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9. What other states soon followed South Carolina's example?
ro. What city was made the capital of the confederacy ? How long did the war last? When and where did the last confederate troops sur- render ?
If. What is said of the efforts of the southern states to continue peace- ful relations with the United States ?
12. What instructions were given General Beauregard? What did he do? Was his request complied with ? What was the result?
13. What is said of the Star of the West?
14. How many men had Beauregard at this time ?
15. What state now because the seat, of war ? When was Hilton Heal captured ? Where is it ?
16. When and where was the regular confederate government inaugu-
rated ? Name the president and vice-president.
1 ;. What South Carolinian commanded at the battle of Bethel ?
CHAPTER XLV.
BATTLE OF MANASSAS, OR BULL RUN. PROGRESS OF THE WAR.
1. The first great battle of the war in which South Caro- lina troops were engaged was that of Mmawas Junction, or Bull Run. as it is otherwise known. The confederate forces amounted to about 30,000 men, commanded by Generals Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston. and the federals to about twice that nuraber under the command of General Irwin McDowell.
2. The federals were defeated with great loss. In fact. they were completely routed, losing between four and five thousand men killed, wounded, and missing: also, 25 pieces of artillery, 5,000 muskets, with a large amount of army stores. The Bd South Carolina regimert was in this battle. This regiment was composed mostly of men from Newberry county,
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HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
and was at that time commanded by J. H. Williams. colonel with James M. Baxter second in command.
3. On October 2. 1861, the confederates gained a victory at Lvesburg, Virginia, where they were commanded by Gen. eral N. G. Evans. of south Carolina. On November 7 the federals captured the forts at Port Royal. S. C. The battie of Dranesville was fought also during this year. These were the principal engagements during the year 1561, in which South Carolinans were engaged.
4. Milledge L. Bonham, who had done good service as brigadier general. was elected governor in December. 1862. to serve the years 1568 and 1864. While he was governor the war continued in Virginia and the west. All the ports of the state were strictly blockaded and the only commerce il people had with foreign countries was by running the block- ade. Some persons were quite successful in this and accu- mulated money by their enterprise.
5. In 1562, military operations were very active and many battles were fought in which South Carolina troops were engaged. These were Seven Pines. Mechanicsville, Cold Harbor, Savage's Station. Fraser's Farm. Malvern Hill. Cedar Mountain, Second Manassas. Ox Hill, South Mountain. Har per's Ferry, Sharpsburg, and Fredericksburg. in Virginia and Maryland. aod Shiloh in the west. A long list. truly. for one year's operations! Many brave men and officers were killed during the year, besides many others wounded and disabled. In one brigade alone the loss was not less than 350, and all others engaged suffered in like proportion. By comparing losses, company with company, it is found that they all suffered very nearly equally in killed and wounded.
6. The number of deaths of soldiers in the confederate service, from all causes, was about one third of the total number enlisted. South Carolina sent about 45.000 to the field, besides several thousand state troops, reserves, old men
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PROGRESS OF THE WAR.
and loys. towards the close of the war. Assuming the pro- portion giren above to be correct. not less than 15,000 were killed and died. besides many crippled and disabled for- ments of meu.
7. The Kentucky campaign, under Geceral Bragg, is full of thrilling interest; the invasion of Maryland and Pennsyl- vania by the Confederate armies. under General Le: the fights at Gettysburg and Sharpsburg, give many instances of heroic daring not excelled by any troops in the world.
S. Nearly all the fighting done by South Carolinions was done in the other parts of the Confederacy, and in Pennsyl- vania and Maryland, as this state was not the theatre of the war till near the close. with the exception of the heroic defence of Fort Sumter and other fighting on the coast.
9. In the year 1563 was fought the battle of Chancellors- ville, in which "Stonewall" Jackson was killed, by a volley fireI from a picket line of his own men. why misto k him for one of the enemy. To the same year was fought the battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvanie. The first confederate banner raised in Gettysburg was that of the 4th South Caro- lina regiment. After Gettysburg. battles were fonght at Hagerstown. Maryland, and Falling Waters, as the army was falling back into Virginia. It ought never to have gone into Pennsylvania. It was wasting the strength of the Coufed- pracy. These were the principal battles in the north during the year 1863. In the west were fought the battles of Rich- mond and Perryville. in Kentucky. in the year 1562, during Bragg's invasion of that state.
