History of Butler County, Pennsylvania, Part 63

Author: Brown, Robert C., ed; Leeson, M. A. (Michael A.); Meagher, John, jt. comp; Meginness, John Franklin, 1827-1899, jt. comp
Publication date: 1895
Publisher: Chicago : R. C. Brown
Number of Pages: 1658

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Brother Leovigild Brucker, who died at Herman September 10. 1593, served in the Prusso-Austrian war of 1866. For seventeen years he was the chief cook, physician, gardener and baker of the Monastery. Father Schuerman, the archi- tect, was chaplain of a Prussian regiment in 1870-71, and won the " Iron Cross."

CHURCH HISTORY.

St. Mary's Catholic church may be said to have a history contemporary with the settlement of Catholic pioneers in Summit township. Before they were numerous enough to maintain a church, they were visited by priests from sur- rounding parishes, and had religious services in their homes. The first baptism in the township was that of Catherine Weiland, daughter of Nicholas and Eliza- beth (Schmidt) Weiland, the rite being administered June 7, 1846. From that date down to the present there have been over 1.200 baptisms registered. The marriages solemnized here in 1840 were those of John Sander and Margaret Krunes ; Bernard Gallagher and Susanna Weiland ; Joseph Eberle and Ursuline

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SUMMIT TOWNSHIP.

Flick ; John Wolfgang and Maria Hoepfel, and Lucas Schuler and Maria Altmeica.

In 1841 a chapel was erected, but it was not until 1846 that the bishop appointed a resident priest. In 1863 the building was enlarged. At various times since it has been remodeled, and is now one of the most beautiful houses of worship in the diocese, In 1889 the old windows were replaced with beautiful stained glass, and the spire, 170 feet in height, completed. The interior of the building reminds one of the chapels of medieval days. Its altars, statuary, paint- ings and frescoes, as well as its stained glass windows, all combine in producing a singularly beautiful effect, and the beholder is impressed with the artistic har- mony existing between the interior architecture and the decorations. The church is practically one of the buildings of the Monastery, and completes the Gothic group. For nearly half a century the priests and people of St. Mary's church have labored to produce an institution worthy of their faith, and they have suc- ceeded.

The names of the older members of this parish are as follows: Andrew Becker, Nicholas Bleichner, J. Berninger, P. Burkbichler, Nicholas Baer, M. Bleichner, N. Bleichner, I. Bleichner, Joseph Diebold, Jacob Dausch, Francis and Michael Eichenlaub, W. Eichenlaub, P. Eisenminger, J. Frankle, Andrew Fleck, Bartholomew Ganter, J. Gallagher, P. Gallagher, P. Greilich, D. Holler, John Heim, M. and Jacob Hoffman, W. Krebs, M. Kobel, Philip Klus, Chris- topher Krecher, Joseph Knittel, B. Litsch, M. A. Maischein, Valentine Muller, Wendelin Nebel, J. and Wendelin Ott, Martin Ober, Joseph Reyman, Francis and Nicholas Riott, Sr., Jacob and Nicholas Riott, Joseph Rohm, Michael Rheinhard, Michael and John Spohn, Joseph Schehl, B. Schehl. Charles Seibert, J. Schuh, D. and A. Schwebel, G. Schwebel, P. Schmidt, J. Schneider, A. Spohn, Herman Schmidt, Albinus Vogel, Charles Wernert and L. and J. Wei- land. Other names have been added to the list of members since 1846, but these show very fully who were the founders of St. Mary's. The congregation now embraces thirty English and Irish families, and 100 German and French families. making an aggregate of 670 persons.

The following pastors have presided over the church : Father Robert Kleinadam, 1846; Father Schmaltzbauer, 1847 ; Father Hespelin, C. S. R., 1549; Father Neuber, 1850; Father Gostencnik. 1851-52 ; Father Tamchina, 1851-52; Father Gezowsky, 1853; Father Grimmer, 1853-59; Father Christy, 1859; Father Geyerstanger, O. S. B., 1859-60; Father Langenfelder, O. S. B., 1860-61 ; Father Lambert, O. S. B., 1861-66; Father Raphael. O. S. B., 1866-70; Father Nei- mann, O. S. B., 1870-73; Father Hoch, O. S. B .. 1873-75; Father Lingel, 1875-76 : Father Matthew Hau. O. M. Cap., 1876-7> ; Father Mauritius Greck, O. M. Cap., 1878-81: Father Franciscus Wolff, O. M. Cap .. 15>1-64; Father Joseph Calasanctius Mayershofer, 1884-83; Father Joseph Anthony Geigel- mayer, O. M. Cap., 1888-91 ; Father Felix M. Lex, O. M. Cap., and the present pastor, Father Charles Speckert, who has been in charge since August, 1894.

