USA > Pennsylvania > Berks County > History of Berks county in Pennsylvania > Part 34
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The religious services during this time were intensely interesting. Oh, what praise, what sermons, what tears, what prayers ! The souls of this great community in the numerous churches were as one in earnest efforts to win the favor of God,-the God of our fathers who had been blessed in their Revolution and struggle for independence and freedom,-so that the Union could be preserved as it had been transmitted unto them. Every minister was eloquent, and he could well be eloquent upon such a subject with an excited audience before him.
The " Union League," a Republican associa- tion at Reading, organized after the great "Union Leagne" at Philadelphia, was very active in enlisting men for military service; and so were the various secret societies, especially the " Junior Sons of America."
In the midst of the great excitement incident to the general feelings for war and the necessary preparations to carry it ou successfully, onr local energy displayed itself to a remarkable de- gree in every department of business. Trade was both active and profitable, and it stimulated various enterprises. Railroads were projected and substantial improvements were made in every section of the county, especially at Read- ing ; and matters pertaining to education and
religion were directed with earnestness and suc- cess. The prices of all kinds of material were high ; but money was abundant and a spirit of increased liberality kept it moving aboutactively from hand to hand, from store to store, from bank to bank and from place to place.
WAR-MEETINGS AND APPROPRIATIONS. - After the election of Lincoln, a sentiment of fear for the preservation of the Union of our several States developed more and more rapidly with each passing day. This was more espec- ially caused by the action of certain Southern States on the subject of secession. This fear ob- tained at Reading ; and in order to express the opinion of this community on the subject of " preserving the integrity of the Union," a large meeting, including prominent men of both political parties, was held in the court-house on December 13, 1860. Hon. John Banks was chosen president. Appropriate resolutions were adopted, favorable to the Union, but particularly recommending non-interference with the rights of property in slaves guaranteed by the Constitu- tion to the Southern States. John S. Richards and Hiester Clymer delivered most effective and highly appreciated speeches.
On the 10th of December (three days before) the Democratic City Club had met and reported a " Memorial to Congress on the State of the Union," prepared by a committee of thirty-three prominent Democrats, in which similar senti- ments of non-interference and compromise had been expressed.
In July, 1862, when there was a threatened invasion of Pennsylvania, our people became very much alarmed for the safety of their lives and property. Large and enthusiastic meetings were held in the court-house to devise means for protection. They included all the prominent and influential citizens of Reading, such as Hons. W. J. Woodward, J. Pringle Jones, John Banks, J. Glancy Jones, Wm. M. Hiester and George D. Stitzel, Drs. H. H. Muhlenberg, Dil- ler Luther and C. H. Hunter, and Messrs. Jacob Knabb, J. Lawrence Getz, A. F. Boas, John McManus, G. A. Nicolls, John S. Rich- ards, Isaac Eckert, Levi B. Smith and William M. Baird. Their public expressions were thoroughly patriotic ; and, in pursuance of their
191
THE CIVIL WAR.
earnest recommendation, the county commis- sioners-Paul Wendich, George K. Lorah and Jacob Donahower-offered a bounty of fifty dol- lars to every officer and private mustered into the service from the county. In September following, the commissioners again offered the same bounty for every volunteer soldier ; and the City Councils appropriated ten thousand dollars additional for the purpose of encourag- ing volunteer enlistments; and in June, 1863, similar meetings were held.
The city of Reading appropriated altogether for war purposes, in bounties, relief, etc., $373,- 179, as follows : 1861, $500; 1862, $804; 1863, $2,509; 1864, $258,760; 1865, $110,606. And the County of Berks the sum of $452,389, as follows : 1861, $12,319; 1862, $45,082; 1863, $19,788 ; 1864, $347,750; 1865, $27,450.
