USA > Pennsylvania > Berks County > History of Berks county in Pennsylvania > Part 68
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383
GENERAL EDUCATION.
his first election he continued the classical academy with the aid of assistants ; but, upon his re-election, finding that the institution required his personal supervision, which he could not give, he closed it, so as to be able to devote his entire attention to the schools of the county, in whose welfare he became thoroughly interested and with which he was prominently identified. At the end of his second term as county superintendent he re-opened the institution under the name of Reading Scientific Academy. This change was made to signify that the study of the sciences was an important part of the course of education under him. Besides the daily study of scientific branches, frequent lectures were delivered by him to the scholars, illustrating his subjects by philosophical experiments, etc., with the aid of instruments manufactured by himself.
In 1875 and 1876, he conducted a business college at Reading, with the assistance of Ches- ter N. Farr, Esq., and in 1880 and 1881 he acted as city superintendent of the common schools in Reading.
For a number of years Prof. Brunner mani- fested a thorough interest in the history of the Indians of Berks County, having visited nu- merous localities of the county in this behalf. He collected many relics and valuable facts, and then narrated the results of his investigations for the Reading Society of Natural Sciences. His essays were first published in the Spirit of Berks, and then, in 1881, reproduced in book- form. In the course of his labors he made many wood-cuts to show the size, form and appearance of Indian relics, such as arrow and spear-heads, axes, knives, hammers, plates, pot- tery, beads, shells, pestles, mortars, ornaments, etc. In this work he displayed zeal on the one hand and genius on the other.
Prof. Brunner is a thorough mineralogist. He has investigated our entire county also in respect to its minerals with great success. He prepared a catalogue of the names of the minerals found in the county specially for this history, which is included in the chap- ter on Physical Geography. And the birds of our county have also received his earnest
attention, he having collected and stuffed a number of fine specimens. His collection now includes one hundred of the rarest speci- mens. He has also given much attention to microscopy, using in his researches a fine, large microscope, with lenses magnifying from ten diameters to twelve hundred diameters. His intervals from school-teaching are largely de- voted to the production of scientific apparatus and the addition of natural curiosities. With the aid of a lapidary's mill, he has polished a large variety of our best and most beautiful minerals, which he has mounted upon glass slides for microscopic examinations. His extensive cabinet includes about a thousand mounted specimens, consisting of minerals, animal and vegetable tissues, insects, etc. These enable him to carry on the study of this branch of knowledge with the most satisfactory results. They exhibit the wonderful operations of na- ture not perceptible to the naked eye.
Two degrees-Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts-have been conferred upon him by Dickinson College, the former at the time of his graduation, and the latter in 1863.
In 1877, he published a small but superior elementary work on English grammar, of which, in 1882, he issued a second and revised edition. Many thousand copies of it have been sold, being used throughout this county and also in adjoining counties.
In religious belief Prof. Brunner is a Lu- theran, having been for many years and being still a consistent and devoted member of Trin- ity Lutheran Church, at Reading. In politics he is a Democrat.
Prof. Brunner was married, in 1861, to Amanda L. Rhoads, a daughter of Abraham Rhoads, of Amity township, and a descendant of one of the earliest settlers in the county. They have five children-Daniel Edwin, Eliza- beth, Edgar Alfred, Mary, and Henry Phile- mon.
SAMUEL A. BAER was born November 28, 1846, in Greenwich township, near the place known as Schafer's Mill. His father was John Baer, whose father moved from Weisen- berg, Lehigh County, to Maxatawny in 1812. He was only ten years old when his father died,
384
HISTORY OF BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
and he was thrown upon his own resources. For four years he worked upon a farm in Albany township for board and clothes, after which he was apprenticed to learn the tailoring trade. He was determined, however, to obtain an education, and through the aid of friends he was enabled to prepare himself for the profes- sion of teaching. He received his first certifi- cate from Professor John S. Ermentrout, in 1864, and taught his first term in Maxatawny township, in what is known as Hinterleiter's school-house. The term was four months, and the salary twenty-six dollars per month.
He continued teaching during winter, and in the spring and fall attended the Maxatawny Seminary, under Professor H. R. Hicks, and later, the Keystone State Normal School (into which the former school had merged) until he was prepared for the junior class of Franklin and Marshall College. He was graduated from the latter institution in 1869. Immediately after his graduation he was elected professor of Latin, Greek and history at the Keystone State Normal School. This position he held until the summer of 1872, when he married, and removed to Lehighton, Carbon County, where he became principal of the Lehighton Academy, and borough superintendent of public schools. In 1874 he took charge of the Oley Academy, and in May, 1875, was elected superintendent of public schools of Berks County.
As county superintendent he served for six years, with credit to himself and benefit to the schools. He was known as a faithful worker. He paid particular attention to the subject of the English language, without disparaging the mother-tongue. He prepared for the use of the teachers " A Course of Study for Ungraded Schools," to which were appended "Suggestions on Teaching German Children the English Lan- guage." These were distributed throughout the entire county, and aided the teachers in in- structing the German-speaking children in a rational and intelligent manner.
Whilst county superintendent, he also wou considerable reputation as an educator outside of his county. In August, 1877, he read a paper before the Pennsylvaniau State Teachers' Association, on the " Educational Problem
among the German Element," which was ex- tensively published, especially by the German press of Pennsylvania and other States. In recognition of its merits he was elected a mem- ber of the Pennsylvania Historical Society. He was appointed by State Superintendent, Wicker- sham, in 1876, a member of a special educational committee to prepare the State exhibit of pub- lic schools at the Centennial Exhibition of 1876. Among the special features of his work in this connection may be mentioned his "Centennial Map," which shows the location and character of every school-house outside of the city of Reading. It was the only map of the kind on exhibition, and was a credit to Berks County as a work of art, as well as showing an excellent educational status throughout the different dis- tricts. In 1877 he prepared an interesting " Educational History " of the county, which was published in the State report of that year ; it was also published in pamphlet form and extensively distributed throughout the county.
In May, 1881, he was elected city superin- tendent of the public schools of Reading, and held this position for three years. His work in this position is mainly characterized by his efforts to get the teachers out of old ruts. With this in view, he held weekly meetings of teaclı- ers, instructing them in mental philosophy, methods of teaching and school management. It can safely be said that the schools made satis- factory progress during his administration.
In February, 1884, through his influence a lecture was delivered in the Grand Opera- House, and the sum of two hundred dollars was cleared. With this amount the nucleus of a " Teachers' Library " was formed. Over a hundred books were purchased, most of them on "pedagogics," and placed along with the old High School library for the use of the teachers.
In the fall of 1884 lie was appointed by Governor R. E. Pattison assistant State li- brarian, which position he resigned, on account of failing health, in October, 1885, and accepted the position of superintendent of schools of Florence, S. C. Of his work in that place, the Florence Times of January 21, 1886, speaks as follows :
" It gives us pleasure to announce to the public
385
GENERAL EDUCATION.
that the Florence graded schools are a success. Ever since the opening in November, they have been grow- ing in number of pupils and in popularity. Dr. Samuel A. Baer, the superintendent, has proven him- self the man for the position. We predict that ere long Florence will be noted for her good schools as she now is for her healthful climate and genial so- ciety."
He has been at all times loyal to the Penn- sylvania German element, following in this respect the course of Professor John S. Ermen- trout, whose friend aud frequent companion he was. At the meeting of the Pennsylvania State Teachers' Association, held at Washing- ington, Pa., he delivered the memorial address in honor of his friend. In January, 1882, he delivered an address at the request of the State superintendent before a meeting of city and county superintendents, held at Reading, on- " How can the academic teaching of our High Schools and State Normal Schools be made to harmonize more fully with the advanced ac- ademic work of our colleges and Universities." This was published and distributed by the State superintendent.
He served several times as member of the ex- ecutive committee, and once as chairman of the Pennsylvania State Teachers' Association. At the meeting held at Williamsport, 1883, he was elected its president. In July, 1884, Ursinus College conferred upon him the honorary de- gree of Ph.D.
DAVID S. KECK was born in Lehigh County October 6, 1852, and there acquired his early education in the public schools. When ten years old he left home to make his way by his own exertions, working for a time in the iron- ore mines of Lehigh County. Ambitious to extend his education, he attended the Keystone State Normal School for a time, from which he was graduated in the teachers' course in 1874. He taught public schools, in Lehigh, Berks and Luzerne Counties, officiated as principal of the High School at Hamburg from 1874 to 1877, and as- superintendent of the Model Depart- ment in the Keystone Normal School from 1877 to 1881. By that time he had obtained a high reputation as an educator, and in the year last mentioned the school directors of the county elected him. superintendent of the
common schools. He was re-elected to this positiou in 1884 for a second term of three years. He is now filling this important office with great credit to himself. In June, 1883, the Ursinus College conferred upon him the honorary degree of Master of Arts.
COMPARATIVE TABLE .- I have arranged, the following table to show the number of schools and scholars in the county by districts at four different periods ; also when the com- mon-school system was accepted by the several districts. The total attendance of scholars for 1884 was less than in 1876. The average attendance, however, was for 1876, 18,706 scholars, and in 1884, 19,522 scholars.
1854.
1864.
1876.
1884.
Schools.
Scholars.
Schools.
Scholars.
@ Schools.
Scholars.
Schools.
Scholars.
When school sys-
tem was accepted.
Reading
21
2,006
83
5,622 131
6,345
148
9,918
1834
Albany,
11
518
11
522
11
463
11
473
1855
Alsace .
7
385
9
357
9
344
9
353
1849
Amity .
9
443
10
453
10
418
10
390
1850
Bern .
10
620
12
610
13
588
13
553
1850
Bern, Upper
9
570
10
581
12
583
12
562
1851
Bernville .
123
2
142
2
107
3
121
1851
Bethel .
11
558
12
638
15
612
15
550
1854
Boyertown .
5
226
5
218
5
237
5
233
1850
Caernarvon
4
242
4
242
5
182
5
330
1834
Centre .
429
8
414
8
476
9
400
1851
Colebrookdale.
5
299
8
363
7
258
8
285
1838
Cumru.
10
543
11
544
13
646
14
578
1850
District.
6
374
8
285
8
250
8
266
1850
Earl
6
308
304
6
298
6
287
1851
Exeter
11
614
12
616
12
574
12
573
1849
Fleetwood
11
595
11
525
11
562
12
522
1861
Hamburg.
237
5
288
7
275
7
261
1849
Heidelberg, Lower .
679
12
624
15
680
15
646
1850
Heidelberg, North
5
259
5
258
5
283
5
186
1850
Hereford .
8
420
8
385
8
312
8
351 1845
Jefferson .
276
7
332
7
299
7
239
1855
Kutztown
143
3
181
4
5
269
1838
Longswamp
585
12
720
14
828 *18
*886
1851
Maiden-creek.
371
8
422
10
483
10
365
1849 .
Marion.
433
9
432
9
297
9
277
1839
Maxatawny.
479
12
593
15
671
16
663
1852
Muhlenberg
391
7
434
7
458 8
451
1851
Oley .
592
12
569
12
539 +12
+474
1850
Ontelauuee.
354
7
388
8
361
9
306
1851
Penn.
7
38.5
9
466
9
399
9
401
1851
Perry. .
8
417
9
480
10
499
11
454
1851
Pike. .
283
6
252
6
280
6
210 1851
Richmond
11
634
13
767
12
642
14
588 1854
Robeson .
16
583
16
647!
17
592
17
555
1836
Ruscomb-manor
7
395
8
417
8
380
8
366
1837
14
635
14
647
14
586
15
517
1850
Tulpehocken
11
569
13
580
13
430
13
546
1850
Tulpehocken, Upper.
7
357
8
298
8
351
1855
Union .
391
12
500
9
357
344
1836
Washington
374
8
400
9
441 [11
1483 1850
Windsor .
6
370
7
400
6
238
194
1850
Womelsdorf.
3
333
6
280
4
204
5 218
1836-
Total.