10. The terrible battle of Murfreesboro. Tennessee, was fought on the last day of the year 1862. It was, perhaps the most desperate and bloody contest during the whole war; more deally, even, than the fatal charges et Gott share and Malvern Hill. The loss of the edufederated in killed and wounded is estimated at 10mm; that of the federals at 11,000. The battle lastest for two day -.
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HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
11. The battle of Chickamauga was fought in September. 1563. by the army of the west. In this army till the close of the war were three regiments from South Carolina-the 10th, 19th. and 24th. These three regiments took part in the Kentucky campaign, the fights at Richmond and Perry . ville. in that state, Murfreesboro and Chickamauga, under Bragg, and in the glorious and disastrous campaigns under Joseph E. Johnston and J. B. Hood until the close of the wFar.
12. The terrible and disastrous fight at Missionary Ridge occurred November 25. 1863, in which Bragg's army was beaten and routed with great loss. The 10th. 19th. and 24tL. South Carolina Volunteers, were in this battle. Other South Carolina regiments were in the great fight at Chickamauga but these had been sent against Knoxville. The assault on that place. November 25, was unsuccessful. They then pascal through East Tennessee into Virginia. back to the scenes of their old battle fields.
QUESTIONS. - I. Give the names of the commanders on both sides an. 1 the number of men under them in the battle of Bull Run.
2. Give the result of the battle. What South Carolina troops took part in this battle ?
3. What were the principal engagements during the year 1861 in which South Carolina troops were engaged ?
1 4. Who now became governor? What was the condition of affairs now? What can you say of the blockade running ?
5. In what battles were the South Carolina troops engaged during 1862?
6. What proportion did the number of deaths from all causes bear to the total number of soldiers enlisted ?
7. What can you say of the Kentucky and Pennsylvania campaigns?
S. Where dil the South Carolina troops do most of their fighting ?
9. What can you say of the death of "Stonewall" Jackson ?
10. What can you say of the battle of Murfreesboro? Give the list on both sides.
rt. What South Carolina troops took part in the battle of Chickamat .
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EMANCIPATION.
ga? When was this battle fought? In what other battles and campaigns were these South Carolina troops engaged ?
12. What is said of the battle of Missionary Ridge >
CHAPTER XLVI
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
1. On January 1. 1>63, President Lincoln issued his Eman- cipation Proelmaation, declaring all slaves, in the states at that time in rebellion against the United States. free. This proclamation is one of the most important papers ever written and one of the most important documents ever issued from any department of the United States government.
2. On September 20, 1982. the president bad issued his preliminary proclamation, declaring that he would, unless the states and parts of states then in rebellion should lay down their arms tofore January 1. 1SGB. on that day issue a proc- lanation declaring the slaves in such states and parts of states free unconditionally.
3. In the preliminary proclamation of September 22, it is said, "and the executive government of the United States. in- cluding the military and naval arthorities thereof. will recog. nize and maintain the freedom of such persons. and will do no act or acts to repress such person or persons, or any of them, in any oforts they may make for their actual free- dom." In all civilized countries in all ages of the world it has been considered a crime to incite or excite servile insul- rections. And one of the reasons urged by our fathers of the Revolution for the Declaration of Independence by the then colonies against the king was: "He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indinu savages. whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished de-truc- ton of all ages, seses, and conditions."
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HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
4. Whether Mr. Lincoln so meant it or not, cannot now be said, but this Emancipation Proclamation can hardly be read with any cther understanding than that it was a direct call upon the slaves to assert and maintain their freedom, by any means in their power, even by the indiscriminate slaughter of helpless women and children. if they felt it necessary. And the military and naval authorities are enjoined to "recog- nize the freedom of such persons, and to do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them. in any etforts they may make for their actual freedom."
5. Then again, towards the close of the proclamation. he says: "And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice. warranted by the constitution, upon military necessity. I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind und the gra- cious favor of Almighty God." Please notice that this proc- lamation, or its author, does not seem to care for the freedom of the slave, except in so far as the assertion of that freedom might be instrumental in suppressing the rebellion. Nor does it seem to care what horrors might attend its operation so the rebellion could be repressed. The freedom of the slave was entirely a secondary object. as all states and parts of states not in rebellion, even though they held slaves, were ox. pressly exempted from its operation.
6. Mr. Lincoln was a good men. but he was a fanatic on the subject of the Union: and he would willingly have seen this southern country made desolate. the inhabitants swept away, and all traces of their occupancy destroyed, so that the Union could be preserved. The Union was to him what Rome was to a true Roman, and he would have died gladly for its glory. His Union was not a Union of free and equa! states, such as Jefferson desired: but a Union of territory. one and indivisible.
7. Suppose the slaves all over the south fund asserted their - freedom and risen against their masters, a result naturally to
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PROGRESS OF THE WAR.
be expected from such a proclamation, the rebellion might indeed have been at an end, but it would have ended- in a universal massacre, not equaled by that of Hayti. Another consideration set the spal of condemnation to this pro lama- tion. It was issued after the confederate disasters at Antie- tam and elsewhere, when it was seen by astute observers that the fortunes of the Confederacy were beginning to wane. This was done advisedly. The time was chosen as opportune. S. During the summer of 1802. Mr. Lincoln "had read at a cabinet meeting a draft of a proclamation of emancipation. The secretary of state. Mr. Seward, though completely ap- proving of its character, thought the time inopportune, and that, instead of coming after disaster. it ought to come after . a victory. To this. on consideration. Lincoln agreed. The time for such a proclamation was not when Lee was in view of Washington and the expulsion of the national authorities from the capitol itself by no means an improbability.
9. "There was a day on which it seemed more likely that the Confederacy would dictate terms than have to submit to them - a day on which it would have been absurd, indeed. for the vanquished president to tell his antagonists, flushed with victors. that he was going to free their slaves. . I made " a solemn vow before God,' said Lincoln. subsequently. that if General Lee was driven back from Maryland. I would crown the result by a declaration of freedom to the slaves'
10. "The battle of Antietam was fought. and Loe. driven across the Potomac. retreated into Virginia on the night of September 19. The losses of the south in this sortie had been awful. Mourning was sitting in black at every southern fireside. And now Lincoln remembered the row he had made: . Whatever shall appear to be God's will, that will I do'" (Draper.)
11. Three days after this great southern disaster, when "mourning was sitting in black at every southern fireside."
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HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
Lincoln issued his preliminary proclamation of September 22. Mr. Lincoln cared nothing for the states as states. . His idea was that a state was formed from the union and was an in- tegral part of it, and could no more secede from it than a county could from a state. So holding, he thought Secession was absolute ruin. and that the whole structure would fall to pieces if any part was removed. Such error is fatal to re- publicanism and creates a despotism under democratic forms.
QUESTIONS,-1. When did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclama- tion ? What can you say of this paper ?
2. When was the preliminary proclamation issued, and what was it?
3. In the preliminary proclamation what instructions were given all executive oficers of the United States in regard to the slaves ?
4. What did this proclamation urge the slaves to do ?
5. Was the freedom of the slaves the prime object of the proclamation?
6. What were Lincoln's views as to the Union ?
7. What would have been the result if the slaves had acted as they were urged to do? What other consideration sets the seal of condemnna- tion on this proclamation ?
8. What did Sewant advise as to the time for issuing the proclamation? 9. What vow dit Lincoln make ?
10. After what reverse to the southern arms did Lincoln decide to issue the preliminary proclamation ?
TI. What were Lincoln's views as to the relation of the states to the United States ?
CHAPTER XLVII.
BOMBARDMENT OF CHARLESTON. WAR IN GEORGIA. WAR IN VIRGINIA.
1. On April 7. 1568, the blockading squadron. which had been re-enforced with some of the largest and best war vessels of the United States navy, opened fire upon Fort Sumter. Colonel Alfred Right at that time had command of the Con- federate forer in the fort. The Federal squadron was commanded by Admiral Dahlgren. The bombardment was
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BOMBARDMENT OF CHARLESTON.
continued for a long time, nearly two years, and though the walls of the fort were knocked to pieces, yet it was never captured. Sometimes the assailing, storming parties were benton of by brickbats, part of the ruins of the fort.
2. In the meantime, during the sunner of 1803, the federal Innd forces. under Gilmore. fortifiel Folly Island and crossed the inlet to Morris Island, and from that point assailed Forts Wagner and Greys, which were held by the confederates upon the part of Morris Iland marest Fort Sumter. These forts. after an luvestment of nearly two months. wore evacu- ated on September 7, and immediately occupied by the Federals.
3. On August 21. 1583. the bombardment of the city of Charleston was begun. This was done in the hope that the destruction of the city would compel the surrender of Fort Sumter. Certainly it could effect nothing else other than the destruction of private property, the killing of women and children. and other non-combatants. The bombardment contin- ued for neails tor years; until. in fact. the state was invaded by Sherman by way of Savannah, when the fort and the city were abandoned by the confederate troops, as it was vain to try to hold hem longer. After this abandonment the war was soon ended.
4. The war continued during the year 18644 with unabated fury. General Joseph E. Johnston was at Dalton. Ga. in command of the confederate army numbering, at a grand review held in March, about $8,000. while Sherman. his oppo- nent. had near 150,000.
5. The two regiments from South Carolina. the 10th and the 19th. were in all. or nearly all. the battles and engage- ments in which that army was engaged during that year. and sometimes met with very heavy loss, as at Atlanta. Cia, and Franklin. Team. General Johnston was so far outnumbered that it was impossible for him to prevent his opponent from
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HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
turning his right or left flank, which ever might be easier at the time.
6. But though compelled to fall back almost every day, yet he fell back in continued good order, and his losses were never great, either in men or material. Whenever he fought he never failed to punish his enemy severely. In truth the retreat from Dalton to Atlanta is one of the ablest conducted on record, and. notwithstanding the glory that surrounds the name of Lee, and always will surround it, yet, in the opinion of this writer, Joseph E. Johnston was the greatest general that the war produced on either side.
7. Johnston remained at Dalton in front of Sherman until about May 9. On the 14th he was at Resaca. where a severe conflict ensued. Sherman turned his flank. and on May .. 25, 26, and 27, in the neighborhood of New Hope church near Dalton, severe conflicts ensued. At Kennesaw Mountain. on June 27. Sherman made two desperate assaults upon Johnston's position, but was repulsed with great slaughter.
S. Sherman again swung round the confederate forces, but Johuston, without farther loss, was within his fortifications at Atlanta on July 9. In all these conflicts. Resaca, New Hope church, Kennesaw Mountain. the 10th and 19th South Caro- lina regiments did their duty and suffured some loss. John ston's loss from Dalton to Atlanta was not more than 5,000. while Sherman's was fully ten times that number.
9. On July 17, 1864. Johnston was removed from command and General John B. Hood put in his place. This was a great, a fatal error. The army had entire confidence in John- ston's skill and courage. They knew that he would tight when he thought he could gain by it. and they believed that ke knew when to fight. Hood's bravery was undoubted, but his skill was not equal to the command of a great army with such an opponent.
10. On July 26 and 27, were fought the great battles of
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PRORGESS OF THE WAR
Atlanta, in which General Hood with unequal forces assailed the works of Sherman. and in the two battles suffered a loss of about 8,000 without doing any serious damage to his enemy. Affor these battles Hood remained at Atlanta just one month, leaving that place on the last day of Angust. retiring towards Newnan. Sherman entered and took posses- sion on September 2.
11. Hood on September 25 began his famous Tennessee campaign with a crippled army, in all not more than 35,000 men. He crossed the Tennessee river in North Alabama and entered Tennessee about November S. On the 30th, he fought the battle of Franklin, in which he defeated the enemy. though with great loss to himself. This has been mentioned as the costliest victory of the war. .
12. He fought at Nashville on December 15 and 16. In these battles he was badly beaten and his army was almost utterly ruined. Only shattered remnants were left. In this campaign into Tennessee and in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, the Carolina regiments, whose fortaues we are fol- lowing, suffered their full proportoin of losses in killed and wounded.
13. On July 17, 1864, General Hool was placed in com- mand of a well equipped and efective army of 45(1) men. By the close of the year it was ruined. His Tennessee cam. paign opened the way for Sheman to Savannal. It was playing into his hands and the vary move he wanted. He entered the way laid open. swept with fire and -word, having waste a tract of country nearly 30 miles in width all the way to Savannah. On December 22, 1861, he was quartered in Savannah.