The total amount, for the city and county, was $825,568. Besides this sum, the boroughs likewise appro- priated and raised moneys for the same purpose : Kutztown, $16,005- 21 ; Bernville, $6953.81 ; Boyertown,
-; Hamburg, -; Wo- melsdorf,
LADIES' AID SOCIETY .- The men of our community are presented very prominently in this period of our history. But the women are also worthy of respectful mention for their patriotism. They did not enlist in prac- tical military service ; but they gave the national administration a moral support which is truly praiseworthy. Just as the " Ringgold Light Artillery" were preparing to take the Lebanon Valley railroad train on the afternoon of April 16, 1861, to proceed to Harrisburg in answer to the call of President Lincoln for troops, cer- tain influential ladies of Reading assembled in the parlor of Mrs. Dr. Diller Luther, on Penn Street (No. 530), and formed a society, which they entitled "Ladies' Aid Society." Its object was to supply the soldiers with clothing and materials useful whilst in military service away from home. It was actively en- gaged during the entire period of the war, col- lecting and forwarding tons of materials. A
" depot " was established at Reading, to which all the goods were carried and from which they were consigned. This was in a small frame building situate on North Fifth Street, No. 116. The country districts were encouraged to co- operate in this benevolent work, and the ladies there responded nobly by forwarding materials to Reading. The meetings of the society were held for a time in the " Pearson Building," No. -132 Penn Street, on the second floor, the room for this purpose having been generously given by Mr. John S. Pearson, free of rent; and af- terward in the building occupied by the provost- marshal of this district, No. 520 Penn Street.
-
SANITARY FAIR BUILDINGS.
This was the first society of the kind organ- ized in the country ; and as we take a just pride in having furnished the military company which was the first to respond to the call for troops and to report at Harrisburg for service, so do we take a similar pride in having organized this Ladies' Aid Society, which was the first to take active and successful steps towards providing for the comfort and welfare of the soldiers.
This society participated actively in the mat- ters pertaining to the Sanitary Commission at Philadelphia, and it was represented by a num- ber of ladies at the great "Sanitary Fair," which was held in that city for the purpose of raising funds to relieve the wants of the soldiers.
The officers of the society were Mrs. Rosa C. Nicolls, president; Mrs. Catharine Hause, vice-president; Mrs. Annie H. Muhlenberg, treasurer; Mrs. Maria W. Brooke, secretary.
192
HISTORY OF BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
In July, 1866, a general review of its chari- table work was published by the treasurer, Mrs. Annie H. Muhlenberg (widow of the Hon. Henry A. Muhlenberg). It was as follows:
" A statement of money and supplies received and forwarded during the war :-
"Cash received from :---
Individuals $1541.30
Church collections. 1265.12
Lodges. 237.00
Soldiers' Mite Society. 181.28
State of Pennsylvania for woolen socks ... 137.32
Fairs, exhibitions and concerts. 921.47
Sanitary Fair for " Berks Co. Kitchen ".
305.95
one day's income. 8407.83
$12,997.27
Estimated donations of clothing, provi-
sions, etc., for Sanitary Fair. .......... 5,000.00
$17,997.27
"Cash disposed of as follows :
To Sanitary Fair. $9,012.00
To Soldiers' Orphan Aid So- ciety
683.00
To Sanitary Commission .. 200.00
To Christian Commission ... 200.00
To New York Soldiers' Hos- pital 72.00
For clothing, provisions, etc.,
sent to hospitals, etc, whilst armies were in the field .... 2,830.27
$12,997.27
"MRS. ANNIE H. MUHLENBERG,
" Treasurer.
"Reading, July 9, 1866."
READING HOSPITAL .- A " Military Hospi- tal " was fitted up at Reading during the mid- dle of June, 1862, in the main exhibition build- ing of the Agricultural Society, on the "Fair- Ground," with cots sufficient to accommodate one hundred and thirty patients, and success- fully conducted till the spring of 1863. The "Ladies' Aid Society " of Reading took an ac- tive interest in the welfare of the sick and wounded soldiers, and performed admirable ser- vice during the continuance of the hospital. The regularly commissioned surgeons in attendance were Dr. Martin Luther and Dr. John B. Brooke.
DRAFT AND QUOTAS OF BERKS COUNTY .- During the progress of the war, requisitions for troops became so frequent that the government was compelled to resort to the conscription, of
men for the purpose of enabling it to prosecute the war with success. Numerous volunteers en- listed from Berks County, and the citizens of this district responded nobly to the several calls for troops. But here, as elsewhere, the draft had to be made.
There were four drafts, one in each of the years 1862, 1863, 1864 and 1865. The pro- vost-marshals of this district were, in succession, Henry I. Kupp, Jacob C. Hoff and George W. Durell.
