USA > Vermont > History of Vermont, natural, civil, and statistical, in three parts, with a new map of the state, and 200 engravings > Part 29
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Pupa orata .- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell brown, ovate, ta- pering above the penultimate whorl ; whorls five, convex, with a distinct su- ture ; aperture small, ovate, with an in- denture on the right side ; with six pri- mary teeth, of which two are on the trans- verse lip, viz. a large one on the middle, and a small one to its right ; two are on the left and two on the right side ; some- times a very small tooth is found on the lelt part of the transverse lip. Length, 0.08 inch ; breadth 0.05 inch.
REMARKS .- In color this species resem- bles P. milium, but is easily distinguished by its size and proportions, and the ar- rangement of the teeth. P. modesta, Say, for which this species bas sometimes been mistaken, is described as having only four teeth.
Pupa badia .- ADAMS.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell reddish brown, cylindrical, very obtusely tapering in the two upper whorls; whorls seven, moder- ately convex, with a well impressed su- ture ; aperture orbicular, less than one third of the length of the shell, with tho margin slightly reflected, and the sub- margin contracted, with a single rather small tooth on the penultimate whorl; om- bilieus moderate. Length 0.14 ; breadth 0.07 inch.
REMARKS .- This rare species was dis- covered by Prof. Benedict at Crown Point, where, only, it has yet been found. Its aperture is wider, and umbilicus less than in P. marginata, DRAP. of Europe, but it may be only a variety. It is easily dis- tinguished by its mahogany color.
Pupa armifera .- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell oblong ovate, of a dingy white, striate ; whorls seven, a little convex, with a moderately impress- ed suture ; apex very obtuse ; aperture subovate, with six teeth, of which the lar- ger on the transverse lip is obliquely elon- gated, and nearly meets the labrum above; one is on the left side, and four are below and on the right side; of the latter, the first and fourth are the least, and are sometimes wanting. Length 0.17 inch ; breadth 0.09 inch.
REMARKS .- This is the largest species of Pupa found in the United States, and by its color is distinguished from all which
REMARKS. - This species, the least of all which have been described in this coun- Fapproximate to it in size. It occurs plen-
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158
NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.
PART 1.
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
tifully at Crown Point under stones in | stant in size ; umbilieus open. Length very dry situations. A few dead speci- 0,08 inch ; breadth 0,05 inch. mens have been found in Bridport, on the REMARKS .- This species is easily dis- tinguished from the preceding by its teeth. margin of lake Champlain, which may have been drifted from the opposite side.
Pupa albilabris .- WARD. Inedit.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell brown, finely stri- ate, long-ovate, tapering above the pennlt whorl ; whorls six, convex, with a well impressed suture ; aperture a little less than half' as long as the spire, without teeth, with a reflected, white, thick, flat- tened margin ; umbilicus moderate .- Length 0.18 inch ; breadth 0.07 inch.
REMARKS .- This species is well known as Say's cyclostoma marginata, As the latter specific name is preoccupied in the genus Pupa, to which it belongs, it has received the name under which we have described it. A very few specimens only have been found alive at Crown Point, and one dead on the Vermont shore of the lake.
Pupa contracta .- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell white, ovate, ta- pering above the body whorl ; whorls five, convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture sub-triangular, with the trans- verse lainina raised, and forming with the labrum a continuous lip, mach contracted in the throat, with three teeth, one on the transverse lip, large, prominent, and sin- uous, another on the right side, where the throat is most contracted, and the third is merely a convexity caused by the fold of a large umbilicus. Length 0.1 inch ; breadth 0.06 inch.
REMARKS .- This species is easily ree- ognized by its elevated transverse lip. It is found under wood or stones in moist pastures.
Pupa Tappaniana .- WARD. Inedit.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell very small, pale horn color, translucent, tapering above the penultimate whorl ; whorls a little more than five, convex, with a well im- pressed suture ; aperture sub-orbicular, (the penult whorl cutting off about one- third of the circle, ) about one-third of the length of the shell ; margin sharp, with a narrow contraction in the sub-margin, beneath which is a thickening within, on which are the labial teeth ; teeth eight, five primary and three secondary ; of the former the largest is on the penultimate whorl, the next largest on the left side of the aperture ; at the base, beginning at the left hand, is a primary, then a secon- dary, a primary, a secondary, a primary, and another secondary, extending nearly to the upper extremity of the right mar- gin : the last three primaries are not con-
Pupa crigua .- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .-- Shell white, shining, elongate, tapering above the penultimate whorl ; whorls six, convex, with a well impressed suture ; aperture ovate, with the upper lip oblique, margin reflected and thickened, teeth two, of which the larger is on the oblique lip, and the other, which is small, is on the left side ; umbil- icus distinct. Length 0,08 inch ; breadth 0,03 inch.
REMARKS,-This shell is easily distin- guished by its neat, shining appearance, and graceful form. It is more common than any other species of this genus in Vermont, and is found under stones and logs in moist places.
GENUS HELIX.
Generic Characters .- Shell orbicular or globose, usually convex or conoid above, but sometimes flattened ; aperture wider than long, semi-elliptic or lunate, contignons to the axis of the shell, with the outline interrupted by the intrusion of the pe- nult whorl. No operculum. The animal, com- monly called a sauil, has four tentacles, of which the posterior pair are larger and oculiferons.
Helix albolabris .- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell globose-conic, withi a light brown, sometimes reddish epider- mis, with five parallel oblique incremen- tal striæ, and very minute revolving lines; whorls five and a half, convex, with a well impressed suture ; aperture contract- ed by the labrum, which is white, flat, broadly reflected, and extends beneath to the centre of the shell, covering the um- bilicus, which is open only in the young. Greatest breadth 1.35 inch ; least breadth 1 inch; height 0.8 inch ; divergence of the spire 135º.
REMARKS .- This species is found very commonly in most parts of Vermont. On the islands called the Four Brothers,
159
INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMONT.
CHAP. 6.
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
in lake Champlain, it is abundant, in com- pany with Succinca obliqua. The reddish variety is rare. The size of mature speci- mens is sometimes less than an inch in their greatest diameter. During the day, except in damp weather, they are confined to their retreats under logs and stones. Their eggs are white, nearly globular, and about 0.2 inch in diameter. The young shell does not receive the reflected lip until of its full size.
Helix thyroidus .- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell globose-conic, with a light brown, sometimes reddish epider- mis, with five parallel oblique incremen- tal strice ; whorls five, convex, with a well impressed suture ; aperture contracted by the labrum, which is widely reflected, flat, white, next the aperture, yellowish externally ; inner margin with an oblique tooth ; umbilicus partly covered by the reflected labrum, exhibiting only oue vo- Intion. Greatest breadth 0.95 inch ; least breadth 0.7 inch ; height 0.47 inch ; di- vergence 140°.
REMARKS .- This species is extremely rare in Vermont, but is more common in the western states. It might, at first, be confounded with the preceding, but is distinguished by the tooth on the inner margin of the aperture, the partially open umbiliens, and the yellow color of the outside of the labrum.
Helic dentifera .- BINNEY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell depressed, with a yellowish horn-colored epidermis, with fine parallel oblique incremental stria ; whorls five, with the suture distinct but not deep ; aperture contracted by the lip, which is white, and broadly reflected ; inner lip with a large tooth, long and par- allel with the lower margin ; umbilicus none. Greatest breadth 0.9 inch ; least breadth 0.6 inch ; height 0.44 inch ; di- vergence 135°.
REMARKS .- This very rare species has been found only by Dr. Binney on the east side of the Green Mountains.
Helix palliata .- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell depressed, with a dark reddish brown epidermis, which is REMARKS .- This species is rare in Ver- mont, but more common in the western states. West of the Rocky Mountains it is of a much greater size, exceeding an inch in diameter. thickly covered, when in a perfect state of preservation, with acute hair-like pro- jections ; with numerous fine oblique in- cremental striw ; whorls five, flattened, with a distinct suture; aperture much contracted and made three-lobed by the Helix pulchelle .- MUL.L. teeth ; labrum white and broadly reflect- DESCRIPTION .- Shell much depressed, pale horn color, nearly transparent, finely striate, with a colorless epiflermis ; whorls three and a half, convex, with a deep su- ed; teeth three, of which one is long and curved, nearly covering the pillar lip ; two are on the inner margin of the la- brum ; one above is acute and prominent, I ture, the last one much larger than the
and the other below is long and lamellar ; the labrum is continued over the umbili- cal region in a white callus. Greatest breadth 0.9 inch ; least breadth 0.6 inch ; height 0.48 inch ; divergence about 160º.
REMARKS .- This species, which is not rare in the western states, is seldom found in Vermont. It is easily distinguished from II. tridentata by the want of an um- bilicus.
Helix monodon .- RACKETT.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell globose-conic, with a brown hirsute epidermis, with minute incremental striæ ; whorls six, with a dis- tinct suture ; aperture contracted by a deep groove behind the tip, which is white, reflected, flattened, covering more or less of the umbilicus, which is deep but not wide ; inner lip with a compress- ed elongated tooth, parallel with the low- er part of the margin. Greatest breadth 0.45 inch ; least breadth 0.42 inch ; height 0.26 inch ; divergence 135º.
REMARKS .- In this description we have included H. fraterna, Sar, a variety in which the uinbilicus is entirely covered by the labrum. As this is a variable char- acter, and the other characters present no distinction, we cannot separate them. Raekett's name has the priority both of Say's description of the variety and of Ferussac's use of the same name for an- other species. This is common on hill sides in rather dry places. Specimens vary in respect of size and the elevation of the spire.
Idic concare .- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell depressed, a little convex above, with fine oblique inere- mental striæ ; epidermis pale greenish horn color ; whorls five, flattened above, elegantly rounded below, the outer one dilating towards the aperture, with a well impressed suture ; labrum partially re- flected below, simple above ; inner lip with a thin callns, which connects the ex- tremes of the labrum; umbilicus wide and deep, exhibiting all the volutions. Greatest breadth 0.75 inch ; least breadth 0.6 inch ; height 0.33 inch ; divergenco about 155°.
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160
NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.
PART I.
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
preceding ; aperture nearly orbicular, di- lated ; labrum much thickened, white, reflected, scareely interrupted by the in- trusion of the penultimate whorl; umbil- icus large. Greatest breadth 0.095 inch ; least breadth 0.078 inch ; height 0.05 inch ; divergence 160°.
REMARKS .- This species is remarkable for its wide geographical distribution. It is common in Great Britain and a large part of Europe, and in this country is found as far south as South Carolina, as far west as Council Bluffs, and as far east as Maine. It is very abundant in some parts of Verinont. It is the H. mi- nula of Say.
Helix Sayii .- BINNEY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell depressed globose, with numerous fine oblique incremental striæ ; epidermis very light brown, shi- ning; whorls five and a half, convex, with a well impressed suture; labrum white, narrow, reflected, with a small rounded tooth on the inner edge below ; inner lip with a small oblique tooth on the middle ; umbilicus not very wide but deep und exhibiting all the volutions. Great- est breadth 1 inch ; least breadth 0.8inch ; height 0.55 inch ; divergence 135º.
REMARKS .- This species was originally described by Say with the name of H. dio- donta, but as this name had been preoccu- pied, Dr. Binney proposed that of HI. Sayit. The species is rare in Vermont. It is easily recognized by its narrow lip and two small teeth, of which, however, the one on the inner margin is some- times wanting.
Helie tridentata .- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell depressed, a little convex above, with crowded oblique in- cremental strite ; epidermis brown ; whorls five, a little flattened above, with a dis- tinct suture ; aperture three-lobed, con- tracted by a groove behind the labrum, which is white, reflected, flattened, fur- nished with two acute prominent teeth ; inner lip with a prominent, oblique and slightly curved tooth ; umbilicus rather wide, decp.
REMARKS .- This species is widely dis- tributed, having been found in Florida, and in the western states. In the former region it is very small, in the latter very large. In Vermont it is of an interme- diate size.
Helic labyrinthica .- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .-- Shell small, elevated conic above, flattened below, with very coarse, regular, obliqne incremental striæe, so crowded that the intervening spaces are rounded ribs, which are obsolete be-
neath ; epidermis brown, sometimes in- clining to horn color ; whorls six, convex, with a well impressed suture ; labrum thickened, reflected, and usually reddish brown ; inner margin with two compress- ed, perpendicular, parallel teeth, which are prolonged into the throat of the aper- ture, resembling the track of a rail road ; but the lower tooth is smaller, and some- times obsolete ; umbilicus narrow and not deep. Greatest breadth 0.1 inch ; least breadth 0.08 inch ; height 0.08 inch ; di- vergence 135° in the upper third, half as much below.
REMARKS .- This beautiful little shell is at once distinguished by its peculiar teeth. The aperture is sometimes of an elegant red color. It is found under leaves in the forests, and at the foot of limestone ledges. It occurs as far west as Council Bluffs.
Hulit indentula .-- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .-- Shell much depressed, convex above, shining, of a pale horn col- or, nearly transparent, with distant, near- ly equi-distant impressed transverse lines, of which there are 25 to 30; there is often an impressed line parallel with and imme- diately below the suture ; whorls four and a hali, slightly convex, with a distinct impressed suture, and rapidly enlarging; aperture large ; labrum sharp, terminating beneath at the centre of the shell, where is a deep indentation rather than umbili- cus. Greatest breadth 0.18 inch ; least breadth 0.15 inch ; height 0.08 inch ; di vergence 160º
REMARKS, -- This species resembles II. arborea, SAY, but is distinguished by its distant impressed lines, by the enlarge- ment of the last whorl, and the want of an umbilicus. It is rare.
Helix arborca .- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .--- