USA > Vermont > History of Vermont, natural, civil, and statistical, in three parts, with a new map of the state, and 200 engravings > Part 11
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* Genesis IV-20. t Genesis XtI-16.
55
QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.
CHAP. 2.
THE SHEEP.
THE SHEEP.
but a few years would elapse in the pur- suance of this policy, before we should be as prond to compare the American stock of cattle with the cattle of foreign coun- tries as we now are to compare the Amer- ican with foreign nations.
Upon lands which are uneven and rough, the farming operations are carried on to better advantage by oxen than by horses, and on this account large nnin- bers of oxen are kept for labor in Ver- mont, partienlarly in the central and east- ern parts; but cattle are here raised chiefly for the dairy and for market. No part of our country affords better grazing, and for the production of good beef cattle and good butter and cheese, Vermont may challenge comparison with almost any part of the world. According to the grand hst of the state in 1811, there were 31,130 oxen, and 154,669 cows. The num- ber of cattle ofevery description according to the returns of 1840, was as follows :
Addison, 39,718|Orange, 36,855
Hennington,
16,879 Orleans, 18,293
Caledonia ,
32,668|Rutland, 40,029
Chittenden,
24,142 Washington, 25,415
Essex, 6,837 |Windham,
42,661
Franklin,
26,965 Windsor,
51,663
Grand Isle, 5,463
Lamoille,
16,555l T'oal number, 384,341
GENUS OVIS .- Linnaeus.
Generic Characters .- Teeth 32-Incis- ors g, canines 0, grinders 5-8. Horns com- mon to both sexes, often wanting, particularly in the female ; thick, angular, wrinkled transversely, pale colored, turning laterally and spirally ; cars small ; legs slender ; hair of two kinds ; tail more or less short ; two inguinal mammæ.
THE SHEEP. Oris aries .- LINN.
In the 4th chapter of the book of Gen- esis we read that. Abel was a keeper of sheep ; from which it appears that this animal has existed in a state of domesti- cation from the very beginning of our race. And we learn fromn history that man has, in ahnost all ages of the world, depended upon the sheep for a very eon- siderable share of his food and clothing. In the Scriptures the sheep is frequently mentioned, and the lamb, which is the young of this animal, on account of its gentleness and meckness, was employed under the Mosaic dispensation to prefig- ure the meek and lowly Jesus-" the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the world."*
The sheep first introduced into this country by the European settlers, were of
a large, hardy, coarse woolled variety, and before the commencement of the present century very little pains had been taken to improve their quality or increase their numbers. The first fine woolled sheep in- trodneed were the Merinos, from Spain, in 1802. In that year Chancellor Liv- ingston imported a buck and two rwes in- to New York, and Col. D. Humphreys imported 200 sheep of this breed, and pla- ced them on his farm near New Haven, Ct. But these sheep attracted very little attention till the embargo of 1808 and the non-intercourse which followed it had cut off the accustomed supply of woollen goods from England. In 1809 and left nearly 400 Merinos were shipped to this country by the llon. Win. Jarvis, then American consul at Lisbon, and these, together with about 2,500 imported by others, were distributed over the greater part of the United States. A considera- ble number of the Merinos introduced in- to this country by Consul Jarvis were brought by him to Vermont, and placed upon his unrivalled farm in Weathers- field; and from the importations above mentioned nearly all the Merino sheep in the United States have been derived.
History informs us that Merino sheep existed in Spain as early as the days of Augustus Cæsar, and as the name signi- fies beyond sca, they were probably im- ported thither from some other country. In 1765, 100 Merino bucks and 200 ewes were transported from Spain into Saxony, and subsequently many more. In these Saxony Merinos the wool became much improved, and from this improved race importations have taken place into the United States, under the name of Saxony sheep. The first, consisting of only two or three bucks, were imported in 1823, by Col. James Shepherd, of Northampton, Mass. The two following years a consid- erable number of Saxony sheep were im- ported by the Messrs. Searles, of Boston, and the year 1826 witnessed the introduc- tion of no less than 2,500. From these and subsequent importations the Saxony sheep are now scattered into various parts of the country, and in many places crossed with the Merino and the coarse wooled sheep In Vermont they have been introduced into many towns, but are not very generally diffused over the state.