The first draft was conducted in October, 1862. By the following table, the total enroll- ment of men in the county numbered 17,809; the volunteers, 3,186; and the quota, 2,719. The number of men who volunteered in lieu of draft was 345; and the substitutes who enlisted for three years numbered 146. The total num- ber of men drafted in the county was 1,242. These men were encamped on the "Deininger Farm," adjoining the Evans' Cemetery on the north, formed into companies and placed under the command of Colonel Charles Knoderer. They were mustered into service as the One Hun- dred and Sixty-seventh Regiment.
A second draft was made August 26-29, 1863. The quota of men to be furnished by the county was 1,554-this number having been fifty per cent. in excess to provide against ex- emptions.
The draft was made on a platform in front of the marshal's office, southwest corner of Fifth and Cherry Streets, Reading, by a blind man (George Phillippi), who was blindfolded in the presence of the following committee of promi- nent citizens specially appointed to be present upon the occasion :
Charles Kessler, editor of Adler ; J. Lawrence Getz, editor of Gazette; Jacob Knabb, editor of Journal; Arnold Puwelle, editor of Beobachter ; A. S. Whitman, editor of Times; H. J. Moore, editor of Press; Hon. W. J. Woodward, presi- dent judge; H. R. Hawman, county commis- sioner : Hon. J. S. Hoyer, mayor ; Rev. C. A. Pauli ; Rev. F. A. M. Keller; Rev. Francis O'Conner ; Hon. George D. Stitzel ; Hon. S. E. Ancona; Hon. Hiester Clymer; Daniel Ermen- trout ; Richard Boone; Isaac Eckert; Peter Hoch.
193
THE CIVIL WAR.
The third draft proposed in March, 1864, for Berks County, was postponed for a time. The quota in the call for two hundred thousand men was 767; the deficiency of the county under former drafts was 298; total number required, 1,065, and the credit of the county on April 15, 1864, for men supplied to the government, 1036. This deficiency of 29 meu was more than sup- plied by re-enlisted veterans. Subsequently, however, in May, a draft was ordered, upon finding a deficiency in certain sub-districts in the county. Each sub-district was required to fill its own quota. The total number drawn was 172.
In service 1862.
Aug., 1863.
1804.
1805.
Total enrolled.
Volunteers.
Regulars,
Quota of each district.
Enrolled.
Drafted.
Quota for draft, March.
Draft May 31st.
Quota.
Drafted.
Albany
297
21
3
67
129'
39
22
2
31
48
Alsace
221
23
51
128
38
17
10
22
44
Ainity
288
57
1
46, 188
56
30
5
4:3
78
Bern, Upper.
347
17
CH
81 150
45
29
G
40 3
...
Bethel.
144
4
451
77
23
11
5
22
38
July 2, 1862.
.300,000
3 years
431,958
August 4, 1862.
300,000
9 months
87,588
June 15, 1863.
100,000
6 months
16,361
District,
139
44 October 17, 1863.
.300,000
3 years )
374,807
Earl.
180
21
1
33
79
24
19
6
19
34
February 1, 1864
200,000
3 years
284,021
Greenwich
320
5
90
159
91
27
19
1
20
20
Heidelburg.
180
34
4
36
84
25 63
31
5
54
96
16
223
9
54
106
30
20
10
24
44
Kutztown
187
244
08
32
191
94
158
58.
100! 129
47 30 39
25
5
33
56
Muhlenberg.
326
44
9
55|
179
54
35
...
31 3
6
Oley.
408
73
279
60
23
93
28
35
21
4
29
50 58
Richmond
419
24
120
252
76
47
3
56
106
Robeson
486
102
62
209
63
3d
50
108
194
58
35
....
...
Tulpehocken. ...
331
209
20
46
109
32
20
9
27
...
Union.
395
119
31
209
63
33
34
58
Washington
309
20
67
148
44
29
35
62
Windsor.
213
23
41
124
37
25
3
29
4:2
Womelsdorf.
204
57
2
11
76
23
20
12
County total Reading :
12744: 1546
27
2452 5897
1764
1107
172
1277
N. E. ward.
1334
332
11
141
527
159
118
74
N. W. ward
849
322
21
8
381
115
80
42
S. E. ward.
1115
334
24
89
377
114
96
62
S. W. ward ....
872
300
40
20
266
81
83
49
Spruce ward ..
