History of Butler County, Pennsylvania, Part 70

Author: Brown, Robert C., ed; Leeson, M. A. (Michael A.); Meagher, John, jt. comp; Meginness, John Franklin, 1827-1899, jt. comp
Publication date: 1895
Publisher: Chicago : R. C. Brown
Number of Pages: 1658

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North Butler Presbyterian Church was organized January 18, 1848, while the territory yet formed a part of North Butler township. There were then belonging the following named members : Samuel Jack, Joseph Thorn, John Russell, Wilson M. Call, Isaac Robb and their wives, and Mrs. William Ney- man. The first elders were Messrs. Jack, Thorn and Robb, with Mr. Thorn as clerk. Rev. John P. Miller was pastor (though not installed until 1 52), and John Russell, Joseph Thorn and Fergus Hutchison trustees. The people met for worship in the Hutchison house, until a regular place of meeting was erected.

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HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

in 1848-49, in place of the one burned in April, 1848. Mr. Miller preached until 1859 when he was dismissed. From that period to 1865, when Rev. J. H. Marshall came, the pulpit had supplies. In February, 1559, Mr. Marshall was released, and died in the fall of that year. Since that time there has been no regular pastor. Following are the names of the elders : William Dinsmore, J. L. Neyman and Archibald Mc Junkin, 1858; A. McCaskey, William C. Robb, 1863; Isaac Robb, John L. Neyman, W. J. Hutchison, W. H. Neyman and Christy Robb, being the latter day members of the session. The present church is the third building erected by this society. The foundation was laid in 1875 and the edifice completed at a cost of about $1,500.

Beulah Baptist Church was organized March 13, 1561, the following named persons being among the first members : William and Robert Hutchison, Mina, Maria, James, Caroline and Sarah C. Ilutchison, J. B. and Nancy Larimore, Hugh Gold, Lewis S. and Sarah Millinger, Ruth, Rachel and Noah Henry, Emma Cochran, Charles and Jane McClung, and Henry and Tillie A. Monnie. Among the pastors were Revs. E. Woodruff, 1961-71; John Temple, 1876-77 ; G. W. Baker, 1575; Jacob Booth, E. W. Provert, W. H. H. Mckinney and Revs. Rowe and Wimer. The church has been without a pastor for some years ; but the organization is kept up. A. J. Patton and L. S. Millinger being trustees, and L. A. Millinger clerk. There are about fifty members.

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE.

The justices of the peace for Oakland township elected since its organization in 1854 down to 1894 are as follows : John L. Neyman, 1854 and 159; Jere- miah Millinger. 1854; Casper Scholl, 1-59, 1864 and 1-69; Joseph McCaskey, 1864; James Reed, 1973 and 187%; A. Hoon, 1>77; Thomas Craig, 1>>2; J. G. Bippus, ISS3: Philip Oswald, 1584; E. Neff, 1855; Jacob Slator, 1886; Lewis Byers, 18S>; Robert Hamilton, 1959; George Shoup, 1891; John M. Hutchison, 1891 ; W. M. Wiek. 1892; J. W. Bartley, 1898, and W. J. Andre. 1994.

VILLAGES.

The Toren of Springfield, near the Donegal township line, was surveyed for Adam Bortmas in 1830. and lots were offered for sale on May 25 of that year. The town as then described was favorably located, being at the intersection of the Butler and Bear Creek and the Kittanning and Mercer roads. Stone-coal, limestone and fire-cay abounded. and fine springs were numerous. Grist and saw-mills were in operation in the neighborhood, and several prosperous farmers resided in the tributary country. These advantages were fully set forth in the newspapers and by posters, but notwithstanding the efforts of Adam Bortmas, little was accomplished toward establishing a town.

North Oakland was simply a cleared spot in the wilderness prior to 1847. That year St. Joseph's church was founded, and it became the center of a Catho- lic parish. In January, 1857. it was created a postal village, with Adam Ball postmaster. Daniel Roger- succeeded him after the close of the war; in 1870 Adam Ritzert was appointed ; in 1550 Denis O'Donnell, and in 1587 Mrs. Mary Reed, who was the incumbent at the close of 1893. The completion of the

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OAKLAND TOWNSHIP.

large brick church of St. Joseph, at an expense of $20,000, in 1878, brought the hamlet into prominence. The restoration of the old church in 1877, and the building of a school-house and pastoral residence, were important events in the history of the hamlet. The principal store in June, 1873, was conducted by Adam Ritzert, who was also hotel-keeper and postmaster. J. D. McElwee car- ried on a general store, and George Angert the village blacksmith shop. The Etzel and Ritzert addition to the village was surveyed in 1878, and lots were offered for sale. As a center of trade it was then a busy place, but since the decline in oil production its mercantile business has fallen off until one merchant now monopolize- the trade.

Woodbine, known years ago as " The Half Way House," is now purely pas- toral in appearance and the pursuits of the people. The railroads annihilated the old-time stage routes and way stations, and the Woodbine tavern became a memory.

Boydstown came in ESTB, like an April shower, leaving little impress on the township as a village. The well on the Martin farm, south of Boydstown, was drilled in 1878 and was known as a good producer. On April 9, of that year, the Cooper Brothers who had formerly operated near Karns City, struck rich sand and the oil was thrown twenty feet above the derrick. The face of the country was soon changed and, in the excitement, old settlers wished for the return of the days when Allison's mill was the only manufacturing industry, and agriculture the only hope of the people and their basis of prosperity. Boydstown was cov- ered with homes, workshops, stores, restaurants and all the accompaniments of an oil town ; but, in time, the oil ceased to flow and the population dwindled to a few persons. The postoffice is known as Sonora. Lewis Sparr was one of the early postmasters. On June 31, 1883, Andrew G Campbell, the present sheriff of Butler county, was appointed postmaster. From that time to the close of 1893 he was the only merchant of the village.

St. foc Station was the name given to Blaney's store when the Butler and Parker Narrow Gauge railroad was completed. The Andre store was built by W. E. Blaney in the spring of 1884, on the Thomas farm. It was enlarged in 1885 and again in 1886, and in ISss the adjoining two-story addi- tion was erected and both form the present Andre building. Mr. Blaney was postmaster from July, 1887, to July, 1893, when W. J. Andre was appointed assistant postmaster. On the heights above the station is the oldler village of St. Joe, in Donegal township.

Onieda is a new railroad village near the western line of the township. Prior to the fall of 1893 it was simply a shipping point for ties and oak logs. Then the creamery was built, the farmers in the neighborhood forming a joint stock company with a capital of $5,000.

SECRET SOCIETIES.

St Foc Tent, Number 56, K. O. T. M., was chartered March 16, ESSS. W. HI. Ferguson was chosen commander, and W. E. Blaney. recorder, since which time these offices have been filled as follows : Commanders-C. E. Bla- ney, 1889; Jacob HI. Keiser, 1890; John C. Sabline. 1890: C. C. Wolf, IS91: 1. 36

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HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

Sharrar, 1891 : Joseph McMurtry, 1892; A. H. Supplie, 1892-93-94. Recorders -Jacob HI. Keiser, 1889; W. J. Andre. 1890-91: N. Bish, 1892-93-94. In June, 1891, Mr. Andre was elected finance keeper, which office he now fills. The lodge at one time counted fifty-six members, but owing to the organization of new lodges in the neighborhood, the number does not now exceed twenty.

The Sons of Temperance, organized June 13, 1890, was chartered June 16 of that year. It surrendered its charter in October, 1891. There were thirty- five charter members; but as there was nothing in the way of a tavern in the immediate neighborhood, the organization dissolved for want of opposition.

CHAPTER XLIX.

CONCORD TOWNSHIP.

PHYSICAL, CHARATERISTICS- - EARLY OIL WELLS -- PIONEERS PIONEER MILL, -- POPULA- TION AND STATISTICS -SCHOOLS AND JUSTICES -- CHURCHES --- VILLAGES.

I V Concord township, near Middletown, one may see the branches of the Allegheny and the Beaver, under the names of Bear and Buffalo creeks, flowing northeast and southeast toward the Allegheny, and the Connoquenessing, Muddy creek and Slippery Rock creek flowing toward the Beaver river. The ele- vation at Middletown above ocean level is fully 1, 100 feet, but at a point north, it is 1,450, gradually increasing until at North Washington it is 1,500 feet above ocean level. The coal deposits on the Jamison farm at Greece City and on the Rider lands, one mile west of that old oil town, as well as at the older banks in Middletown, leave no doubts regarding the quality of Concord coals. The beds are generally shallow and the rock is wanting in that hardness and lustre which distinguish good from inferior coals.