There are, probably, few countries in the world better adapted to the rearing of sheep than New England, and the soil and climate of the hills of Vermont seem to be peenliarly suited to that purpose. Experience has likewise shown that while the Merino and Saxony sheep thrive here in a remarkable manner, their wool suf-
* John 1: 29.
56
NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.
PART I.
DISEASES OF SHEEP.
STRUCTURE OF BIRDS.
fers no deterioration in quality, but with | be put on with a paint-brush, being care- snitable attention is rather improved. ful to apply it thoroughly to those parts of the feet which are most inflamed. For the scab the best remedy is to immerse the sheep, excepting the head, in a strong decoction of tobacco, serubbing thorough- ly the parts affected. The best time for doing this is immediately after shearing ; but it may be done any time during the season. For lambs the decoction should be weaker. For the bloat in sheep a great spoonful of castor oil mixed with a tea- spoonful of pulverized rhubarb may be given in about a gill of hot water. It may be poured down the sheep's throat with a great spoon. Sheep require an airy location, both in summer and winter. In summer they thrive much better in elevated, dry pas- tures than on low, moist lands. In win- ter they should be yarded from the last of November till the latter part of April, but should never be crannned, in large num- bers, into small or tight enclosures. They should be salted weekly both in summer and winter, and at all seasons have free access to pure water. The best season for lambing is thought to be from the 1st to the 10th of May. The daily allowance of food per head for sheep in winter should be 3 lbs. of hay, or 2 lbs. of hay and half a pint of oat meal, or other food equivalent.
Sheep are subject to several diseases, the most common and fatal of which are the foot-rot and scab. The most approved remedy for the former consists of 3 parts of blue vitriol and 1 of verdigris pulver- ized as fine as Indian meal and mixed with a sufficient quantity of sharp vine- gar to make it as thick as milk. The vinegar should be nearly as hot as boiling water when poured upon the other ingre- dients, and the mixture should be stirred briskly while hot. This mixture may
From 1830 to 1837 wool met with a ready sale, and commanded a high price, in consequence of which the farmers of Vermont, during that period, devoted their chief attention to the production of wool, and the flocks of sheep, in most parts of the state, were increased many fold. The whole number of sheep in the several counties, in 1840, was as follows :
Addison,
261,010 | Orange,
156,053
Bennington,
101,721
Orleans,
46,669
Caledonia,
100,886
Rutland, 271,727
Chittenden,
110,774
Washington,
110,872
Essex,
14,188
Windhans,
114,336
Franklin,
87,325
Windsor, 23-1,826
Grand Isle,
27,51
Lamoillo,
40,920 | Total number, 1,681 818
CHAPTER III.
BIRDS OF VERMONT.
Preliminary Observations.
Birds are organized for flight ; have a double respiratory and circulating sys- tem, and produce their young by eggs. They are distinguished from all other ver- tebrated animals by being clothed with feathers. Their whole structure is adap- ted for flying. Their bones are hard and hollow, which give them at the same the lightness and strength. Their lungs are attached to their ribs, and are com- posed of membranes penetrated by orifi- ces, which permit a free passage of the air into almost all parts of the body. Birds have long necks, and bills compo- sed of horny substance, but they are al- ways destitute of teeth. Their organ of smell is situated at the base of the bill, and is generally hid by the feathers. Their
tongne is principally cartilaginous, and their taste probably imperfect. Their eyes are so constructed that their sight is very acute, whether the object be near or dis- tant. In addition to the eye-lids, they have a membranons curtain to cover and protect the eye. Birds which fly by day have no external ear, but owls, or such as fly by night, have one, but it is not so much developed as in quadrupeds. The brain of birds is remarkably large. Their wind-pipe consists of entire rings, and, at the lower end, where it branches off to the Inngs, it is furnished with a glottis This is called the lower larynx, and with this the voice of birds is produced, which has great compass, owing to the large vol- nme of air contained in the air vessels.
Most birds undergo two moults annual-
·
57
BIRDS OF VERMONT.
CHAP. 3.
ORDERS OF MIRDS.