885
252
16
9
325
98
79
56
5065
1640
112
267 1876
567
456
283
17809 3186
-
1 Two over quota.
A call for 500,000 men was made on July 18, 1864. The quota for Berks County was 1887 -for Reading, 450. On August 1st, the defi- ciency in the county was 1,625-in Reading 212. A draft was made on September 22d, but only for one sub-district-Ruscomb-manor, fifty- two men-all the other sub-districts having supplied their deficiencies.
A fourth draft was made February 23-25, 1865. Reading, Upper Bern, Bernville, Cum- ru, Douglass, Spring, Upper Tulpehocken, and Womelsdorf had supplied their quota of men by volunteers. The call was made in De- cember, 1864, for 300,000, the quota of which for Pennsylvania was 49,563, and of Berks County, 1560.
NORTHERN MEN IN SERVICE .- The calls, periods of service and number of men obtained during the Civil War from the Northern States were as follows:
Number called.
Service.
obtained.
44 April 15, 1861.
75,000
3 months
93,326
May and July, 1861 ... 582,748
3 years
714,231
May and June, 1862.
3 months
15,007
Brecknock
158
30
13
69
125
38
19
13
25
50
Centre.
245
10
38
30.
138
41
23
26
32
Comru.
341 396
62
71
155
40
76
47 23 23
34 11
5
22
Danglass.
223
43
Exeter.
448
87
55
193|
58
30
3
40
08
Hamburg
276
97
April 23, 1864.
85,000
100 days
83,652
July 18, 1864.
500,000
1, 2 and 3 yrs.
384,882
December 19, 1864
300,000
1, 2 and 3 yrs.
204,568
Jefferson.
214
10 52
10
100 74
22
16
1
14
49
84 58
Maxatawny
408
25
Maiden-creek
249
16
Marion.
285
31
10
75
116
69
140
50
60
21
14
7
17
22
Pike
178
10
17
58
119
32
co : 8
15
24
Ruscomb-manor
228 430
28 21
1
101
91
168
50
43
13
49
98
Tulpehocken, U
264
Perry
287
10
3
*1
117
1
56
212 88
26 32
13
3
28!
56
56
2,942,748
2,690,401
Longswamp.
31
20
36
60
62
179
54
30
21
....
- --
17
35
44 84
Rockland
257
...
14
28
Spring
493
43
176
3
Heidelburg, N ... Hereford.
8
98' 220
66
49
Bernville.
105 370
27
16
47
14
6
11
14
28
Colebrookdale ...
44
...
1
21
77
11
29
13
24
March 14, 1864.
200,000
3 years
16
7
Heidelburg, L ...
19.
10
27 32
8
18
22
22
42
Penn
374'
28
36. 110
33
21
22
Bern ...
59 118
Caernarvon
34
58
43
57
42
32
23
12
48
Period of
Number
Date of Call.
The aggregate number of men furnished by Pennsylvania was three hundred and sixty-six thousand three hundred and twenty-six ; re- duced to three years' standard, two hundred and sixty-seven thousand five hundred aud fifty-eight. It is estimated that during the war fifty-six thousand national soldiers were killed in battle, and about thirty-five thousand died in hospitals of wounds, and one hundred and eighty-four thousand by disease. The total casualties, if we include those who died subse- quent to their discharge, were about three hun- dred thousand. The loss of the Confederates was less in battle, owing to the defeusive char- acter of their struggle; but they lost more from wounds and by disease, on account of inferior
22
139 2719 7773' 2331
1563
1560 1970
-
Ontelaunee
33
27
53
08
20
194
HISTORY OF BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
sanitary arrangements. The total loss of life caused by the Rebellion exceeded half a million of men, and nearly as many more were dis- abled.
