician.

Privates .- Jacob Armpriester, John Briestley, Lewis Brown, Franklin Bitting, Henry Boyer, George Bach- man, Hiram Bauchter, Jacob Coleman, Charles Flick- inger, Augustus Fisher, George Gibbs, Frederick Gast, John Hardee, Jesse C. Jones, Thomas Carrigan, Geo. Long, Peter B. Madara, Isaac Moyer, John Miller,6 William Marks, Randall McDonald, Jacob Rapp,6 Charles Ritchey, Thomas C. Rissler, Daniel G. Saul,6 Garrett Shermerhorn, William Umpleby, William Herbst, John H. Jones.

Samuel Burns, drummer, Danville; Adam Bumber- ger, Philadelphia ; Patrick Coldricht Pittsburgh ; Leopold Hess, York; Edward Lay, York ; Au- gustus Myers, Holidaysburgh; David Welsh, Phil- adelphia. [These seven men joined the company in December, 1847, and January, 1848.]

BRILLIANT RECEPTION .-- The company 9 then took packets and traveled by canal to Harris- burg, and thence by railroad to Philadelphia

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History of Berks county in Pennsylvania, Part 32

Author: Montgomery, Morton L. (Morton Luther), b. 1846 Publication date: 1886 Publisher: Philadelphia : Everts, Peck & Richards Number of Pages: 1418

Author: Montgomery, Morton L. (Morton Luther), b. 1846
Publication date: 1886
Publisher: Philadelphia : Everts, Peck & Richards
Number of Pages: 1418