GENERA AND SPECIES.
ly. In some species the winter plumage differs considerably from that of the sum- mer ; and the male and female also vary in color in many species. The digestion of birds is rapid in proportion to the ae- tivity of their life and the force of their respiration. Their stomach is composed of three parts ; namely, a crop, a mem- branous stomach, and a gizzard. The giz- zard is armed with two strong muscles, and, by the assistance of small stones, which the fowl swallows, grinds up the food, and thus performs the office of mas- tication.
The velocity with which birds travel through the air exceeds that of any ter- restrial animal. Eagles, and many other hirds, fly at the rate of 60 miles an hour. Most birds are migratory, very few com- paratively spending the whole year in the saine neighborhood. The crow, the par- tridge, and a few species of woodpeckers, owls, hawks, and water fowl, are all which are known to reside permanently in Vermont. Several species are seen here in winter which are never seen in sum- iner, and many are seen to pass northerly in the spring and return to the south in the fall, which make scarcely any stop with us.
The characters by which birds are dis- tinguished into orders and genera are de- rived principally from the formation of the bill and feet. We have adopted the classification of Temminck, which is fol- lowed by Mr. Nuttall, in his valuable Manual of Ornithology. The following are the Orders.
I. Rapaces-birds of prey.
II. Omnivores-living on all kinds of food.
III. Insectivores-feeding on insects.
IV. Granivores-feeding on grain
V. Zygodactyli-with the toes disposed in opposite pairs.
VI. Tenuirostres-birds with slender bills.
VII. Alcyoncs-with three toes before, united, and one behind ; the tarsi being very short.
VIII. Chelidones-with three toes be- fore, divided, or only united at the base by a short membrane ; the back toe often reversible.
IX. Columba-with toes before entire- ly divided, and one behind.
X. Galline -- with three toes before, united by a membrane ; the back toe join- ed to the tarsus above the joint of the oth- er toes.
XI. Grallatores --- with long slender legs, naked above the knee; three toes before and one behind, all nearly on the same level.
PART I. 2
XII Pinnatipedes-with the tarsi slen- der and compressed ; three toes before and one behind, with a rudimentary mem- brane along the toes, the posterior one joined interiorly to the tarsus.
XIII. Palmipedes -- with short feet, more or less drawn up to the abdomen; anterior toes partly or wholly connected by a membrane.
The following table contains a list of the Birds of Vermont, arranged in the or- der in which they are described in the subsequent pages.
BIRDS OF VERMONT.
ORDER RAPACES-Birds of Prey.
Falco leucocephulus, Bald Eagle.
chrysattos, Golden Eagle.
huliatus,
lineatus,
Red-should'd Hawk.
pennsylranicus Broad winged Hawk.
fuscus,
peregrinus,
palumbarius,
Gos-Hawk.
Cooperi,
Cooper's Hawk.
cyancus,
Marsh Hawk.
Red-tailed Hawk.
Pigeon Hawk.
Strix asio,
Screech Owl.
Hawk Owl.
66 nyetca,
Snowy Owl.
: virginiana,
Great-horned Owl.
cinerea,
Cinereous Owl.
brachyotus,
Short-eared Owl.
nebulosa,
Barred Owl.
ucadica,
Saw- Whet.
66 umericuna, Barn Owl.
ORDER OMNIVORES-Food of all kinds.
Sturnus ludovicianus Meadow Lark.
Icterus baltimore, Baltimore Oriole.
phanicus, Red Winged Black Bird
pecoris, Cow Black Bird.
6. ugripeunis. Bob-o-link.
Quisculus versicolor, Crow Black Bird.
ferrugineus, Rusty Black Bird.
Corvus americanus, Common Crow. Raven. 66 corar,
cristatus, Blue Jay.
cunudensis,
Canada Jay.
Parus atricapillus, Chicadee.
hudsonicus,
Hudson Bay Tilmouse.
Bombycilla carolinensis, Cedar Bird.
ORDER INSECTIVORES-Liring on Insects.
Lanius borcolis,
Butcher Bird.
Muscicapa tyrannis, King Bird.
fusca, Phabee.
cirens, Wood Pewce.
acadica, Small Pewce.
cunudensis. Spotted Flycatcher.
Virco flarifrons,
noreboraceusis White eyed Virco.
oliruceus, Red eyed Vico.
soliturius, Solitary Virco.
