History of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, Part 188

Author: Bean, Theodore Weber, 1833-1891, [from old catalog] ed; Buck, William J. (William Joseph), 1825-1901
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Philadelphia, Everts & Peck
Number of Pages: 1534

USA > Pennsylvania > Montgomery County > History of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania > Part 188

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" At the time of its erection the number of members and others who habitually attended warranted so large a house ; but the time is long since past when its benches are filled, except upon very extraordinary occasions. For a number of years it has been the custom to open only half the house-the southern end-on First-days, and even this is more than sufficient for the congregations that usually assenible."

St. Peter's Church .- On the upper side of the Sumneytown turnpike, and but a short distance southeast of the incorporated limits of North Wales, may be observed a cemetery, which was the site of a church wherein worship was maintained jointly by the Lutherans and German Reformed for nearly a century. Though the spot may be now only pointed out within the inclosure, yet the result has been two flourishing and distinct congregations, each possess- ing a lot and church situated within less than half a mile's distance. Here was erected the second house of worship in the township, out of which they respec- tively originated.

Before the building of this church the members of the German Reformed denomination attended at Wentz's or Boelim's, and the Lutherans at St. John's, the former being in Worcester and the latter two in Whitpain. Among the prominent members of St. John's can be mentioned Michael Haenge, George Gossinger. Adam Fleck, Peter Young and Abraham

Danehower. These all resided in Gwynedd, and, of course, from its convenience, would take an active part in the erection of a house of worship in their vicinity. Philip Heist, having purchased of Abra- ham Lukens, Sr., fifty-one acres in 1772, on the upper side of the Old Goshenhoppen road, immediately below the present borough of North Wales, proffered half an acre from it for the use of a church, which was very probably erected thereon before 1775. Hav- ing died, his executors made a deed to the trustees of the church dated June 10, 1780, which states that said lot of ground is hereby granted for a house of wor- ship, erected thereon for the use of the German Luth- eran and Reformed denominations.

Tradition states that this church was a small frame building, and answered the purposes of these denom- inations until about 1817. It becoming too small for their numbers, a committee was appointed in the fall of 1815, consisting of George Neuvil, Jacob Kneedler, Conrad Shimmel. Joseph Knipe and Philip Lewis, to procure subscriptions and make collections for the erection of a larger and more commodious stone edi- fice. The corner-stone was probably not laid till near the beginning of May, 1817, and the church not finished until the following fall or winter. Among the other members who did much to aid the enterprise can be mentioned Philip Hurst, John Hurst, Abraham Danehower, Jacob Schwenk, John Martin, Adam Fleck, Christian Rex, Henry Hallman, and George, Joseph, Adam, Samuel and Daniel Kneedler. In consequence of its walls having been plastered with an ochre color, it received the name of the "Yellow Church." Its ceiling was lofty and galleries were placed on three of its sides. The pulpit was elevated and set directly against the wall, after the manner of that day.

For the want of records considerable obscurity is involved in the early history of this church. It is very probable that the first Lutheran pastor was Rev. Jacob Van Buskirk, of Germantown, who had charge of the Upper Dublin or Puff's Church, not five miles distant, from 1769 to 1785, and may have thus preached here, as we know he subsequently did. The earliest officiating pastor known was Anthony Hecht, the Lutheran portion of this congregation with that at Tohickon, having applied to the Ministerium for his ordination in 1785. He had been a schoolmaster in the neighborhood, and thus became known. The request was refused for several successive years. IIe, however, succeeded in being ordained by an independ- ent preacher, and through this the congregation gave him the charge about 1787 until the close of 1792. This will account for his name not appearing on the regular records. The Rev. Jacob Van Buskirk became pastor in 1793, and of St. John's, in Whitpain, till 1795. The next was the Rev. Henry A. Geissen- hainer, who was licensed at the request of the Upper Dublin and North Wales congregations, and contin- ued in the charge until 1801. He soon after removed,

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HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

and was probably succeeded by Rev. Frederick David Schaeffer, assisted by his sons, David and Solomon, from Germantown, which arrangement was main- tained to about 1810 or a little later. The Rev. John K. Weiant continued in the pastorate from 1812 to 1828, and also at Whitpain. Rev. George Heilig, received the charge of the two congregations near the elose of 1826 until 1843. He was succeeded by Rev. Jacob Medtart, who was unable to preach in German ; thus the English language became introduced, and has since been maintained. Rev. John W. Hassler followed Mr. Medtart in 1856, and continued until 1862, when he resigned for a chaplaincy in the army. Rev. P. M. Rightmeyer officiated from 1863 to 1867. The following year Rev. Ezra L. Reed suc- ceeded, and was the last minister here. For some of the preceding facts we are indebted to the researches of Rev. B. M. Schmucker, of Pottstown.