362
10,116 471 25.057 558 35,789 599 26,848
* Topton three additional schools and one hundred and thirty-three scholars. Erected into a district when it was created a borough in 1877.
+ Pleasantville included.
# Schultzville included.
·
.
3
177
4
218
1874
Greenwich
5
236
7
406
10
519
8
400
1838
Heidelberg.
5
12
7
12
7
12
6
7
439
7
406
8
383
8
401
1850
Rockland.
Spring .
7
8
4
160
4
201
1867
Birdsboro'
6
327
8
443
1873
3
209
4
198
1866
Brecknock
Douglass.
5
10
237
5
41
386
HISTORY OF BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
CHAPTER XVI.
LANGUAGE, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
THE great majority of the early settlers of Berks County were Germans, and through them their language, manners and customs be- came predominant. Most of them remained here, and, to a great degree, where the several families first settled and prospered. Their number influenced the early erection of the county in 1752. Their industry, perseverance and economy built up and enriched its valleys and hills with substantial improvements. Over one hundred and thirty years have elapsed since, but the general features of the whole community bear their impression. Their man- ners and customs have been handed down from generation to generation, with little, if any, change ; and their language is still in general use in every section. This permanence exhibits inher- ent strength. The introduction of a strange peo- ple, with a different language, almost entirely English, have not weakened their hold upon the people.
LANGUAGE .- Their language is composed of words principally from German dialects, such as the Allemannisch, the Pfälzischeand the Schwäb- isch, and some from the German proper. Its pre- servation to such a marked degree is dne mostly to their German Bible. Martin Luther per- formed a great service to one of the strongest and most prolific nations of the earth in trans- lating the Latin Bible into the German, for through it he made the use of the German here persistent and continuous. Their German hymn-books and prayer-books, and Arndt's Wahren Christenthum (True Christianity) assisted greatly in this behalf. The use of the English language in courts of justice, and in legal documents of all kinds, did not, and apparently could not, interfere with its preservation. And even English teaching, through a general sys- tem of school education, has not disturbed it very much, though fifty years have elapsed since its introduction. This system has cansed the introduction of numerous English, mixed and contracted words, and doubtless induced the language to be called " Pennsylvania Ger- man "-or " Pennsylvania Dutch." These re-
marks are particularly applicable to the country districts. The teachers are mostly young people, who, in many instances, are not quali- ficd to use the English language accurately. Through them many peculiar and incorrect expressions have been engrafted upon the language of our immediate locality ; and the German people themselves have occasioned the introduction of a considerable number, through an earnest desire to succeed in their business relations with the citizens of Reading. The sounds, expressions and intonations cannot be communicated in a published narrative.
The Pennsylvania German language is pre- sented admirably in a number of poems which Mr. Thomas C. Zimmerman, editor of the Reading Times, translated from the English, he having selected a variety of styles of composition, in order to show its capabilities for metrical expression. This variety com- prehends subjects both grave'and gay ; also humorous and pathetic. His first translation was the Christmas poem by Clement C. Moore, entitled, "'Twas the Night before Christmas." It is presented herewith, following the English version, in order to afford an opportunity for comparison :
A VISIT FROM ST. NICHOLAS.
"Twas the night before Christmas when all through the house
Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse ; The stockings were hung hy the chimney with care, In hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there ; The children were nestled all snug in their beds, While visions of sugar-plums danced in their heads; And mamma in 'kerchief and I in my cap, Had just settled our brains for a long winter's nap- When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter, I sprang from my bed to see what was the matter. Away to the window I flew like a flash,
Tore open the shutters and threw up the sash.
The moon, on the breast of the new fallen snow, Gave a lustre of midday to objects below ; When, what to my wond'ring eyes should appear, But a miniature sleigh aud eight tiny reindeer. With a little old driver, so lively and quick; I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick. More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,
And he whistled and shouted and called them by name, --
"Now, Dasher! now, Dancer ! now, Prancer and Vixen !
387
LANGUAGE, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
On Comet ! on Cupid! on Donder and Blitzen ! To the top of the porch, to the top of the wall, Now, dash away, dash away, dash away all !" As dry leaves that before the wild hurricane fly When they meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky, So up to the housetop the coursers they flew, With the sleigh full of toys-and St. Nicholas, too. And then in a twinkling, I heard on the roof The prancing and pawing of each little hoof. As I drew in my head, and was turning around, Down the chimney St. Nicholas came with a bound. He was dressed all in fur from his head to his foot, And his clothes were all tarnished with ashes and soot ;
A bundle of toys he had flung on his back,
And he looked like a peddler just opening his pack. His eyes, how they twinkled! his dimples how merry !
His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry ; His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow, And the beard on his chin was as white as the snow. The stump of a pipe he held tight in his teeth, And the smoke, it encircled his head like a wreath. He had a broad face and a little round belly That shook when he laughed like a howl full of jelly.
He was chubby and plump-a right jolly old elf; And I laughed when I saw him in spite of myself. A wink of his eye, and a twist of his head, Soon gave me to know I had nothing to dread. He spoke not a word, but went straight to his work. And filled all the stockings; then turned with a jerk, And, laying his finger aside of his nose, And giving a nod, up the chimney he rose. He sprang to his sleigh, to his team gave a whistle, And away they all flew like the down of a thistle. But I heard him exclaim, ere he drove out of sight, " Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good-night."
"DIE NACHT FOR DE CHRISCHDAAG. [ Translated for the Reading Times.]
'S waar die Nacht for de Chrischdaag und dorch es gans Haus
Verreegt sich ke' Thierli, net emol en Maus ;
Die Schtrump waare schnock im Schornschte ge- hanke,
In der Hoffning der "Nick " dheet graad runner dschumpe;
Die Kinner so schnock waare all schö im Bett, Von Zuckerschleck draame un was mer, doch, wött ; Die Mamme im Schnupduch un ich in der Kapp, Hen uns juscht hi geleegt for'n lang Winter's Nap- Dan draus in 'm Hoof waar so 'n dunnerse Jacht, Dass ich ufg'schprunge bin zu sehne wär's macht. An's Fenschter graad schpring ich so schnell wie'n Flasch,
Die Läde ufg'risse, ufg'schmisse die Sasch ! Der Moond uf der Bruscht dem neug'fallne Schnee
Macht Helling wie Mitdaag, üwwer alles, so schö, Im e' Aageblick kommt, jetz, un rund wie e' Kersch E' Fuhrmann im Schlidde un acht kleene Hersch- E' Mannli in Pelze, so freundlich un frei-
'Hab graadeweck g'wüsst's muss der Pelznickel sei I Wie Aadler, so schnell, sin die Herschlin zusamme, Un er peift un'r rnuft, un'r nennt sie mit Naame : " Jetz Dascher I jetz Danzer ! jetz Pranzer I jetz Vixen 1
Un Komet ! nn Kupid I un Dunder ! un Blitzen | " An der Porch isch er nuff, um die Mauer gefalle- " Jetz schpringt eweck I schpringt eweck I schpringt aweck alle !"
Wie laah for'm e Windschtorm-der wildscht das mer seht,
Wann ebbes im Weeg isch un's himmelwerts geht, Zum Hausgiwwel nuf sin die Herschlin wie g'floge, Mit'm Schlidli foll Sach un der " Nick " mit gezoge; Im e' Aageblick horscht uf'm Dach-owwedrowe- En Gescheer un Gedanz wie mit höl'zene Glowwe. Mei Kop zieg ich nei, guk um mich im Haus- Un im Schornschte, do kummt'r wahrhafting schun raus !
Mit Peltze ferwickelt fon Kop biz zum Fuus,. Un alles ferschnuttelt mit Aesche un Ruus 1 Uf'm Buckel en Bundel foll allerhand G'schpiel- 'S hat geguckt wie 'm Kremer sei Kramm-artlig fiel. Sei Maul, wie 'n Kersch, un sei Dimple die lache- Sei Aage, die blinzle, und wie Rosa sei Backe. Gans rund war sei Mauli un roth wie der Klee, Un 's Schnurbärdli weiss wie woll, oder Schnee: En schtumpiges Peifli, fescht zwische de Zeh, Un der schmook schteigt in Ringlin so schö in die Höh.
