History of York County Pennsylvania, Volume I, Part 62

Author: Prowell, George R.
Publication date: 1907
Publisher: J. H. Beers
Number of Pages: 1372


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In their retreat from North Point to Baltimore, large bodies of Virginia and Pennsylvania militia came to their support. There were 12,000 American troops in the vicinity of Baltimore, fully armed and equipped to meet the invading foe, which was claimed to be the "flower of Welling- ton's army," having fought under him at the battle of Waterloo, where they had aided in defeating Napoleon Bonaparte.


Early in the contest, General


General Ross was killed and this spread Ross dismay in the British ranks.


Killed. When the British learned of the vast body of American troops, the land force made no further attempts to cap- ture the city of Baltimore. On September 13, the following day, Admiral Cockburn proceeded up the bay and during the night bombarded Fort McHenry, two miles south of Baltimore, some of the British shells weighing 225 pounds. The guns on Fort Covington and Fort McHenry were brought to bear upon the ships and a ter- rible fire was opened upon the 1,200 British soldiers on board the fleet. The enemy kept up the bombardment all night until six o'clock on the morning of the 14th.


Finding it impossible to pass the


Sail for forts and land the soldiers in the


England. vicinity of Baltimore, the com- manding officer ordered the ves- sels to return down the bay. On Septem-


-------


345


WAR OF ISI2


ber 15 and 16, the entire army boarded the vessels and sailed for England. Thus ended one of the most exciting events of American history, which directly affected southern Pennsylvania and the state of Maryland. Had the British been success- ful at Baltimore, it was their purpose either to move northward into Pennsylvania or march toward Philadelphia, and lay siege to that city.


During the threatened invasion of the British army into Pennsylvania, the state Words militia had been organized at York ready to move toward Baltimore whenever ordered by the government authorities. The First Brigade of the Pennsylvania militia, under General John Forster, of Har- risburg, struck tents on September 16, and began the march from York toward Balti- more. As there was no telegraph system in those days, it was not then known that the British had already set sail down the Chesapeake Bay.


Mustered Forster's command reached


Baltimore on September 19,


Out and remained in camp until


at York. December 4. As their services were no longer needed by the United States government, Forster re- ceived orders to return to York with his brigade, and arrived here December 6. On the following day, the entire force of Pennsylvania militia was mustered out of service at York, and Forster's brigade then returned to Harrisburg, crossing the Sus- quehanna River at Middletown Ferry.


James Buchanan, afterward President of the United States, belonged to a Lancaster company in Forster's brigade, and Francis R. Shunk, who became Governor of Penn- sylvania, served in the same brigade. Both were encamped with the troops at York.


The British, having been de- Victory at feated on the Niagara frontier and every battle at sea, a treaty New of peace was signed at Ghent, on Orleans. December 24, 1814. Meantime General Packenham had been sent by Wellington to the mouth of the Mississippi River with 12,000 British regu- lars, who had shown great courage at the battle of Waterloo. Packenham ascended the river and was defeated on January 8, 1815, by General Andrew Jackson. This great victory occurred fifteen days after


the treaty of peace had been signed be- tween the two countries. Neither the Americans nor the British who fought at New Orleans then knew of the treaty. General Packenham was killed, and the loss in killed and wounded in the British army was 2,600. The American loss was only eight killed and thirteen wounded. This victory made Andrew Jackson the greatest American soldier of his time.


Before leaving Baltimore to re- turn home, Captain Spangler, who


of commanded the York Volunteers


Praise. at Baltimore, received commenda- tions from his superior officers, in- cluding one from Major-General Smith, who commanded all the troops entrusted with the defense of Baltimore. These in- teresting documents read as follows :


Headquarters, Baltimore, September 20, 1814.


Captain Spangler and his company of volunteers from York, Penna., having honorably performed the tour of duty, for which they had offered their services, are hereby permitted to return to their homes. In taking leave of this gallant corps, the major-general com- manding had great pleasure in bearing testimony to the undaunted courage they displayed in the affair on the 12th inst., and in tendering them his thanks for the es- sential aid they contributed toward the defence of the city.