Concerning the German Reformed congregation who worshiped here little is known. Rev. George Wack was ordained to the ministry in October, 1801, and on the 25th of April following, received the charge of Boelim's and Wentz's Reformed Churches, and St. Peter's from 1834 to 1845. This last congre- gation he resumed after resigning his connection with Boehm's church. He later preached occasionally to the North Wales members. He died in Whitpain, February 17, 1856, aged eighty years, and was buried in Boehm's churchyard. The Rev. Samuel Helfen- stein had charge of the Boehm and Wentz congrega- tions in 1797. The following year he went to Phila- delphia, where he officiated in the Race Street Church. In 1832 he removed near North Wales, where lie con- tinued to reside until his death, October 17, 1866, aged ninety-one years, and where he was buried. He officiated occasionally in this church, but we have not ascertained to what extent.

During Mr. Reed's incumbency the old church needed repairs, and in consequence the German Re- formed congregation decided to remove and ereet a house of worship for themselves in the adjacent vil- lage of North Wales. This agitated the Lutheran congregation, who finally determined on the same course. The latter, in the spring of 1867, commenced subscriptions with such success that a lot was also se- cured within the limits of the present borough, and the new church completed by the close of 1869. As has been stated, for many years one pastor served St. Peter's and St. John's. In 1870 this arrangement was terminated, and since then each church has maintained itsown pastor. Rev. L. G. Miller received the charge in 1874, Rev. Win. H. Meyers in 1876, Rev. Theophilus Heilig in 1878, who was succeeded by the present incumbent, Rev. George D. Fonst, in the summer of 1880. A Sunday-school was organized about 1831, to which, a few years later, a library was added, and both have since continued to flourish. The German Reformed Church was built about the same time, and thus old St. Peter's, affer a use of upwards of half a

century, became abandoned, its walls razed and the recollection thereof left to soon pass away, except what may be preserved in history.

The Spring House Tavern .- In the history of Gwynedd from its earliest period this has been a noted vicinity, around which cluster many memorable occurrences. In 1698 John Humphrey settled here, and the Friends hekl their first meeting, for worship. Mention is made of a road being in use from here to the Pennypack Mills in 1702. Soon after 1704 the road was extended from the city, by this place, to the North Wales Meeting-house, a mile and a half dis- tant. A bridge near by is mentioned as having been constructed before 1711. The road leading from here to Richland was confirmed in 1717, and was the com- mencement of the present Bethlehem road. From this point to Horsham Meeting-house the road was confirmed in 1723, and the Goshenhoppen or Sumney- town road in 1735. We see by this date that through the construction of these several highways and the extension of settlements farther into the interior this spot was calenlated before long to become, in conse- quence, an important traveling centre.

The town of Bethlehem, on the Lehigh River, thirty-eight miles distant, was founded in 1741, and all travel from there and the surrounding country as well as from Allentown to Philadelphia was con- fined to the road passing by this place. It is probable that it was not long after the latter date that the first inn was located here, but at what exact time and by whom we are unable to say. Benjamin Davis kept a public-house at this point from 1758 to 1772. In April, 1758, Daniel Kunekler, on his journey from Bethlehem to Philadelphia, with six Indians in his charge, mentions stopping here. In a table of dis- tanees on the Bethlehem road, published in 1769, " Benjamin Davis's" is mentioned as being sixteen miles from the city. The first stage line passing through the present county was started in September, 1763, from Bethlehem to Philadelphia, making one weekly trip and stopping at this inn.