Fish Hawk.
Slate colored Hawk.
Large footed Hawk.
borculis,
columburius,
funcrea,
58
NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.
PART I.
CATALOGUE OF BIRDS.
ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES.
Turdus rufus, " filivox,
Brown Thrush. Cat Bird, Robin.
ORDER ALCIONES .- Halcyons.
Alecdo alcyon, Belted King Fisher. ORDER CHELIDONES-The Strallow Tribe. Hlirando purpurca, Purple Martin. ¥ ruju, Barn Swallow.
julia , Cliff Swallow.
66 bicolor, White bellied Swal.
riparia, Bank Swallow.
Cypselus pelasgius, Chimney Swallow. Caprimulsus torgrus, Whip-poor- Will. virginianus, Night Hawk. ORDER COLUMRA :-- The Pigcon Tribe.
Columba migratoria, Passenger Pigeon. carolinensis, Carolina Dove.
ORDER GALLINA-Gallinaccous Birds.
Melcugris gallopuro Wild Turkey. Perdix virginiunas, Quail.
Tetrao umbellus, Partridge.
65 canadensis, Spruce Partridge.
ORDER GRAILATORES-Wading Birds.
Calidris arenaria, Sanderling Plover.
Fulica americana, Common Coot.
Grus americana, Whooping Crane.
Ardia nycticorar,
Night Ileron.
66 Ihrodias,
Great Blue Heron.
66 rirescens,
Green Heron.
Totanus Bartramius Upland Plover.
chloropigius, Solitary Tatler. mucularius, Spotled Tatler.
Scolopax Wilsonii, Common Snipe.
Rusticola minor, Woodcock.
ORDER PINNATIPEDES-Lobe-footed Birds. Podicops carolinensis, Pied-bill Dobchick. ORDER PAIMIPEDES-H'ib-footed Birds.
Luras Bonupartii, utricilla, Black beaded Gull. Canadian Goose. Wood Duck.
.Inser caundensis, duas sponsa, buschas, Mallard.
6 obscura, Dusky Duck.
" discurs, Blue winged Teal.
Mergus merganser, Goosandler. Columbus gluciulis, Loon.
BIRDS OF PREY.
Birds of this order are distinguished by their hooked bills and powerful claws. They pursue and destroy other birds and small quadrupeds ; and they are among birds what the carnivora are among quad- rupeds.
GENUS FALCO .- Linn. und Tem.
Generic Character .- The head covered with father- ; the bill hooked, coaguonly cuavel White breast. Nuthatch. Red bellied Nothatch Thrown Creeper. from the base ; cere colored and tuare or less hairy at the base ; the lower mambble obliquely rounded, and both sometimes hotched ; the nos- Baby throat Fuin'y Bird. ! trits lateral, rounded, or ovoid, situated in the core
" migratorius,
" Wilsonii,
Wilson's Thrush,
" noccboracensis New York Thrush.
" aurocapillus, " solitarius, Sylcia, coronata,
Golden crowned do. Hermit Thrush, Yellow crowned Warbler
66
maculosa, rubricapilla,
.4 cirens,
.. pinus,
66 carutca,
icterocephala, Chestnut sided do.
canadensis,
trichas,
Termicora, Taria,
Black throated do. Maryland yellow throat. Worm cating Warb'r Black & White Creeper. Ruby crowned Wien Fiery crowned Wren Honse Wren.
Regulus calendulus, tricolor,
Troglodytes wedon, Lyemalis,
Winter Wren.
" americanus, Wood Wren. Sialia. Wilsonit, Blue Bird.
.Inthas spinoletta, Brown Lark.
ORDER GRANIVORES-Living on Seeds. Emberiza nicalis, Snow Bunting.
= sarannu,
graminea, Bay winged Bunting Savannah Bunting. Song Sparrow.
Fringilla melodia, " hyemalis, canadensis,
" socialis, .. juncorum, palustris, tristis,
Ferruginous Finch. .6 linaria , iliuru, pennsylranica White throat. Finch.
", arctica,
leurophrys, White crown. Finch. Aretic ground Finch. erythrophthalma Towho-ground Finch Purple Linnet.
purpurea,
Pyrrhulu enucleutor, Pine Grosbeak.