S. SMITH, Maj .- Gen. Commanding. Baltimore, September 20, 1814. To Captain Spangler :


Dear Sir-Hearing that you are about to depart from our city with your brave corps, I cannot do justice to my feelings without expressing the obligations I am under, to you and to them, for the promptness with which you uniformly executed my orders, and the cool and manly conduct manifested by the officers and men under your command during the action with the enemy on the 12th inst. May you all return in health to the bosoms of your families, and long enjoy happi- ness uninterrupted.


I am, sir, with sentiments of sincere respect, your friend and humble servant,


R. K. HEATH, First Major, Fifth Regiment.


REGIMENTAL ORDERS-FIFTH REGIMENT.


Baltimore, September 20, 1814.


Captain Spangler's company of York Volunteers having permission to return to their respective homes, the lieutenant-colonel cannot permit them to depart without thanking them for their soldier-like and orderly conduct. The few days they were attached to the Fifth Regiment was a momentous period of trial. They not only had to face the dangers of battle but to bear the inclemencies of weather, and suffer all the incon- veniences of fatigue, watching and hunger, to which the soldier is liable in the hour of alarm. These were met and borne by them with manly fortitude, which does them honor and entitles them to the gratitude of Balti- more, and particularly to the friendship and esteem of the officers and men of the Fifth Regiment, which are thus publicly and cheerfully accorded to them.


346


HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA


In 1816, Captain Michael Spangler was elected colonel of the Ninety-fourth Penn- sylvania Regiment, composed of militia from York County. He drilled this com- mand for several years and became some- what noted for his knowledge of tactics. Later he was commissioned brigade in- spector of York County, which position he held until his death at York, September 7, 1834, at the age of 43. The following is a complete muster roll of his company, which took part in the battle of North Point :


Hugh McAlear,


Charles Stroman,


John Fisher,


James Dugan,


Jacob Gertner, George Laub,


Enoch Thompson,


William Nes,


David Hoffart,


Aaron Holt,


Dennis Kearney,


John Giesey, Andrew Kauffman.


Muster roll of the Hanover Volunteers, commanded by Captain Frederick Metz- gar:


Captain, Frederick Metzgar.


First Lieutenant, Henry Wirt.


Second Lieutenant, George Immel. Ensign, George Eyler. Sergeants, David Shultz. Benjamin Welsh, George Stauter, Henry Melsheimer.


Corporals,


John Rider,


John Hay,


David Wilson,


Privates,


John Kuntz,


Apple, Philip,


Hawks, Samuel,


Bargelt. John,


Jarvis, Thomas,


Beck, Tobias,


Kuhn, Samuel,


Charles Kurtz,


Buvinger, Leonard,


Klein, Henry,


Daniel Updegraff,


Bange, John,


Myers, John,


Joseph Schall,


Bange, Henry,


Morningstar, George, Melsheimer, William,


Cramer, Jacob,


Myers, George,


Peter Lanius,


Charles Stuck, Daniel Heckert, J. W. Altemus, Jacob Sheffer,


John Sinn,


Himes, Samuel,


Stair, Daniel,


Hilt, Jacob, Shorb, Anthony,


Hostetter, Jacob,


Stock, Henry,


Lorn, Jesse, Wagner, Jacob,


Hass, Christian,


Weigle, John,


Houck, L.,


Storm, David.


Jacob Wiesenthal,


James S. Connelly,


Jacob Frey, Jacob Rupp,


hugh Stewart,


Frederick Witz,


Henry Sleeger, Hugh Ingram, Peter Siers,


Frederick Kercher,


Thomas Thompson,


John Brickel,


Jacob Reisinger,


Chester Smith,


Thomas Miller,


George Beard,


William Burns,


George Ilgenfritz,


E. W. Murphy, Abraham Keller,


Michael Miller,


Henry Wolf, Jacob Herbst, David Kauffman,


Christian Elsbach, Joseph Goodyear, Joseph Kerr,


John Devine,


George Reisinger, H. McAlear, Sr., G. M. Leitner, George Brickel,


Anthony T. Burns, Daniel Coyle, John McAnulty,


Jacob Stoehr,


Henry Mundorff, William Warson, Richard Coody,


John Tayler, Jacob Levan, Peter O'Conner, Peter Grimes,


Dines, John,


Michael, John,


Douglass, John,


Richard, Edward,


Jacob Lehman,


Jacob Glessner,


G. W. Spangler,


Robert Pierson,


Daniel Baumgardner,


Emanuel Raab,


Hoffman, William,


According to the orders of the Governor of Pennsylvania, one regiment of troops rendezvoused at Hanover, when Baltimore was threatened by the British. Vol. XII, 2d Series, Penna. Archives, contains the following in reference to a company com- posed of men residing in Hanover and vicinity :