Branch Number 130, C. M. B. A., instituted in February, 1894, is one of the societies connected with the church at Herman station. It was organized by District Deputy Bernard Kemper, with P. G. Nash, chancellor ; J. W. Sullivan,

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HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

president ; P. H. Dugan and John Wall, vice-presidents ; M. J. Clark, secretary ; J. M. Molanphy, treasurer ; T. McCoster, marshal, and J. A. Jacobs, guard.

St. Mary's Cemetery was established in March, 1845, Elizabeth Eichenlaub. who was buried on the HIth of that month, being the first person to be interred therein. Martin Knittel, a boy, was also buried that year. In 1846 Margaretta Knittel, and in 18-17 Joannes Schug, Francis Schneider, William Eichenlaub, George Koebel, Jacob Schmidt, Barbara Riott and Joannes Bergbichler were buried here. The church was then attended by secular priests, but the records of the church and cemetery are now in possession of the prior of St. Mary's, who is rector of the parish.

Zion German Lutheran Church was organized May 3, 1877, with the fol- lowing members of the Lutheran society of Butler : Ludwig Risch, Jacob, George, A. J. and A. M. Frederick, Johann and August Felges, Heinrich Grue- nert, II. and Johann Binsack, C. F. Oertel, J. A. and Andrew Knaus, Adam Rettig, Sr., Adam and Louis Rettig, John Hensmel and Charles F. Smith. Rev. F. Wilhelm was the pastor from the organization until 1891, when he was ap- pointed superintendent of the Concordia Orphans' Home, as related in the history of Jefferson township. Rev. H. G. Schwagmeyer, the present pastor, assumed charge in June, 1592. The congregation is made up of sixty communicants, eighteen of whom are voting members. Services were first held in the German school-house, erected under the communal agreement of April 14, 1876. In 1880 a new building, thirty-two by sixty feet in floor area, was erected at a cost of $1.400. It is now the place of worship of the congregation.

VILLAGE GROWTH.

Bonny Brook is the pretty and poetical name that was given to the oldest village settlement in the township. It was here, around what was afterwards known as Brinker's Mills, that the Rays, Scotts, Mitchells, McCurdys, Smiths and others of the early pioneers built their cabins, before a mail carrier knew of the existence of Butler county. A postoffice was established here a few years after Abraham Brinker moved out from the town of Butler and named Brinker's Mills. How often it was disestablished and re-established is not known. In 1868, however, it became Bonny Brook, with Henry Gumpper, the general mer- chant, as postmaster. Gumpper's store was afterwards burned, and the people were again without a postoffice until 1876, when Charles Smith was appointed postmaster at Herman.

Herman Station, the successor of Bonny Brook, is now the principal village of the township. In 1880 Albert Smith, who, in 1877, purchased the hotel, built in 1875, by Charles Garlach, succeeded Charles Smith as postmaster at Herman. The great wells of the Ilerman field, noticed in the chapter on the " Butler Oil Field," have not, thus far, tended to increase the population or mer- cantile interests of the village. In February, 1891, the Dittmer store and railroad depot, and the old Herman Ilouse, with a few other buiklings, constituted the town: while the new village of Great Belt, a short distance southeast, in Jefferson township, boasted of two stores, a railroad depot, a creamery, a hotel and a num- ber of private residences. Between Herman and Great Belt there is a city of

DONEGAL TOWNSHIP.

derricks, where the walking beams move day in and day out. The celebrated Eichenlaub and Wolff farms, as well as other oil producing tracts, are here, so that there is no reason why the two villages should not take on the airs of little oil towns. The Monastery buildings on the hill, above Herman, now equal in extent all the trade and dwelling houses of the several railroad villages between Butler and Freeport, with Coylesville, Hannahstown, Leasureville and Sarvers- ville added.