Loria currirostra, Common Cross bill.
" leucoptera. White Winged do. ORDER ZYGODACTYLI-The tues in pairs. Cocryrus americanus Yellow bill Cuckoo. 66 dominicus. Black billed Cuckoo.
Picus auralas, Gold wing. Woodpecker. " erythrocephalus, Red headed do.
" auring, Yellow bellied do.
" cillosus, Hairy Woodpecker.
" pubescens, Downy Woodpecker " urcticus, Arctic three toed do. ORDER TESEIROSTRES - Souder bill Birds. Sitta carolinensis,
" canadensis. Certhia familiaris, Trochilus colubris,
Snow Bird.
Tree Sparrow, Chipping Sparrow. Field Sparrow.
Swamp Sparrow. Gold Finch. Pine Linnet.
Bonapartian Gull.
petechia, cestica,
Yellow red poll do. Summer Warbler. Spotted Warbler. Nashville Warbler. Black throated Green do. Pine Creeping do. Cerulean Warbler, Blackburnice, Blackburn's Warbler
59
BIRDS OF VERMONT.
Char. 3.
THE BALD EAGLE.
THE GOLDEN FAGLE.
au lopen ; tarsus clothed with feathers or scaly ; the toes, thice before and one behind-the exteri- or toe commonly united to the adjacent one by a membrane ; nails sharp, strongly hooked, mova- ble and retractile ; tail feathers, twelve.
Tins Genus embraces the Eagles, Falcons, Hanks, Kites and Buzzards, and is divided by modern Ornithologias into no less than ten gen- era ; but we deem it Danceessary to give the dis- hochive characters of these genera in this work.
THE BALD EAGLE. Falco leucocephalus .- LINNAEUS.
DESCRIPTION .- Color of the body and wings deep lively brown or chocolate ; head, upper part of the neck, tail and tail coverts clear white ; bill, cere and feet yellow, with the soles of the feet rough und warty ; iris light yellow. Length of the female 3 feet, spread of the wings 7 fret; male 2 01 3 inches shorter. The white of the head and tail is not clear till the third year, being previously blended with grayish brown.
Hisrony .- The Bald Eagle is found in the northern parts of both continents, but is much more common on the western than on the eastern continent. It is found in all parts of the United States, and is frequently seen in Vermont, but is not known to breed within the state. This Eagle is the adopted emblem of our country, but we should hesitate to ac: knowledge him to be the true representa- tive of our national character. He has the reputation of being a free-booter, liv- ing by robbing the fish hawk of his hon- est gains. For this purpose he takes his stand upon some lofty tree growing near the shore, and when he sees the fish hawk rise from the water with his prey, he commences the pursuit, and the fish hawk, in order to effi et his own escape, x compelled to aban Ioon the fruit of his abor, which is immediately secured by
the eagle and borne away to his nest. When this cagle cannot procure a sulli- cient supply of fish, which is its favorite food, it preys upon other birds, and small quadrupeds and reptiles. The nest of the Bald Eagle is built in the top of some lofty tree. It is constructed of sticks lined with course grass. The eggs, ac- cording to Audubon, are from two to four, and are of a dull white color. They are usually hatched in May, and require the aid of the parents in procuring food til September.
THE GOLDEN EAGLE. Palco chrysactos .- LAINN.
Description .- Bill binich gray at the base, black at the tip ; cere yellen ; eye- brows light the; inis chestinit ; fore part of the head, checks, throat and un- der parts, deep brown ; hind head, puste- riar and lateral parts of the neck light brownish yellow, the shafts and conceal- ed parts of the feathers deep brown. The back deep brown, glossy, with purplish reflections ; wing coverts lighter ; prima- ry quills brownish black ; the secondaries, with their coverts brown, those next the body more or less mottled with brownish white, excepting at the ends; edges of the wings at the flexure pale yellowish brown. Tail dark brown, lighter towards the base, with a few irregular whutish markings ; tail long, slightly rounded. Wings long ; 4th quill longest, and the 6 first abruptly cut out on the inner webs. Length 35 inches, spread of the wings 7 feet ; bill along the back 23 inches; edge of lower mandible 23; tarsus 43 ; middle toe and claw 43; hind claw 27. Extremities of the folded wings 1 inch short of that of the tail .- Jadubon.
Ilsrony .- The Golden Eagle, though rare, is occasionally seen in Vermont and has sometimes been known to build its nest and rear its young within the state. The nest is placed upon the inaccessible shelf of some rugged precipice, and con- sists of a few sticks and weeds barely sul- ficient to keep the eggs from rolling down the rocks The oggs are two or three in number, 33 inches long, of a dull white color with undefined patches of brown. These cagles food upon young faens, hares, raccoons, wild tarkies, partridges and other quadrupeds and birds, but will feed on putrid flesh, only when severely pressed by hunger.
The following description is drawn from a specimen preserved in the mu sum of the College of Natural History of the University of Vermont.
60
NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.
PART I.
THE FISH HAWK.
THE RED-SHOULDERED HAWK.
DESCRIPTION .- General color grayish choco- late brown resulting from the feathers being dark chocolate edged with brownish ash ; feathers white at the base, which makes it appear spotted with white when the feathers are disturbed ; tail with irregular whitish marks towards the base. Bill clear blue-black ; upper mandible obtusely toutheds tarsus roundish, two thirds feathered ; feet strong, tous rasp- file on the underside. Length from the point of the bill to the end of the tail 3 feet 7 inches, folded wing :6 in hes ; tail beyond the folded wings 6.5 moches ; from the tip of the upper mandible along the cove to the cere 2.5. width of the cere .9. nader mandible 2.9, depth of the upper bill 1.2, middle toe without the nail 2.5 inches.
This cagle was killed several years ago near Burlington. It was discovered sitting upon the beach apparently asleep, and in that condition it was approached and killed with an var. It would appear front the partially feathered tarsus to be- long to the family of sea eagles, and 1 was at first disposed to consider it the young of the Bald Ea- gle, but by measuring ! found it to be larger than the adult of that species. Though it differs some- what in color, it resembles Audubon's figure of the Wahington Eagle more nearly than any other.
THE FISH HAWK. Falco huliwtus .- SAVIG.
DESCRIPTION .- General color of the upper parts dusky brown, tail barred with pale brown. The upper part of the head and neck white, the middle part of the crown dark brown. A broad band of brown from the bill down each side of the neck ; upper parts of the neck streaked with brown ; under parts whitish; anterior tarsal feathers tinged with brown. Bill brownish black, blue at the base and mar- gin ; cere light blue ; iris yellow ; feet pale greenish blue tinged with brown; claws black. Length 23 inches ; spread of the wings 5i ; bill, along the back, 2; tarsus 21 ; middle toe 3 .-. Ladubon.
whole coast of the United States and is also seen along the lakes and rivers in the interior. It usually arrives in New England about the first of April and de- parts to the south again in the fall. Ac- cording to Audubon some of them winter about New-Orleans. This hawk subsists, as ils name would imply, principally up- on fish, which it takes by hovering over the water and plunging upon them as they rise near the surface and then bears them off' in its talons. They sometimes catch fishes in this way weighing four or five pounds. They breed all along the coast of the middle states. Their nest is usu- ally placed in the top of a large tree near the shore and is of great size, sometimes measuring four feet in diameter and the same in height. It is composed of sticks intermingled and lined with sea weed and grass. The eggs are 3 or 4 in number, of an oval form, yellowish white color and spotted with reddish brown. The arrival of the Fish Hawk along the sea coast in the spring is hailed with joy by the fish- ermen, who regard it as the harbinger of the arrival of shoals of fishes.
THE RED-SHOULDERED HAWK. Fulco Lincutus .- GMEL.
DESCRIPTION .- Color of the head, neck and back, yellowish brown, resulting from the feathers being dark brown, edged with ferruginous ; wings, and wing coverts spotted and tipped with white ; tail dark brown, tipped with white, crossed by four narrow grayish white bars. Breast and belly bright ferruginous, with a black line along the shafts of the feathers, and spots of yellowish white. Vent, femorals, and under tail coverts, of a light ochrey tint, with some of the feathers spotted with brown, and the outer femorals long and barred with ferruginous. Legs and feet bright yellow ; bill and claws dark horn color. Length of the specimen before me,
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