SUMMARY OF BATTLES .- In the four years of service, the armies of the Union-counting every form of conflict, great and small-had been in twenty-two hundred and sixty-five en- gagements with the Confederate troops. From the time when active hostilities began until the last gun of the war was fired, a fight of some kind-a raid, a skirmish or a pitched battle- occurred at some point on our widely-extended front nearly eleven times a week, upon an average. Counting only those engagements in which the Union loss, in killed, wounded and missing, exceeded one hundred, the total num- ber was three hundred and thirty. From the northernmost point of contact to the southern- most, the distance by any practicable line of communication was more than two thousand miles. From East to West the extremes were fifteen hundred miles apart. During the first year of hostilities-one of preparation on both sides-the battles were naturally fewer in num- ber and less decisive in character than after- wards, when discipline had been imparted to the troops by drill, and when the materiel of war had been collected and stored for prolonged campaigns. The engagements of all kinds in 1861 were thirty-five in number, of which the most serious was the Union defeat at Bull Run. In 1862 the war had greatly increased in mag- nitude and intensity, as is shown by the eighty- four engagements between the armies. The net result of the year's operations was highly favorable to the Rebellion. In 1863 the bat- tles were one hundred and ten in number,- among them some of the most significant and important victories for the Uniou. In 1864 there were seventy-three engagements, and in the winter and early spring of 1865 there were twenty-eight.1
PAPER MONEY .- Before the Civil War, it had been the uniform practice of the different States to allow banks to be established for the issue of notes, payable in specie on demand. These
banks were established by acts of the local Leg- islature, which limited the liability of the share- holders. Banking then was quite free, and all individuals could carry it on, provided they pur- sued the requirements of the law. But under this system there was great fluctuation in value, which produced an unprecedented amount of bankruptcy and ruin. Between 1811 and 1820 many banks became bankrupt; and twenty years afterward another financial panic oc- curred. The inflation of the bank-notes was wonderful between 1830 and 1837. But just as the amount had then increased, so it decreased during the following six years till 1843; and this caused the ruin of many moneyed institu- tions. Among them was the Bank of the United States, the renewal of whose charter had been denied by President Jackson.
The loss in the value of stocks and property of all kinds was enormous. But great as the loss was, it was trifling compared with the in- jury which resulted to society in disturbing the elements of social order and in causing the utter demoralization of men by the irresistible temp- tation to speculation which it afforded and by swindling to retain riches dishonestly obtained. Another crash took place in 1857.
At the beginning of the war the paper money in circulation amounted to $200,000,000, of which three-fourths had been issned in the Northern or loyal States; and the coin amounted to $275,000,000. The early necessities of the national treasury in this trying period compelled . the government to borrow money, and in this behalf, in February, 1862, Congress authorized the issue of treasury notes amounting to $150,- 000,000, and declared them to be legal tender except for customs duties and for interest on the national debt. This action was taken after a full, if not a bitter, discussion of the question. Its constitutionality was contested vigorously, but unsuccessfully.
A premium on gold naturally followed, caus- ing it to be drawn entirely from circulation, and this increased as the treasury notes multi- plied. Then the National Banking system was introduced to supply a circulating medium. This was created on February 25, 1863, and amended June 3, 1864, whereby a Bureau and
1 2 Blaine's "Twenty Years of Congress," 20.
-
195
THE CIVIL WAR.
Comptroller of Currency were appointed in the Treasury Department, with power to authorize banking associations, under certain provisions, for public security. The existing State banks were rapidly transformed into national banks under this system and their previons notes were withdrawn from circulation. The currency of the country in this manner came to consist of treasury demand notes, which in 1865 amounted to $450,000,000, and of national bank notes, which approached the limit of $300,000,000. The latter circulated as freely as the former, because their ultimate redemption was assured by the deposit of an adequate amount in United States bonds at the national treasury. This system was found superior in the protection against loss which it afforded ; but it could not prevent a financial crisis from sweeping over the country, especially when other causes, such as excessive manufactures and enormous losses from fire, contributed greatly towards the result.
Congress also authorized small notes for five, ten, twenty-five and fifty cents to be issued for the purpose of supplying the loss of the small denominations of coin money from circulation. This was commonly known as "currency." It was all redeemed after the war.
During this period our merchants at Reading issued and circulated for a time their own frac- tional demand notes for the purpose of encour- aging trade amongst one another. But it was gradually redeemed as the national currency was supplied.
LIST OF COMPANIES FROM BERKS COUNTY IN CIVIL WAR .- The following eighty-seven companies of men were enlisted from Berks County and mustered into the service of the National Government in the Civil War. Eleven of the companies included men which were ac- credited to other counties. Reckoning all the men together in the companies named and in the unclassified alphabetical arrangement fol- lowing them, it can be asserted that at least eight thousand five hundred men of our county were engaged in the great and successful strug- gle for the preservation of the Union :-
THREE MONTHS' SERVICE, 1861.