Sei G'sichtli so breed, un sei Bauchli e' bissel Üverm Lache hot g'shittelt wie Dschelly in der Schüssel.
So dick un so rund war des luschtige Elfge, Muss lache, graad aus un kan's gaar net helfe. Sei Köpli waar eifrig un schwätzig mit Nücken- Sei Aage, gaar freundlich mit Blinzele un Blicken ; Die Schtrump hot 'r g'fill't, un mit frölichem Braus,
Da schpringt inschtandig, den Schornschte hinaus ; Er schpringt uf sei Schlidde, zu der Fuhr peift en Piffel,
Dann fliege sie fort wie Duun fon der Dischtel:
Doch eb' er gans fort waar, sei Gruss hat er g'macht-
" En herrliche Chrischdaag! un zu alle, Guut Nacht!" Reading, Pa., Dec. 22, 1880. T. C. Z.
The following are extracts from additional translations by Mr. Zimmerman :
DIE YUNG WITFRAU.
Blöd is sie un' doch net bashful, Free und easy, doch net bold ;
388
HISTORY OF BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
Wie en Appel, reif und mürb; Net zu jung un' net zu alt. Halb einladich, halb repulsich, Now z'rück un' now'n Schritt fohr- Es hat Schade in ihr Dimple, In ihr Auge is G'fohr.
B'kannt is sie mit menschlich Wege; G'lernt in all ihr Künst und Scherz; G'numme hat sie ihr Diploma Als die Mischtern von all Herz. Sie kann sage, wann zu seufzen- Wann zu lacha-für die Leit ; Angenehm's deelmohls en Mädel; Av'r'n Witfrau all die Zeit.
Seid ihr traurich ? Guck, wie ernschtlich Scheint ihr G'sicht 'raus wie en Blum Seid ihr zernlich ? Sie's armselich, Ledich, einsam, thränfoll, schtumm ! Seid ihr luschtich ? Hör ! ihr Lachter Sound wie Silver-ringt wie en Bell ! Sie kann locke, fong' und schpiele Wie der Fischer thut Forell'.
Ihr alt Bach'lors Johre ferzig, Wu so bold und g'scheit euch trag', Jung American' von zwanzig, Mit 'm Lieblicht in euer'm Aug', Ihr mag' practic' all die Lessons Cupid 'raus gebt since der Foll ; Kenn ich doch en glene Witfrau : Sie g'winnt und fooled euch all.
ALT ROBIN GREY.
Wann die Küh sin' daheem, un' im Fald all die Schof,
Wann all die müde Weld leit dief schon im Schlof,
Der Schmerz von meim Herz fallt in Schauers von mẹim Aug',
Weil mei guder Mann sound bei mir laug. * * * * * * *
Er war net 'n Woch' aweck 'xcept juscht 'n paar, Bis mei Vater 'brecht sei Arm, un' die Kuh g'schtole war; Mei Mutter, sie wert grank, un' mei Tschimmy's uf'm See, Und mich zu karessire kummt der alt Robin Grey.
SING, MÄDEL, SING.
(From "Barry Cornwall's" "Sing, Maiden, Sing.") Sing, Mädel, sing !
Mäuler wär g'macht für Singe;
Horch-G'song hörscht du Dorch die weit Welt ringe; G'song von all die Vögel, G'song von Schauers uud Wind, G'song von See und Schtrom- Ach, die süsse Blume singt.
Hörscht du den Rege, Wie er saftlich fallt? Hörscht du den Vogel, Der vom Busch 'raus ruft ?
Hörscht die Imme, du, Üver die Sunnblum' ringe ? Sagt uns, Mädel, now- Set'scht du net 'mohl singe ?
Hörscht du net des schtilles Wind Seufze um die Rose dort ? Und die gleene süsse Rose, Die wu Lieb' zu Lieb' antwort ?
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