CHAPTER XLII.

DONEGAL TOWNSHIP.

ORGANIZATION-PHYSICAL, CHARCTERISTICS-COAL DEPOSITS-PIONEERS AND PIONEER INDUSTRIES-STATISTICS AND JUSTICES -- SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS -- ST. PATRICK'S PARISH-THE OLD LOG CHURCH -- ST. PATRICK'S CEMETERY-LUTHERAN AND PRI- VATE CEMETERIES-VILLAGES.

T HE original township of Donegal was erected in 1804, out of the original Buffalo township. On November 11, 1>46, Matthew Dugan, William Mc- Cafferty and James Dunlap were appointed to change the lines of this and the new township of Fairview. In the general re-subdivision of 1854, Donegal township was reduced to its present area. It is one of the oldest settled town- ships of the county, and was a banner farming district until it became part of the famous oil field of this locality. With the exception of the valley of the Big Buffalo and its feeders, its conformation belongs to that known as the Lower Barren Measures. The elevation at or near St. Joe is 1,430 feet above ocean level, or 857 above the level of Lake Erie, and all lands not in the valleys ap- proach the 1,400 feet level. A good quality of fire clay is found in several places, with kaolin and other commercial clays and rocks. In the neighborhood of Millerstown, west and south, outcrops tell of the presence of Brush Creek coal, particularly in the Forquer and Conway mines, where the dip is northerly. The Upper Freeport coal, though generally poor, laminated stuff, was found to be valuable in the George Rogers bank, while unprofitable in the O'Brien bank. In other places it is a mere slatey coal, not as good as that mined on the Dugan farm early in the century. On the eastern border, a well owned by H. L. Wes- termann produced a natural refined oil, which he used for illuminating purposes in his Millerstown store. Donegal as an oil field is fully described in a preceding chapter, where the history of her great oil and gas wells is given.

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HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

PIONEERS.

The first settlement within the limits of the township was made by James Hemphill, who came in 1794 and selected the tract of land on which the village of Millerstown was afterwards laid out. In 1795 Jacob Barnhart, Sr., settled on the tract now known as the Reep farm, three miles east of Millerstown, and in 1797 his sons Andrew and Peter joined the settlement. The White Oak church cemetery is on this tract, and the first burial was William Barnhart, a son of Jacob, Sr. In the same year ( 1795) Adam Hemphill settled on 400 acres of land adjoining his brother James Hemphill's tract on the west. This little band was soon followed by others, among whom were John Forquer and Patrick Mc- Elroy, who were cousins, and who settled southwest of Millerstown; Charles Duffy who came in 1796, from Westmoreland county ; John Gillespie, a native of Ireland, and Moses Hanlen, the grandson of an Irishman, who came in the same year. John Slator was also among the early settlers.

Most of the pioneers, as the names given indicate, were either natives of Ire- land, or the descendants of Irishmen, the majority of them coming from Donegal county, Ireland. They embraced, besides those already named, such well-known families as the Dugans, McCues, O'Donnells, Boyles, McFaddens, Blacks, Hag- gertys, Stewarts. Maloneys, McClungs, Breadens and Hunters. They, with the Barnharts, Wolfords, Pontius, Slators, Sandersons and Hartmans are to be cred- ited with pioneer honors. In the biographical sketches and the sketches of the churches outside of Millerstown the names of nearly all of the first settlers appear. Many of them are also mentioned in connection with the Millerstown churches and industries. The greater number arrived here before a clearing was made in the forest, and assisted in the work of transforming the wilderness into fruitful and productive fields, and in giving the township high rank as the home of an industrious, enterprising and progressive people. Many of the early settlers were great hunters and many stories are told of their extraordinary prowess and hair- breadth escapes.

The distillery established by James Hemphill prior to 1803, and the Lasher mill. built in 1805, were the first industries ; but as they were located on the site of Millerstown, they are referred to more fully in the history of the borough. Gabriel Pontius, who came here about 1s03, established a pottery on his farm in 1805, which was carried on by him for many years, his son, Solomon, assisting in the work in later days. Dishes, bowls. pitchers, smoking pipes, etc., were manufactured. A large barn is built on the site of the old pottery. In 1805 a little grist-mill was established at Millerstown, but there was no saw-mill nearer than Butler.

It is related that during the building of the old St. Patrick's church, in the Sugar creek neighborhood. in 1806, Patrick and Charles Duffy hauled boards from the saw mill at Butler to that point. There was not a road by which they could travel, and hence they were compelled to arrange the load, just a> the Crees and Esquamayans of the far Northwest do to-day. Lashing the ends of a few boards at each side of their pack horse and leaving the other ends to trail on the ground, they built up a load of lumber and started on their ten mile trip

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DONEGAL TOWNSHIP.

along the trail to Sugar creek. To the modern man, who has not experienced the trouble and disappointments of freighting lumber after this crude fashion, the sacrifices of those pioneers are an unknown quantity. The pack saddle and horse, troublesome at their best, are almost ungovernable when converted into a motor for trailing boards from mill ; so that the adventures of that day's journey, in 1806, speak in themselves of the physical character of the pioneers and their overmastering faith in good works.

STATISTICS AND JUSTICES.

The population of the original township in 1810 was 671; in 1820, 960; in 1830, 1,085, and in 1840, 1,615. Late in 1840 its territory was considerably reduced, so that when the census enumerators appeared in 1850 they found a population of 1,174. The re-subdivision of 1854 placed Donegal within its present limits. In 1860 the number of inhabitants was 999; in 1870, 852; in 1880 (including Millerstown's 1,108 inhabitants), 3,264, and in 1890 1,617, exclusive of Millerstown's population. The number of children of school age enumerated in 1893 was 429, made up of 228 males and 201 females. The total revenue for school purposes in 1893 was $5,259.52, of which the sum of $1,699.86 was appro- priated by the State. The assessed valuation in January, 1894, was $262,226; the county tax $1,049.06, and the State tax $272.45.

The justices of the peace for Donegal township from 1840 to 1894 are named as follows: John F. Wiles, 1840; William T. Jamison, 1840; James A. Gibson, 1845; Matthew Dugan, 1845; William .Hanlen, 1846; John Byers, 1849 and 1854: Denis Boyle, 1851 : Hugh Mckeever, 1857 and 1862; Solomon Pontius, 1857, 1862, 1872, 1877, 1882, 1887 and 1992; Michael McGinley, 1567 and 1872; Solomon Fleeger, 1868; Peter H. Gillespie, 1877: F. C. Flannigan, Iss0 ; Hugh McFadden, 1885 and 1890, and David Kellerman, 1894.

SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS.

In the history of Clearfield township, a reference is made to a school-house near the present south line of Donegal, and again, in the general chapter on Schools, something is said on the question showing that it was the first care of the pioneers to provide instruction for their children. In the history of Millers- town, the efforts of the villagers of the "Forties," to have a school-house for their children are noticed. To-day, there are nine district schools, exclusive of Millerstown, the teachers, in January, 1894. being Katie Coyle, Ella Smith, Maggie Miller, Katie McMahon, Clara Barkley, Annie Farnen, H. T. Young, Lottie Taylor and Katie Black. The directors for the year ending February, 1894, were George Frederick, Joseph O'Donnell, S. I. Pontius, Francis Slator, C. H. McGuire and D. Goldinger.

ST. PATRICK'S PARISH.

In June, 1864, a short historical sketch of the Church in Butler county was contributed to the pages of The Catholic, of Pittsburg, by the late Peter Duffy, a son of one of the leading pioneer. of the county and himself a pioneer. In be-

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HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

ginning his subject he says: "1 shall state some facts in relation to an old church and an old congregation in this vicinity, which, if they do not settle the question of its being the first church west of the Alleghenics, may end in the solution of it." Then casting aside the great missionaries of the French Colonial period, he begins with the victory of a man of his own race-Anthony Wayne- over the Indians in 1794, and the crossing of the Allegheny by the pioneers in 1796. In 1801 the Rev. Father Langan. the first English speaking priest known to have crossed the Allegheny, held a station on Buffalo creek, in Butler county, within a few miles of where St. Patrick's church now stands. Thither the pious settlers of the wilderness hastened with their children, and there large numbers were baptized in the old faith, and among them was he who lived to write the sketch of the church in 1864. After Father Langan had stamped his name on the history of the location, a Father Helbrun visited the mission, and as he was rector of the older church in Westmoreland county-near where the great monas- tery now stands-he repeated the visit, and again came among the faithful people on the new frontier.

In 1:06 Rev. Father Whelan, who had known some of the pioneers before their removal from former homes, arrived, and meeting his old friends, all joined in the purchase of land on Sugar creek, in Armstrong county, adjoining the line of Butler, and in building a church and residence thereon near the present building dedicated to St. Patrick. In 1810 the first resident priest bade farewell to the congregation. In Is11 Rt. Rev. Dr. Egan, bishop of Philadelphia, accompanied by Father ()'Brien, visited the mission and confirmed many. From that date to 1×20 Father O'Brien, Father Maguire and Father MeGirr visited St. Patrick's at intervals ; but the resolution to send a resident priest there was not carried into effect until 1821, when Rev. Charles Ferry arrived. He made an enumeration of his flock, and found 140 Catholic families in a territory thirty miles square, all of whom claimed to belong to the old congregation of St. Patrick. Reverend P. O'Neill succeeded. Father Ferry in 1 26, and he was succeeded by Father P. Rafferty, who resided at Freeport. Father Kenrick, later archbishop of St. Louis, visited the church in 1 97, and the same year Rev. J. Cody came to Sugar creek as resident pastor. In 1864, when Mr. Duffy's chronicle closes, he was pastor of the parent parish, and his people the owners of a substantial church building and parochial residence erected under his superintendence.

Old St. Patrick's was then the mother church of the ten parishes since created inside the old limit of thirty miles square. At Kittanning, Freeport, Butler, Oakland and Murinsville, church buildings marked the progress of the Catholic religion, while in Clearfield were two churches and at Brady's Bend two, making ten parishes, each having a resident pastor. In June, 1>64, the total Catholic population was placed at about 7,000. Mr. Duffy's injunction in the matter of the old log church : " Preserve that venerable old church ; per- mit no vandal hand to take a chip or a block from it ; place a slab over the door and on it inscribe, 'Erected in 1806 by Rev. Father Whelan,'" is not yet carried into effect. The resident priests since 1864 are named as follows : Revs. J. B. ('Connor, F>64; John O'G. Scanlan, 1865; James P. Tahaney, 1866; P. S. Herman, 1>72; Thomas Fitzgerald, 1872 ; P. M. Doyle, 1878; Jeremiah Calla-

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DONEGAL TOWNSHIP.

han, 1876; P. J. Quilter, 1-76; John T. Burns, 1989, and John O'Callahan, the present pastor, who came in Is89.

The following roll shows the heads of families belonging to St. Patrick's congregation, all residents of Butler county in Is03: Patrick Boyle, Archibald Black, Eleanor Coyle, John Coyle, Matthias Cypher, Mary Ann Cypher, Michael Carvan, Peter Croosiks, James Denny, Hugh Dugan, Michael Dugan, Thomas Dugan, Denis Dugan, Neil Dugan, Andrew Dugan, John Durneigh or Durney, George Dougherty, John Duffy, John Empich, Edward Ferry, John Forquer, John Gillespie, Hugh Gillespie. John Gallagher, Peter Gallagher, Hugh Galla- gher, Robert Hanlen, William Hanlen, Sr., Moses Hanlen (buried in the old city cemetery at Butler), Robert Harkins, William Hanlen, Jr., Charles Hunter, Jacob Harshman, Thomas Hagerty, Noble Hunter. Patrick Lafferty, John McGinley, Patrick Mc Bride, Charles McCue, Patrick McLaughlin, Neil Murray, Daniel McCue, Ilugh McElroy (a friend of Washington), Neil McLafferty. Manus McFadden, John McGee, Dominick O'Cull, Patrick O'Farren, Connell and Dennis O'Donnell, Arthur O'Donnell, Connell Rogers, Charles Sweeney, Jeremiah Callahan, Patrick Fitzsimmons, John O'Hara, David Boyle, Francis Boyle, Edward Burns, James Burns, Charles Duffy ( who lived on the Donegal- Clearfield line), Daniel Dougherty, John Green, Philip Hartman (a soldier of the Revolution ), Bernard Hagen, Bernard McGee, Hugh McGee, Jr., Edward Quinn, John Quinn, Joseph Bleakney, William Collins, John Conley, James Hagerty, Patrick McAnally, Daniel McDade, Hugh Murrin, James Murrin, William McLaughlin, and, it is said, John Slator, a soldier of the Revolution. The great majority of these pioneers resided within the original township of Donegal ; but, as its territory was reduced by the establishment of new town- ships, so was the number of the resident Catholics in Donegal-the two churches of Butler, the three of Oakland, St. John's of Clearfield, St. Mary's of Summit, the church at Millerstown, that at Petrolia and that at Murrinsville, with other churches in adjoining counties, claiming many of the grand-children of the pioneers.

The log church of 1806 stands in the cemetery, below the present building. The logs are dovetailed at each corner and the interstices, between them, are filled with short pieces of oak set in mortar made of clay and straw. The open roof is constructed of rafters made of eight-inch oak trees, each set rudely matched and fastened with a wooden pin, instead of resting against a ridge-pole, as in modern buildings. On these rafters wide boards were nailed and to the boards the shingles are fastened. The gables above the top of the walls are sheathed with narrow oak boards, as often seen now in the pediments of the modern Queen Ann cottage. Within, the walls are heavily plastered with yel- low clay, held together with straw. The interior of roof and gables are washed with lime, and the wall, above and in the rear of the little wooden altar, was papered with a small pattern of gilt wall paper, a remnant of which remains. The windows are long rather than high, so as to obviate cutting the logs, four lighting each side. The entrance is wide but low. From the left of this entrance there is a fairly built stairway leading to the floorless gallery. The rude, hewn oak joists of the nave are now exposed, the puncheon floor having long since dis-

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HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

appeared. The confessional which stood on the right of the altar down to a few years ago, has disappeared, as well as the little vestry which occupied the space on the opposite side. The altar remains. a reminder of the days when the English speaking Catholics first gathered to worship God west of the Allegheny.

The church just described was superseded in 1841 by a large building erected under the supervision of Father Cody on the summit of Church Hill. It was burned in 1872. Pending the erection of the present building, mass was cele- brated in the old log church.

The present church was erected in 1876 by Father Quilter. It is a Norman- Gothic structure in brick, with Norman tower. The high altar, the stained glass windows, the fine pipe organ, the stations of the cross, and the frescoes speak of the generosity of St. Patrick's congregation in preparing a temple worthy of the Master.

CEMETERIES.

St. Patrick's Cemetery .- The broken headstone over James Denny's grave tells of his burial here in March, 1811. The same year, Rody McCue was interred, and the cemetery was really established. The list of early interments here includes the following named old settlers : Hannah McCue, 1815 : Michael Redd, I>17 ; Miles McCne, 1820; George Dougherty, 1822; John Meehan, 1825; . M. McSweeney, 1827; Michael Maloney, 1827; Thomas Dugan, IS27; Pat- rick Maloney, 1-2>; John Gillespie, 1832; Mark McLafferty, 1829; Peter McLaughlin, 1534: Anna, wife of M. McLaughlin, 1834; Mrs. James Denny, 1835; Patrick McLaughlin, 1835; Marcus McLaughlin, 1836, aged ninety-two; Nancy Dougherty, 1536; John Mclaughlin, 1836; Sophia Redd, 1836, aged eighty-two: Margaret Brady, 1837; Margaret McCue, 1839; Mary McBride, 1841, and Patrick Boyle, 1841. They were interred in front of the log church, prior to the completion of the second building. Hundreds of monuments tell of the birth and death of pioneers and old settlers. The beautiful new granite in front of the church speaks of Father Cody's birth, at Kilkenney, Ireland, in 1791, and of his death here, August 7, 1871. The fine pillar in the cemetery, erected to Patrick Dorsey and his children, the Brownfield monument and the Hartman monument are creditable works in granite and marble.

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History of Butler County, Pennsylvania, Part 63

Author: Brown, Robert C., ed; Leeson, M. A. (Michael A.); Meagher, John, jt. comp; Meginness, John Franklin, 1827-1899, jt. comp Publication date: 1895 Publisher: Chicago : R. C. Brown Number of Pages: 1658

Author: Brown, Robert C., ed; Leeson, M. A. (Michael A.); Meagher, John, jt. comp; Meginness, John Franklin, 1827-1899, jt. comp
Publication date: 1895
Publisher: Chicago : R. C. Brown
Number of Pages: 1658