Twenty-fifth Regt .- Ringgold Light Art., Jas. Mc- Knight, capt.
First Regt .- Co. G, Reading Artillerists, Geo. W. Alexander, capt.
Fifth Regt .- Co. H, Union Light Inf., Frank M. Cooley, capt.
Seventh Regt .- Co. C, Wash. Art., Isaac Schroeder, capt. ; Co. D, Penn. Art., Geo. S. Herbst, capt .; Co. G., Reading Rifles, Albert F. Rightmyer, capt.
Fourteenth Regt. Co. A,-Union Guards, David A. Griffith, capt .; Co. E, Keystone Infantry, John C. Shearer, capt.
THREE YEARS' SERVICE, 1861-64.
Thirty-second Regt. (3d Reserves) .;- Co. A, Reading Artillerists, Jacob Lenhart, Jr., capt .; Co. D, Me- chanics' Infantry, Wm. Briner, capt .; Co. F, Wash. Guards, Washington Richards, capt.
Thirty-sixth Regt. (7th Reserves) .- Co. I (Berks and Lebanon Cos.), Jos. G. Holmes, capt.
Forty-fourth Regt. (1st Cav.) .- Co. L, Reading Troop, J. C. A. Hoffeditz, capt .; Co. M, Reading Cav., Thos. S. Richards, capt.
Forty-sixth Regt .- Co. E, Reading Rifles, Cornelius Wise, capt.
Forty-eighth Regt .- Co. D (Berks and Schuylkill Cos.) Daniel Nagle, capt.
Fiftieth Regt .- Co. B, Ellsworth Zonaves, Hervey Herman, capt .; Co. E, Reading Light Infantry, Wm. H. Diehl, capt .; Co. H, Union Light In- fantry, Thos. S. Brenholtz, capt.
Fifty-fifth Regt .- Co. B, Wash. Legion, John C. Shearer, capt.
Fifty-ninth Regt. (2d Cav.) .- Co. K (Berks and Phila. Cos.), Stephen H. Edgett, capt.
Seventieth Regt. (6th Cav.) .- Co. G, Reading Dra- goons, Geo. E. Clymer, capt.
Seventy-fourth Regt .- Co. G (Berks and Adams Cos.), William J. Bart, capt.
Eightieth Regt. (7th Cav.) .- Co. L (Berks and North- umberland Cos.), Chas. C. McCormick, capt.
Eighty-third Regt .- Co. I (Reading and Harrisburg Co.), Robt. W. McCartney, capt.
Eighty-eighth Regt .- Co. A, Junior Fire Zonaves, Geo. W. Knable, capt .; Co. B, Neversink Zou- aves, Henry R. Myers, capt .; Co. H, Union Gnards, David A. Griffith, capt.
Ninety-third Regt .- Co. B, Union Zonaves, John E. Arthur, capt .; Co. G, Coleman Rifles, Alex. C. Maitland, capt .; Co. K, David C. Keller, capt. Ninety-sixth Regt .- Co. G, Hamburg Light Infantry, Jas. M. Douden, capt. ; Co. H, Jacob W. Glase, capt.
One Hundred and Fourth Regt .- Independent Bat- tery, Geo. W. Durell, capt.
NINE MONTHS' SERVICE, 1862-63.
One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Regt .- Co. A, Wash. Infantry, L. Heber Smith, capt .; Co. B, Muhlenberg Infantry, William McNall, capt .;
196
HISTORY OF BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
Co. E, Reading Artillerists, William H. Andrews, capt. ; Co. H, Felix Light Guard, John Kennedy, capt. ; Co. I, Reading Iron Works Guard, Richard H. Jones, capt. ; Co. K, City Guard, Geo. New- kirk, capt.
One Hundred and Fifty-first Regt .- Co. E (Ontelau- nee), Jacob S. Graff, capt .; Co.G (Bernville), Levi M. Gerhart, capt. ; Co. H (Upper Tulpehocken), Wm. K. Boltz, capt. ; Co. I (Berks and Schuyl- kill Cos.), Wm. L. Gray, capt .; Co. K (Long- swamp), Jas. W. Weida, capt.
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