Receipt roll of a company of militia, com- manded by Captain George Frysinger, of the Third Regiment, First Brigade, per- forming a tour of duty under the command of Colonel Lefever, who rendezvoused at Hanover, under the general order of the Governor, dated October 15 and 22, 1814. Commencement of service, November I; expiration of service, December 5:


Captain, M. H. Spangler. First Lieutenant, Jacob Barnitz. Second Lieutenant, John McCurdy. Ensign, G. F. Doll. Musicians, J. A. Leitner, Daniel Small,


G. P. Kurtz. Sergeants,


George Hoke,


Joseph Morris,


David Little.


Adam King. Corporals,


Blintzinger, David,


Michael Hahn. Privates, Joseph McKonniken, Walter Bull,


David Trimble, Jacob Lottman,' James Gibson,


Grafton Duvall,


George Dunn, John McClean, Samuel Hays, Jacob Noell,


George Holter,


Hugh McCosker,


Peter Cooker, John Byron,


WAR OF 1812


347


Captain,


September 1, 1814, when last mustered, to December 4, 1814:


Captain, Thomas Shriver.


First Lieutenant, Israel Gartner.


Second Lieutenant, Henry Boyer. Ensign,


Hostetter, Daniel,


Little, Daniel,


Marris, Joseph,


WVilnight, John,


Craver, George. Corporals, Eiler, Jacob,


Cooper, Matthew,


Harris, William,


Slentz, Jacob,


Morningstar, George,


Crilly, Andrew.


Musician, Haus, Christian.


Privates,


Adelsperger, Michael,


Miller, Joseph,


Althoff, John,


Moul, Henry,


Burkert, Lewis,


Moul, Peter,


Bare, Michael,


Miller, Samuel,


Baughman, Henry,


Miller, Joseph, Jr.,


Bare, Henry,


Michael, John,


Drummer,


Baugher, John, weaver,


Miller, John,


George Schlusser.


Brown, Jacob,


Nonemaker, Henry,


Fifer,


Bart, Jacob,


Nonemaker, Jacob,


Henry Rentz.


Baugher, John,


Rose, Samuel,


Privates,


Crous, John,


Riter, Anthony,


Jack Brown,


Michael McKinney,


Chambers, John,


Reichard, John,


George Conn,


George McIntire,


Dellinger, Daniel,


Reineman, John,


David Clingman,


Jeremiah Mclaughlin,


Doll, Jacob, Emick, Peter,


Reinhart, Jacob,


Philip Deitsh,


Abraham Norris,


Eilen, John,


Rutter, Thomas,


John Enerst,


William Neiuffer,


Elickinger, Samuel, File, Jacob,


Sipple, James,


Christian Enerst,


William Peters,


Flone, Jacob,


Stoddard, Solomon,


Charles Eichelberger,


David Reisinger,


Fisher, Henry,


Shild, Adam,


Jacob Fry,


James Renshaw,


Gray, Isaiah,


Shild, Jacob,


Daniel Ford,


William Shroeder,


Gees, John,


Swartz, Peter,


J. Morris Gartner,


Peter Shreibich,


Hays, William,


Snyder, William,


John Heindle,


Frederick Sloterbeck,


Haus, George,


Smith, Samuel,


Nicholas Huber,


George Sheffer,


Holtz, Abraham,


Stigers, Joseph,


Jacob Haldeman,


Charles Smith,


Herman, Joseph,


Stephy, Henry,


Jeremiah Hess,


John Stump,


Hickman, Henry,


Stegner, Valentine,


Christopher Irwin,


Joseph Taylor,


Hensel, George,


Tarman, Jacob,


Elisha Jacoby,


Samuel Whiteford,


Hacknay, Thomas,


Troesler, Jacob,


Jacob Krone,


George Wotery,


Henystophel, George,


Unger, Adam,


Henry Klinefelter,


Philip Ziegler,


Unger, George,


Frederick Kaler,


John Ziegler,


John Kuch,


Charles Blackbey


Jackson, Abraham,


Weitnight, Joseph,


Kanney. Alexander,


Waggoner, Jacob,


Kraft, Michael,


Werking, George,


Lang, John,


Weeke, Francis,


Lohn, Jacob,


Willet, George,


McWilliams, Charles,


Young, Frederick.


The following is the muster roll of a com- pany of riflemen from York in the actual service of the United States under the com- mand of Colonel William Hamilton in the Second Brigade, Pennsylvania Militia, com- manded by Captain Thomas Shriver, from


The following is the muster roll of a com- pany of volunteer riflemen from the lower part of York County under the command of Captain William Allison, of the detachment of militia in the service of the United States, commanded by Major John Shauck, from November 7, 1814, when ordered out, to November 22, 1814, when discharged:


-


-


(servant),


Christian Miller,


William Blackbey


Henry Miller,


(servant).


John A. McCurtin,


Jacob Brown,


John Owing.


Quartermaster Sergeants,


Corporals,


John Miller,


Jacob Krone,


William Shroder,


Samuel Whiteford,


Christian Miller,


Charles Eichelberger, John Enerst.


Bloser, Peter,


Noll, George,


Riffle, George,


Thomas Corbin,


Abraham Mann,


Serf, Abraham,


Henry Enerst,


John Owings,


Hamilton, John, Horn, Jesse, Irwin, William,


Unger, John,


Welply, David,


Jacob Koch,


Jacob Koch,


Peter All.


Joshua Small. Sergeants,


Joseph Renshaw,


John M. Gartner,


Jacob Gortman,


Charles Smith,


George Frysinger. First Lieutenant, William Gitt. Second Lieutenant, Kiefer, Jacob. Ensign, Whillery, William. Sergeants,


348


HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA


Captain,


William Allison.


First Lieutenant, James Edie.


Second Lieutenant, James Wallace. Ensign,


James Hayes. Sergeants,


Thomas McAlister,


John Smith,


James Collins,


John McPherson. Corporals,


Robert Hyson,


John Smith, Peter Werkener,


Robert Bell. Musician,


Christopher Smith.


Privates,


Andrew Arnott,


Thomas Montgomery,


John Anderson,


John Morrison,


James Anderson,


David McLanghlin,


David Anderson, Andrew Brown,


Samuel Mclaughlin,


Andrew Bennet, William Blair,


John Miller,


John Bortner,


John McAllister,


Jacob Bortner,


Robert McGaw,


Robert Criswell, Abraham Corbin.


George Morrison,


Samnel Miller.


Jonathan Duncan,


James Patterson,


John Falkener, Andrew Proudfoot,


David Genamel,


Samuel Roy,


Joseph Gemmel,


William Smith,


George Gemmel,


Peter Stewart, .


William Honigan,


John Silk,


David Hyson,


Windle Trout,


John Heckman,


Joseph Wilson,


James Johnson,


William Wallace,


John Leite,


Andrew Walter.


Notes of


At the opening of the war of 1812, two military companies of


Interest. Virginia arrived in York and en- camped on the Public Common for several days before they took up their march for Canada.


The York Armory, during the War of 1812, was kept in the dwelling house of John Bittner, on Market Street. The gun- smiths were Michael Edwards, Henry Pickel, Martin Frey, Jacob Doll, Philip Heckert. Jacob Letter, Ignatius Lightner and Frederick Zorger. These men worked under Jacob Welshans as chief gunsmith, and made large numbers of rifles used by the state militia in the second war with England. They were made under the direc- tion of Archibald Steele Jordan, of Hope- well Township, then brigade inspector of the militia of York County.


George Shetter, at his shops on North George Street, made a number of cannon


cartridges used by the government in the same war.


A company of militia from Hopewell Township, in which Robert McDonald served as lieutenant, marched to the de- fense of Baltimore.


Lieutenant Jacob Barnitz, who served as lieutenant in Captain Michael Spangler's Company of York Volunteers, at the battle of North Point, carried the sword owned by Colonel David Grier, in the Revolution. Lieutenant Barnitz held various positions in the state militia and in 1842 was ap- pointed by Governor David Porter, major- general of the Fifth Division, composed of the militia of York and Adams Counties.


General Henry Miller and Major John Clark, whose biographies appear on pages 202 and 205, took a conspicuous part in the defence of Baltimore.


General William Reed was an officer in the Third Battalion of York County militia during the Revolution. He was chosen a member of the convention which framed the second constitution of Pennsylvania, in 1790; became brigade inspector of York County militia, April 25, 1800, and member of the State Senate from 1800 to 1804; ap- pointed adjutant-general of the State of Pennsylvania, August 4, 18II, took sick and suddenly died, June 15, 1813, at New Alexandria, Westmoreland County, Penn- sylvania. while organizing the state militia during the war of 1812-15. His remains were buried near Fairfield, Adams County.


Archibald Steele Jordan, of Hopewell Township, was brigade inspector of York County during the war of 1812, and served in that position for a period of twelve years. He called out the county militia for the de- fense of Baltimore in 1814, and ordered them to rendezvous with the other Penn- sylvania militia in York to await the call of the President and the Governor of Pennsylvania. During the time the county militia was in service he also acted as pay- master. He was married early in life to Miss Turner and had fourteen children, some of whose descendants now reside in the lower part of York County.


When the British attacked


Star


Baltimore, in 1814, Francis


Spangled Scott Key was practicing law in Banner. Washington, where he had gained a reputation as a poetical


William Collins,


William Morrison,


Samuel Martin,


Andrew Morton,


349


MEXICAN WAR


writer. He was a native of Frederick and Mexico. A few years before, Texas County, Maryland, where he was born in had declared herself independent of Mexico and organized a republican form of govern- ment. After her annexation a dispute arose between Mexico and Texas about the boundary line. Texas claimed that her ter- ritory extended to the Rio Grande River, while Mexico insisted that the Nueces River was the true division line. President Polk sent an envoy to Mexico, but that government refused him a hearing. 1780. Hearing that his friend, Dr. William Beanes, of Marlboro, Maryland, was held as a prisoner on board the British fleet, Key resolved to secure his release. Presi- dent Madison placed a small vessel at his service. With a flag of truce, he joined the British fleet on the Chesapeake as it was nearing Baltimore. When he made his ap- peal to General Ross, the latter consented to release Dr. Beanes, but stated that Key Meanwhile General Zachary Taylor, with a small body of troops, had been ordered to Corpus Christi, on the borders of the dis- puted territory, and a little later to advance to Fort Brown, on the Rio Grande. The Mexicans naturally looked upon this as an invasion of their country and ordered a body of troops across the river. Soon after followed the battles of Palo Alto and Re- saca de la Palma in which the Americans were victorious and the Mexican War was begun. This was April 24, 1846. Polk sent a message to Congress, in which he said, "War exists, notwithstanding all our efforts to avoid it-exists by the act of Mexico herself. Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil." should be detained during the attack on Baltimore. He was transferred to a vessel commanded by Sir Thomas Cockburn, son of the Admiral. When the bombardment of Fort McHenry opened, Key was returned to his own vessel, from whence he wit- nessed the engagement. It was during the awe-inspiring scenes of the bombardment that Francis Scott Key wrote the "Star Spangled Banner," which has since been recognized as a national air of America. On arriving in Baltimore he finished the lines which he had hastily written on the back of a letter, and gave them to Captain Benjamin Eades, of the Twenty-seventh Baltimore Regiment, who had participated in the battle of North Point. Seizing a copy from the press, Eades hastened to the old tavern next to the Holloday Street Theatre, where the actors were accustomed to assemble. The verses were at first read aloud by the printer, and then, in answer to a call from the crowd, Ferdinand Durang mounted a chair and sang them for the first time. Soon afterward they were familiar throughout the United States.


Mrs. Elliott, wife of Commodore Elliott. who was second in command under Perry at the battle of Lake Erie, resided in York for a period of nearly thirty years. Her husband died in 1845 and she survived him until 1875.


CHAPTER XXII MEXICAN WAR.


Call for Troops-Pennsylvania Regiments -Taylor's Victories-Scott's March to Mexico-York County Soldiers.


The annexation of Texas, in 1845, re- sulted in a war between the United States


Congress responded to the President's message by declaring that war existed "by the act of Mexico," and authorized a call for 50,000 volunteers, and appropriated $10,- 000,000 to meet the expenses. From most of the country excepting the New England States, the call for volunteers was answered with promptness.


Immediately after President Polk had is- sued a proclamation announcing that the United States had declared war against Mexico, the military spirit of the people of the borough and county of York was again aroused as it had been during previous wars. Two volunteer companies in the borough were then under excellent drill and discipline. These were the Washington Artillerists commanded by Captain Robert Bruce, and the York Rifles, by Captain George Hay. The York companies, and the United Blues of Hanover, Captain A. W. Eichelberger, and the Carroll Guards of Dillsburg, Captain Totten, offered their services to the United States government. This occurred in May, 1846.


350


HISTORY OF YORK COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA


There was no call for troops from Call for Troops. Pennsylvania until November 16 of that year, when President Polk asked for one regiment from this state. In response to the call, Governor Shunk ordered the uniformed military com- panies of the state to rendezvous at Pitts- burg. In a short time fourteen companies proceeded to that city. Only ten could be accepted to form a regiment. Six of these came from Philadelphia, two from Pitts- burg, one from Pottsville and one from Victories. Wilkes-Barre. Although the York County companies were not accepted in a body. nine young men from York joined the Mon- roe Guards, one of the Philadelphia com-


panies. The names of these men were Thomas A. Ziegle, who was made a ser- geant; Peter Ahl, Jr., Daniel Craver, Al- bertus Welsh, Jacob Danner, Samuel Stair, William Eurich and Robert Patterson. Edward Haviland, afterward a well known architect of York, and R. M. Russell of Hanover, who during the Civil War became lieutenant-colonel of the Ninth Pennsylva- nia Cavalry, also served in this regiment.


The ten companies which rendezvoused at Pittsburg


Pennsylvania Regiments. were organized into the First Pennsylvania Regi- ment on December 15, 1846, with Francis' M. Wyncoop, colonel; Samuel Black, lieu- tenant-colonel. The regiment soon after proceeded to the front and joined the army under General Scott at Vera Cruz, before he began his triumphant march to the Mexican capital.


The first call for troops from Pennsyl- March to vania was answered by enough military companies to form six regiments. Only one regiment was wanted from Pennsyl- vania at that time. Late in December, 1846, the president asked for another regi- ment from this state. Pittsburg had been the place of rendezvous for a large part of the American troops in the War of 1812. At the same city, the Pennsylvania regi- ments which went to Mexico, were organ- ized.


January 5, 1847, the Second Pennsylvania Regiment was mustered into the service. The companies forming this regiment came from different parts of the State. Company C, known as the Cameron Guards, had been organized at Harrisburg, by Captain Wil-


liam A. Small. There were a number of York County men enlisted in this company, including Samuel Roller, Jacob Snyder and John Walters. Immediately after its or- ganization was completed, the Second Regi- ment, under command of Colonel Roberts, left Pittsburg for New Orleans, going there by steamboat down the Ohio and Missis- sippi rivers.


The troops encamped on the


Taylor's historic battlefield where the American Army under General Jackson defeated the British forces on the 8th of January, 1815. The regiment had a stormy passage across the Gulf of Mexico, landed at Vera Cruz, reach- ing there on the evening of the capture and surrender of the fortress, March 29, 1847. General Taylor, commanding the army in the northern part of Mexico, had already triumphed over the enemy in four import- ant battles.


The government had now determined that an army of about 20,000 men should march from Vera Cruz, through the valley and over the mountains to the city of Mex- ico. There was one great difficulty to sur- mount. Many of the American troops could not endure the climate and as a result of this a large number took sick. Some of them died in hospitals of fever, while others took the smallpox. Early in the year 1847, the two Pennsylvania regiments were placed in the Second Division, commanded by General Worth.


General Taylor, having con-


Scott's quered the Mexicans along the Rio Grande River, a portion of Mexico. his army was now sent to Gen- eral Scott. On March 29, five thousand Mexican troops surrendered to General Scott at Vera Cruz, and on April 8, he began his march toward the Mexican capital. On the 18th of April, he defeated Santa Anna, commanding an army of 12,- 000 men, at the mountain pass of Cerro Gordo, capturing five generals, 3,000 men, 4,500 stands of arms, and 43 cannon, and killing and wounding more than 1,000 men, with a loss of less than 500 out of 8,500 Americans engaged in the battle. Scott




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