14. While these events were transpiring in Georgia and Tennessee, many important battles were fought in Virginia. General Grant was at the head of the fallen armies there. which numbered about 200,000, while General Los had about
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HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
60,000, with which he was required to hold in check and thwart the plans of an able general at the head of three times as many men. This he did successfully for some time. fighting Limi almost continuously from near the first of May to the middle of June.
15. The battles of the Wilderness were fought on May : and 6, and on the 12th that of Spottsylvania Court House. North Anna, and Cold Harbor. From May 12 to July 1 were fought the batties of Jericho Ford. Riddle's Shop, and on the Weldon railroad. From July 1 to August 16, the battles of Deep Bottom and Enssel's Mills.
16. In the battles from May 12 to the middle of June General Grant's "On to RichmonI" was completely foiled. and he was compelled. a: Mcclellan bal been before him, to seek a new base of operation on James river. Grant's losses in these engagements nearly equalled the whole or Lee's army. After these operations, some of which were north of James river. Grant having changed Lis plans, Lee returned to Peters- burg. After bis return from August 18, 1944, to January 1. 1800, were fought the battles of Reams Gration and James' Farm.
17. The year closed with the expedition to Jarrett's Station to prevent the Federais from tearing up and destroying the Weldon railroad, but they were too late, the mischief was already done. In all these difficulties, dangers, and battles, the regiments from South Carolina bore their full share of hardships and losses. The prospect for the success of the confederate cause was gloomy indeed at the close of the year 1SB1: Sherman in Savannah. Hood's army dissipated, and Lep with difficulty holding Richmond.
QUESTIONS -T. Who was in corun ind of the Mockading quadron At Fort Sumter? Who was in command of the fort? Give an account of the bombardment and its result.
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CLOSE OF THE WAR.
2. Who led the Federal land forces in their attack on forts Wagner and Gregg? What was the result of the attack ?
3. When did the bombardment of Charleston begin and how long did it continue? What was the purpose of the bombardment ?
1. Where was General Johnston at the beginning of the year 1864' How many men were there in Johuston's army ? How many in Sher- man's?
5. What regiments from South Carolina were with johnston's army ? What is said of the part they took in this campaign ?
6. What is said of the manner in which Johnston conducted his retreat?
7. What engagements took place between Johuston and Sherman dur- ing May and June: The result ?
S. What were the losses of the two armies in the retreat from Dalton to Atlanta ?
9. Who now superseded Johnston as commander of the confederate army ? What can you way of the wisdom of the change?
10. What is said of the battles of Atlanta? When did Sherman euter Atlanta ?
11. Give an account of the battle of Franklin.
12. What is said of the battle of Nashville ?
13. What is said of the manner in which Hood conducted the cam- paign of 1864 ?
14. Give the commanders and the strength of the Federal and Con- federate armies in Virginia.
15. What battles were fought by Lee's army during the summer ?
16. What success attended Grant's "On to Richmond" plan of cam- paign? Tell what you can of the engagements from August, 1864, to January, 1865.
17. What was the prospect for the south at the close of the year 1854 ?
CHAPTER XLVII.
1865. CLOSE OF WAR. LEE'S SURRENDER.
1. There is inserted here the observations and reflections of one who was an actor in the scenes and events of the war from its beginning to its elose; and who, in his history of McGowan's brigade, commanded by Samuel Metrowan, gives a very vivid and impartial account of the actions of that
HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
brigade. In a review of the situation at the close of ISS .. Mr. Caldwell says: "In the trans. Mississippi department the year IS64 had opened auspiciously for the confederate arms The only formidable force of the enemy there, had been de feated and demoralized by Kirby Smith, early in the sprin .. and there seemed for a time to be a fair prospect of the deliverance of that whole dopartment.
2. "But the expedition of Price to Missouri dragged through the summer and ended without anything being ac- complished. (the borders of the Mississippi were held as firmly as ever by the enemy, and finally the utter hopeless- ness of assistance from that 'half of the Confederacy was settled by the refusal (plainly implied if not spoken jat words of Smith's army to cross the Mississippi and re enforce Hood.
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