The road from this place, by the present Penllyn to Boehm's church was laid out in the spring of 1769, and mention is made in the report of its " beginning near a stone spring-house in Gwynedd road." Here we can perceive what has led to the origin of the name. This fact is further confirmed in a descrip- tion of the tavern in 1827, wherein mention is made of a " durable spring of water a short distance from the door, over which is a stone milk-house." General Lacey mentions the "Spring House Tavern " in his dispatches of 1777, and the name is also mentioned in a report of a raid made in this direction by the British in February, 1778. That it is a striking and peculiar name there is no question, and it must there- fore have originated here from just some such local eanse.

Christian Dull, or rather Doll, in the German, of whom we shall give a few additional particulars, suc-

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GWYNEDD TOWNSHIP.

ceeded Davis as inn-keeper. He was a native of l'er- kiomen, and his father, bearing the same name, is mentioned in the census of that township taken in 1756, as having seven children and renting from Solomon Dubois one thousand acres of land, whereof two hundred are cleared. John Dull, who was proba- bly a brother, is mentioned as a taxable and residing

years, and therefore did not survive long enough to assist in carrying out the trust. John Roberts had been for many years a store-keeper here, and on the most friendly terms with Mr. Dull. The property was advertised at public sale No- vember 8, 1827. It was described as "that well-known stand, commonly called the Spring there in 1776. It is likely that Catharine Doll was also ; House tavern, situate at the junction of the one of those seven children. She was married, in this county, to Charles J. Krauth. Their son, Charles Porterfield Krauth, D.D., LL.D., who died in 1883, aged sixty years, was one of the most eminent divines and scholars in the Lutheran Church. Christian Dull removed to the Spring House in 1772, where he was rated in 1776 as holding a tavern, eight acres of land, a horse and cow. The Revolution breaking out, he actively espoused the cause of his country. Owing to the connivance of some well-to-do people in this vicinity concerned in furnishing supplies of pro- visions and information to the British in Philadelphia, General Lacey stationed a portion of his men here for a short time to make arrests and intercept and check such practices. Bethlehem pike and the Allentown road, eighteen miles from Philadelphia, containing nineteen acres of land, a commodions stone tavern and stone house, in which store has been kept for more than thirty years past and stabling for more than one hundred horses." Mention is made, besides, of two other dwellings, a blacksmith and wheelwright-shop, and an adjoining farm of one hundred and twenty-six acres, with good buildings. This all denotes that Christian Dull, in his residence here of half a century, certainly did much for the improvement of the place. The exten- sive stabling will show what an amount of travel and hanling must have then been exclusively confined to the highways, since so much reduced by railroads. An additional stage line was placed on the road from Bethlehem in 1797, which also stopped here. What greatly added to the business of this stand was its suitable distance from the city for all travelers or market men stopping in coming or going that way. In October, 1804, Alexander Wilson, the distinguished ornithologist, with his two companions, on their pe- destrian journey from Philadelphia to the Falls of Niagara, remained overnight here, and in his poem of "The Foresters" gives the following amusing account :

The American army suffering greatly, in December, 1777, for clothing at Valley Forge, he was appointed to collect such supplies in his vicinity and forward them at once for their use. For the part he had taken in the war, on the organization of the Fourth Battalion of Philadelphia County militia, commanded by Col- onel William Dean, he was chosen and commissioned a captain of one of the companies to be raised in his township. By accepting these several charges he was placed in a delicate position, much more so through a considerable majority of the surrounding population being bent on remaining neutral during the contest. Among his other duties was to report the fines of delinquents for not attending the musterings. No sooner did the war elose than slander was busy to ruin his character and business. In the Philadelphia Gazette of February 17, 1783, he was induced in con- sequence to have inserted an advertisement offering a reward of one hundred guineas for the author of a report that he was "privy in robbing a collector.', Some of the neutrals, or, rather, disaffected, in attend- ing the Philadelphia market, reported there that himself and wife had been guilty of murdering one or more travelers, who had stopped at his house, for their property. To this he also replied in the spring of 1789, and again offered a similar reward. He states as to the latter that he had seven children, " several of them young and helpless." That such reports were damaging to the keeper of a publie-house we do not wonder, even if they have never been proven. With it all, Christian Dull outlived many of his enemies, throve in business and attained to a good old age, closing his career as the landlord of the Spring House tavern about the beginning of 1822.

He made a will appointing John Roberts one of his executors, but Roberts died in 1823, aged seventy-three

" The road was good, the passing grenery gay, Mile after mile passed unperceived away, Till in the west the day began to close, And Spring House tavern furnished us repose. Here two long rows of market folks were seen, Ranged front to front, the table placed between, Where bags of meat, and bones, and crusts of bread, And hunks of bacon all around were spread ; One pint of beer from lip to lip went round, And scarce a crumb the hungry house-dog found ; Torrents of Dutch from every quarter came, Pigs, calves and sour-crout the important theme ; While we, on future plans resolving deep, Discharged our bill and straight retired to sleep."

From " the two long rows of market folks " described, we can judge of the extent of Christian Dull's busi- ness at that time. This description of the economical arrangement of farmers taking their provisions along in going to market is no doubt true, and was even carried still further, by their sleeping on the bar- room floors at night. Gordon, in his "Gazetteer of Pennsylvania," published in 1832, has well said that the Spring House is "a noted tavern." Four incor- porated turnpikes meet here, the first constructed from Chestnut Hill in 1804, and the last to Penllyn and the Blue Bell in 1872. John W. Murray had the post-office established in 1829. The completion of the North Pennsylvania Railroad to Bethlehem, in

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HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

1857, was the first great blow to the travel on the roads, which has since more and more diminished through the construction of other railroads. The old stand here was kept by David Blyler for some time. On the opposite corner another publie-house was es- tablished by Thomas Scarlett, and kept as such for many years, now occupied as a store and for the post- office. On the division of Gwynedd into two districts, in 1876, the voters of the lower section were author- ized to hold their elections at the present public house on the site of the famous old hostelry, whos? nanie it perpetuates.

ASSESSMENT OF GWYNEDD FOR 1776.

John Jenkins, assessor and Henry Bergy, collector.

Jesse Foulke, 210 acres, G horses, 6 cows and a grist and saw-mill : Thomas Evans, 230 a., 1 servant, 2 h., 6 c. ; George Snyder, 150 a., 1 servant, 3h., 6 c. ; Michael Hawke, 150 a., 2 h., 4 c. ; Jephtha Lewis, 200 a., 2 h., 6 c. ; Eneas Lewis, 160 a., 2 h., 3 c., ; Isaac Lewis, 2 h., 3 c. ; Reese, 200 a., 2 h., G c. ; Humphrey Jones, 180 a., 3 h., 5 c .; George Gossinger, 100 a., 2 h., 5 c. ; Melchior Kreable, 119 a., 3 h., 5c. ; Philip Ilood, 300 a., 4 h., G c. ; Isaac_Kolb, 143 a., 3 h., Gc. ; Isaac Kolb, Jr., 143 a., 2 h., 5 c. ; Philip Heist, 120a., 2 h., 4 c. ; John Thomson, 123 a., 3 h., 4 c. ; Thomas Shoemaker, 110 a., 2 h., 3 c. ; Margaret Johnson, 10 ) a .. 2 h., 4 c. ; Stephen Bloom, 35 a., 2 h., 2c. ; Daniel Williams, 130 a., 3 h., + c. ; Amos Roberts, 189 a., 3 11., 8 c., has 9 children ; John Davis, 150 a., 3 h., 6 c. ; Enoch Morgan, 100 a., 2 h., 5 c. ; Nicholas Selser, 100 a., 2 h., 4 c. ; Morris Morris, 30 a., 1 h., 2c. ; Henry Rapp, 1 h., 1 c. ; George Miller ; Jacob Albright, 2 b., 2 c. ; Samuel Gamble, 29 a., 1 h .. 1 c. ; Martin Schwenk, 160 a., 2 h., 4 c. ; Abraham Donenhauer, 135 a., 2 h., 6 ℃. Jacob Heister, 147 a., 4 h., 4 c. ; Henry Snyder, 175 a., 3 h., fe., has 9 children ; Peter Troxal, 80 a., 2 h., 2 c., and grist and saw- mill ; Thomas Evans, Jr., 140 a., 2 l., 4 c., supports his mother ; Baltzer Spitznagel, 1 c. ; William Williams, 120 a., 3 h., 5 c .; George Maris. 450 a., 4 h., 6 c. ; Conrad Dimond, 40 a., 1 h., 2 c .; Walter Howell, 100 a., 2 l., 2 c. ; Thomas Leaman, 1 c. ; Michael Iloffman, 200 a., 2 c .; Jacob Sigfried, 1 h., 2 c. ; Barnabas Beiver 50 a., and grist-mill ; Mat- Thew Lukens, 130 a., 2 h., G c., saw mill ; Martin Hoffman, 1 c. ; John Jenkins, 252 a., 3 h., 5 c. ; Sarah Griffith, 300 a., 2 h., 3c. ; Joseph Grif- fith, 100 a., 2 h., 2 c .; Benjamin Rosenberger, 50 a., 1 h., 2 c .; John Knipe, 150 a., 1 h., 3 c. ; William Dixey, 10 a., 1 h., 1 c., a cripple ; Garret Clemmens, 136 a., 3 h., G c .; John Conrad, 60 a., 2 h., 3 c .; Christian Dull, Sa. and tavern, 1 h., 1c. ; John Shelmire, 14 a., 1 h., I c. ; Peter Buck, 50 a., 1 h., 2 c .; George Shelmire, 96 a., 1 h., 1 c .; George Sheloire, Jr., 3 h., 2 c. ; William Erwin, 100 a., 2 h., 2 c., aged ; Alexander Major, 150 a., 2 h., 6 c., 8 children ; Joshua Foulke, 200 a. 3 h., 6 c. ; John Sparey, 100 a., 2 h., 5 c. ; George Fleck, 2 h., 3 c .; Ann Week, 100 a. ; George Week, 7 a., 1 h., 1 c. ; Samuel Castner, 50 a., 2 h., 4 c. ; John Everhart, 150 a., 2h., 4 c. ; Nicholas Rice, 50 a., 2 h., 6 c. ; Adamı Fleck, 140 a , 3 h., 6 c. ; John Davis, Jr., 75 a., 1 h., 1 c. ; David Davis, 75 a., 3 h., 3 c. ; Robert Davis, 75 a. ; William Roberts, 100 a., 2 b., + c. ; Ezekiel Cleaver, 140 a., 4 h., 8 c. ; John Evans, 250 a., 3 h., 8 c. ; Michael Consler, 40 a., 2 h., 2 c. ; Peter Young, 50 a., 1 l., 4 c. ; Samuel Kastner, 80 a., 2 c .; Daniel Leblance, 75 a., 2 h., 2 c .; Jacob Smith, 100 a., 1 h., 2 c. ; Jacob Smith, Jr., 1 h., 2c. ; Jacob Wiant. 130 a., 3 h., 4 c. ; Peter Hoffman, 1 h., 2 c. ; Levi Foulke, 100 a., 3 h., G ! c. ; Martin Raker, 57 a., 2 h., 2 c. ; William Johnson, 123 a., 2 h., 2 c. ; Ingh Foulke, 3 h., 2 c. ; Conrad Gerhart, 120 a., 2 h., 5 c .; John Sid- dons, 1 c. ; Conrad Smith, 2 h., 2 c. ; William Moore, 2 h., 2 c. ; Job, Lukens, 20 a., 1 h., 1 c. ; Henry Bergy, 50 a., 2 h., 3 c. ; Adam Smith, I 1., 1 c. ; Mathias Booz, 1 c .; Wendle Fetter, 15 a., 1 c .; William Springer, 2 b., 4 c. ; John Singer, 50 a., I h., 2 c. ; Philip Hurst, 80 a., ! h., 5 c. ; John Troxal, 25 a., 2 h., 1 c. ; William Hoffman, 2 h., 4 c. ; Evan Davis, 15 a., 1 c. ; Christian Delacourt, Nicholas Shubert, 7 a., 1, c. ; Michael Itzel, 1 a., 1 c. ; Jacob Brown, 2 c. ; Jacob Walton, 1 h., 1 . ; Jacob Preston, John Delacourt, 2 c. ; Benjamin Williams, Philip Berkheimer. Single-men .- 11ngh Evans, John Jenkins Jr., John Kidney, John Evans, Robert Roberts, David Harry, Jr., Rees Harry, Benjamin larry, Joseph Lewis, John Johnson, Enoch Morgan, Joseph Long, John Williams, Evan Roberts, Eleazer Williams, Tillman Kolh, Griffith Ed- wards, Jacob Booz, William Smith, Rees Roberts, Robert Roberts, Henry selser, Jolm Selser, Christian Knipe, George Sperry, William Oman, Samuel Singer, Conrad Booz, George Ganger, Joseph Yost, Benjamin Gregory, Abraham Donnenbaner.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

JACOB B. RHOADS.

Jacob B. Rhoads, one of the thrifty and enterprising farmers of Gwynedd township, and one who has made agrienlture a study and a success, was born on the farm he now owns, July 20, 1820. His early life was spent upou the old homestead farm, half a mile from the town of North Wales, and his educational advan- tages were such as the common schools of that period afforded.

He commenced business for himself in 1846, when he rented his father's farm, and attended strictly to that branch of business for several years, or until 1856, laying well the foundation for the future success that has attended his every enterprise. In the latter year he added to the duties and responsibilities of a large farmer that of butchering for the Philadelphia markets, which he has successfully carried on to the present time.

At the death of his father, in 1866, he inherited one-half of the old homestead farm, containing one hundred and forty aeres, and purchased from the heirs the other half. The farm was formerly owned by Joseph Evans, and purchased by Abraham, father of Jacob B. Rhoads, in 1806. The North Pennsylva- nia Branch of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad passes through the farm of Mr. Rhoads, and the long, deep cut and tunnel south of North Wales is on or through his farm. Since Mr. Rhoads has owned the old homestead he has remodeled the dwelling and built the large and commodious barns and out-build- ings, that are not only a convenience for the farm, but an ornament to that part of the township where they are located. He has also owned two other farms of one hundred acres each, which he sold to George Castner and G. B. Kittlehaus.

Mr. Rhoads has by his industry, economy and fair dealing with his fellow-men not only merited but has received their confidence and esteem in business transactions, and has been honored for six years with a seat in the board of school directors of his town- ship.

Mr. Rhoads married, March 13, 1845, Ann Jenkins, who was born November 22, 1818. The result of this union has been as follows: Sarah Amanda, born De- cemher 10, 1846, married, October 29, 1868, to George W. Castner ; Mary, born March 18, 1851, married, January 20, 1885, to Charles Jacobs; Anna, horn June 24, 1857, died December 23, 1857 ; Abraham J., born September 7, 1859, married, October 23, 1883, to Elizabeth Hood.

Abraham, the father of Jacob B. Rhoads, was born December 4, 1782, and died November 22, 1866. His wife, Sarah Baker Rhoads, died April 3, 1840. Their children were as follows: Charles, born February 3, 1816, died October 6, 1820 ; Jacob B., born July 20, 1820; Elizabeth, boru November 5, 1823, married,

GWYNEDD TOWNSHIP.

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February 20, 1849, to Jacob Acuff; Annie, born March 7, 1827, married. May 1, 1856, to George Col- yer (she died January 17, 1857); Samuel; Joseph ; Morris; Issachar; Catharine; Ellen; and Ezekiel. Ann, mother of Abraham and grandmother of Jacob B. Rhoads, died March 16, 1839.

JAMES W. BISSON.

Mr. Bisson is of Huguenot ancestry, his great- grandfather, Charles, who was born in France in 1756, having come to the United States in his youth, where he followed his trade of tailor. He married Miss

children,-Evan, who served with distinction in the war of the Rebellion, and subsequently removed to Nebraska; and Phebe. By a second marriage, to Ilannah Skeen, were children,-James W. and Eliza- beth Virginia (Mrs. Chalkley Jarrett). The death of Mr. Bisson occurred at his house on the 5th of Au- gust, 1876. His son, James W., was born September 17, 1842, in Gwynedd township, his present residence. The schools near by afforded opportunities for a com- mon English education, after which he devoted a season to study at Bryant & Stratton's Commercial College, in Philadelphia, and became thoroughly

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History of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, Part 188

Author: Bean, Theodore Weber, 1833-1891, [from old catalog] ed; Buck, William J. (William Joseph), 1825-1901 Publication date: 1884 Publisher: Philadelphia, Everts & Peck Number of Pages: 1534

Author: Bean, Theodore Weber, 1833-1891, [from old catalog] ed; Buck, William J. (William Joseph), 1825-1901
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Philadelphia, Everts & Peck
Number of Pages: 1534