As an oil feld Concord was renowned. Here the productive Fourth sand was struck in August, 1872, at from thirty to fifty feet below the Third sand, and oildom was electrified. The history of this field is related in a previous chapter, where mention is made of many of her great wells. S. S. Jamison is said to have there tirst drilled to the Fourth sand, though not aware of that impor- tant fact at the time. The old wells of the Concord field were the " Modoc," " Hope," Numbers f and 2, "High Flyer," "Dead Beat," " Mohawk," " Forest City " and "Smith," on the Troutman farm, the elevation of the mouths being from 1,227 to 1,277 feet above ocean level. On the J. Sutton farm were the "Hooker Jim," "Sutton," " Darrar," " Lady Sutton," and two of the Columbia Oil Company's wells, the elevations being from 1,249 to 1,28> feet. The wells on the D. C. Rankin farm were "Down

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CONCORD TOWNSHIP.

East," Numbers 1 and 2 and the two Dougherty wells, the elevations ranging from 1,219 to 1,246, feet. "Maggie " and " Frank," on the Ralston farm, and "Hare," "Osceola," " Maud Jack " and Brawley & Overman's well on the J. Starr farm, had elevations varying from 1,219 to 1,249 feet; while " Gordon " Number 19, Miller Oil Co's. Number 1, " Lady MeClelland, " " Glade," " Iloover" and " MeClelland" Number 1 on the S. McClelland farm, were commenced at points from 1,200 to 1,281 feet above ocean level. The "Pres- ton," on the W. Brown farm, " Maggie" Number 1, on the G. Barnhart farm, Denny, Gordon, Roberts and the Collins brothers' wells on the G. R. Campbell farm, Woods & Ripley's wells on the D. Barnhart farm, " Big Medicine," on the old J. C. Brown farm, the " Olive," "Sadie." " Mary Ann," " Roberts & Con- stable " Number 1 on the Jamison farm, the " Huselton," on the Huselton farm, the " Morrison " Numbers 1 and 2. the " Karns," "Red Cross" and " Invincible," on the Morrison farm, were all below 1,185 feet above ocean level.

PIONEERS.

The pioneers visited this township in 1795, but did not attempt a settlement until 1796, when the Widow Thankful Aggas and her two boys rested in the wilderness and made their home here. Edward Graham, Sr., visited the township in 1795, and early in 1796 brought his family hither. He believed that William Dickey, mentioned in other pages, was his nearest neighbor that spring, though Mrs. Aggas was in the township. The same year John Campbell, Sr., and his sons located lands here. In 1797 the sons drew lots for the division of their entries, and to Robert Campbell fell a tract in Concord. He settled here in 1797. William and Andrew Christy were here in 1797, but did not locate permanently until 1800, when Andrew selected a farm on the site of Greece City, and William at the head of the Connoquenessing. Andrew built a grist mill in 1801. Hugh Conway, Sr., had one hundred acres of land in 1803: William Conway, 400 acres; John Conway, a single man, had 400, and Hugh Conway, Jr., 200 acres- all of whom located in this township in 1799 or 1800. Samuel Campbell came from New Jersey in 1800, and in 1802 or 1803. Big James Russell moved in from Clay township. John Timblin, who died in 1843, was one of the pioneers, and Joseph and George Timblin were here when the county was established.

In 1800 Jeremiah Sutton arrived, and in 1801 Platt Sutton settled here. John Shryock and William and John Thompson were early settlers in the south- ern part of Concord. In 1519 Joseph Sutton came, and in 1821 John Starr and family settled on what is now the R. P. Black farm, but moved to Penn town- ship some years later, where John Starr died in 1876. Rev. John Coulter came in 1823, and William T. Jamison located at what is now Greece City in 1826. A reference to the Pioneer chapter will point out the dangers and troubles of the pioneer period, and fix definitely the names and property qualiti- cations of the men who had established their homes here in 1803. When the township was organized in 1854, a few of the pioneers, many of their children and at least one hundred natives or old settlers of adjoining townships. found a home in Concord.

The mill erected in 1801 by Andrew Christy, was the third grist mill in the

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HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

county giving credit to Neyman's mill, at the mouth of Bonny Brook as the second. Harper operated it for some years after Christy retired, and in 1836 W. T. Jamison became owner. The old mill was burned long before Greece City was thought of, and on its site the present Jamison mill was erected. Alexander Camp- bell erected a second grist mill in the vicinity of the Jameson mill, which was operated as a steam mill down to February, 1867, when fire destroyed it.

The population in 1860 was 555; in 1870, 926; in 1880, 1,654, and in 1890 1,138. From 1878 to 1878 the population varied. sometimes increasing to 5,000, and then falling back to the thousand mark. In June, 1893, there were 177 male and 159 female children of school age reported. The assessed value of property January 1, 1894, was $288,419, the county tax $1,158.68, and the State tax $43.63. The total revenue for school purposes reported in June, 1893, was $3,285.27, including $1,281.81, the sum of the State appropriation.

SCHOOLS AND JUSTICES.

The first schoolhouse was near Concord church -- a house of round logs, such as the people erected in Sweden and Norway centuries before, but superior to the cabins of the ancient Britons. Among the teachers in that old school were Dr. Steadman, as early as 1822; Robert MeElvaine, who had charge of an older school near West Sunbury ; John Wick, David Beatty, John Christy and William Wick. When the common school law of 1534 was adopted here in 1835, the subscription school waned, and after a time the old log house was sup- planted by a better building. There are now eight school houses in this town- ship, which are open eight months every year.

The Fustices of the Peace elected since the organization of this township are : Joseph C. Campbell, 1854-59-61; William M. Graham, 1854-59-64-69-74-79; Charles Cochran, 1869-74-79-94: Peter Kamerer, 1882-84-89; D. D. Quigley, 1881-89. and A. F. Cochran. 1894.

CHURCHES.

Concord Presbyterian Church had its inception in the summer of 1799, when Rev. John McPherrin, of Westmoreland county, visited this section of the State and preached to the pioneers beneath the spreading branches of a large oak tree near the site of the present church building. Hle then named the gathered congregation " Concord," which title it has since borne. In 1803 he came again and took charge of the Butler, Concord and Muddy Creek congregations. He completed the organization of Concord in the autumn of 1804, in which year he accepted a call and was installed pastor. Mr. McPherrin continued in this capacity until his death, February 10, 1822. The pulpit was vacant until Rev. John Coulter was called to the pastorate in 1823. He had charge of this church until the spring of 1864. a period of over forty years. On October 23, 1865, Rev. James HI. Marshall was installed, and served until his death in 1889. In May, 1891, Rev. James 11. Wright succeeded Mr. Marshall, but since his death in Jan- uary, 1892, the pulpit was vacant until the installation of Rev. R. L. Alter in the fall of 1891. The first elders were Jeremiah Sutton, Sr., Hugh Conway, Sr., and William and John Christy. Succeeding them were John Shryock, Robert

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CONCORD TOWNSHIP.

Hamilton, William McElvaine, James Russell, William Robb, Samuel Glenn, Joseph Glenn, Thomas Campbell, Joseph C. Campbell, William II. Christie, John II. Christie, Richard Allen, David J. Russell, Samuel Russell, Thomas E. Coulter, Peter Kamerer, Robert Emery, John S. Campbell and Harvey Camp- bell, the last named being clerk of the session. The first house of worship was a small log cabin, with earthen floor, split-log seats and old-fashioned fireplace. This was succeeded by a log building thirty feet square, to which an addition of thirty feet was subsequently made. In 1838 a brick building, on heavy stone foundation, was erected, which has served the congregation for over half a century.

The Covenanter Church was one of the early societies of this township, meetings being held in a tent near Hugh Wasson's house. In one or other of the consolidations of the Presbyterian bodies, the Convenanters of Concord lost identity.

Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in 1858 by Rev. John Delo. who came here in 1857. The first members were John Starr, Sr., Elisha Starr. Jacob Pisor, Daniel Pisor, Samuel Jamison, Andrew Bullman, Stephen Troutman, Robert S. Harper, James K. Christy, James Kauffman, George Campbell, J. L. Wick and William Wick, with their families. In 1858 a church building, begun in 1857, was completed at a cost of $800. This is a small house, thirty by forty feet, which has been repeatedly repaired, and within the last few years subjected to a thorough refitting, re-roofing and papering. The pastors of Zion's congrega- tion in the order of service were : Revs. John Delo, 1857-59; Jacob Singer, 1859-65; A. S. Miller, 1865-72; S. Stauffer, 1873-74; David Townsend, 1575- 77; Charles L. Streamer, 1878-83, and Thomas Hines, 1883-85. In 1886 Rev. R. B. Starks, the present pastor, took charge of this church. The congregation to-day numbers sixty members. An active Sunday-school and Ladies' Missionary Society are among the evidences of Mr. Starks' effective work.

The Methodist . Episcopal Church of Jamison's Mill or Greece City, was organized by Rev. John Smith in the fall of 1870, with R. W. Jamison and wife, Isaiah Brown and wife, Mrs. Maria Redick and Jacob Groover members. Prior to that time, however, Joseph K. Mendenhall, then pastor in charge at North Washington, prepared the way and held one or more protracted meetings at Hazel Dell school-house. The transient oil men attended in great numbers, but the gospel made very little impression on them, so far as making them members of this new church was concerned. Immediately after organization, application was made to the Erie conference for a pastor, and a new circuit, including West Monterey, Miller's Eddy. Fairview and Hazel Dell school-house was formed. In 1871 Rev. E. M. Kernick, of the Fairview circuit, was appointed to this charge, with R. II. Hurlburt presiding elder. In 1872 the present church build- ing was erected at a cost of $3,000, David Morrison giving $1,000 in cash and his wife a half-acre building lot. Greece City was created a separate station in 1873. with Rev. B. F. Dillo in charge, but since 1874 it has been a part of the North Washington circuit. In 1883 the church building was moved from the hill to its present site.

Springdale Evangelical Lutheran Church was formally organized in 1875,

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HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

the members being dismissed from Rider's church, in Centre township, and from the Bethesda church, of West Sunbury, to form this new society, including, besides those named in the history of the older church at West Sunbury, Christo- pher Rider, Jacob Rider, James Wilson. George Wilson. Sylvanus Aggas, Peter Whitmire, Jacob Whitmire, John Whitmire, Solomon Whitmire, William Whitmire and their wives, with Mrs. Andre and her children from Rider's church, in all about seventy-five members. This membership increased to 104 in I7, and decreased to ninety-eight at the close of 1893. The same pastors named in the history of Zion church preached here, Rev. Mr. Starks coming in 1886. The actual organization or consolidation took place November 12, 1876, and, the same month, the present church was dedicated. In 1891 the building was repainted and restored.

The Church of God in Concord township was organized some years ago, and is to-day a factor in the religious life of that township. Rev. J. W. Davis, of Butler, and other preachers of the denomination, attend here at intervals.

VILLAGES.

Middletown was founded by David Patton about the year 1846, when l'or- ter McConnell opened a store on the hill. Andrew Bullman and John McGlaugh- lin, the latter a cabinet maker, were here in 1853, when John G. Christy estab- lished his blacksmith shop. The old store of Conway & Kuhn, one of the best store buildings ever erected in the township, was built in 1854. In April, 1893, the store was closed owing. it is said, to a paragraph in the will of Mr. Kuhn. In 1862 A. D. Kuhn was appointed postmaster and held the office until suc- ceeded by Maggie Campbell, who, in turn, was succeeded by Jane Adams, the present incumbent. The hotel is carried on by Mr. Christy. Just west of the hamlet is old Concord church, and within its boundaries a Lutheran church, while other denominations meet here at intervals. Concord Grange, Number 570, was organized here June 24, 1875, and carried on for several years.

Greece City was incorporated as a borough November 11, 1873, on petition presented June 11, of that year. James L. Conn and James S. Craig were elected justices of the peace immediately after incorporation, and served as such during the active life of the borough. The record of municipal elections gives only the following councils: 1877-James S. Craig, burgess; S. W. Bartlett. assistand burgess; W. R. Conn, J. C. Crowell, A. Frost, Robert Woods, John Watson and J. E. Russell. 1878-Frank Markwell, burgess; D. Morrison, A. Frost, W. R. Conn, A. Ensinger, John Sibbals and M. Levingston. 1879-W. W. Christy, burgess: A. Lusinger, D. Morrison, J. C. Crowell, George Brown, W. W. Christy and R. W. Jamison.

From 1801, when Andrew Christy erected the second grist mill in Butler county, to 1873, the location was simply known as " Christy's Mill," ". Harper's Mill" and " Jamison's Mill," the last name prevailing from 1836 to 1873. When it was opened as an oil field. the driller, pumper, oil operator, editor, merchant, evangelist and others flocked to the place and within a few days it was a full fledged oil town. The postoffice was established in 1878, with Miss Hare in charge. Robert Young was the next postmaster, serving until 1888, when

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CONCORD TOWNSHIP.

Frank Markwell was appointed. The Methodist church, one or more bank buildings and many houses were erected and business was flourishing when fire came to disturb the busy little city.

The fire of December, 1873, originated in Marks & Levy's store. There were twenty buildings destroyed, among them being Backus, Morrison & Com- pany's hardware store, Russell & Tadder's billiard hall, Hibbard's restaurant, Fraser's Hotel, C. Barthold's clothing store, Oil Exchange Hotel, Dr. Book's drug store, Eidenberg & Company's tobacco store, A. P. Stewart's grocery, McFall & Hambly's drug store, F. N. Hare's building, Waugh & Meyler's building, Pro- ducers' Bank office, the Corry House, the Shamberg House, Cleveland & Lori- mer's boarding house, the blacksmith shops of Cleveland and of Smith & Monroe, Cooban's barber shop, Armstrong & Collum's well and tanks, Steel's livery stable and several dwelling houses. This fire occurred across the creek from the present village. Prior to December a smaller fire occurred where the village of to-day stands, destroying about twelve buildings, extending north from the pres- ent Zillifro residence, but left uninjured the houses south of Markwell's dwelling.

The first bank at Greece City was established in December, 1872, by Theodore Iluselton, under the title "Greece City Bank." Woods Bank was a contemporary of the Iluselton Bank, and had an office on or about where the Methodist church now stands. The Concord Savings Bank was carried on by Captain Timblin until it closed its doors. The captain moved to the Black Hills and was register of a mining camp there until killed by some angry prospectors.

The old office of the National Transit Company was restored in 1893 and is now the residence of Coulter Robb. Opposite the present Methodist church was Young's store in which the postoffice was located until the building was destroyed by fire. The " Brawley House," now occupied by the Misses Hutch- ison, is the only one of the original buildings standing, while S. Markwell's general store, is the only mercantile establishment.

The Greece City riots of 1878 were simply faction fights between the Ku- Klux and Modoc tribes of the race of oil men. On June 7, 1873, 500 men went voluntarily into the fray, the casualties numbering fourteen.

Modoc City is another shadow of a busy oil town. The derricks stand like sentinels over a wild past. Producing wealth, its site was dedicated to all kinds of vice, and virtue, although present, was hidden. Modoc had its fires, like its sister cities. It died quickly, just as it rose, and is now scarcely a memory. The fire of March 19, 1874, destroyed twenty-five buildings, at Modoc, within two hours. The principal losers were Starr, Ramsey & Com- pany, E. Bly, Seiderly & Company, A. R. Jamison, J. O'Brien, Live Oak res- taurant, Bateman Hotel, New York House, Campbell's laundry, Arthur's livery, Monnie's grocery and the properties of Henry Bole, J. Foster, Thomas Hackett, C. B. Wright, Andrew Ryan, P. Griffin, L. Andrews, Wiles & Jessup, M. Beatty, S. D. Kearns and J. S. Mckay. The total loss was estimated at $100,- 000. It is said that lightning struck one of the oil tanks and caused the fire which almost wiped out the town,

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History of Butler County, Pennsylvania, Part 70

Author: Brown, Robert C., ed; Leeson, M. A. (Michael A.); Meagher, John, jt. comp; Meginness, John Franklin, 1827-1899, jt. comp Publication date: 1895 Publisher: Chicago : R. C. Brown Number of Pages: 1658

Author: Brown, Robert C., ed; Leeson, M. A. (Michael A.); Meagher, John, jt. comp; Meginness, John Franklin, 1827-1899, jt. comp
Publication date: 1895
Publisher: Chicago : R. C. Brown
Number of Pages: 1658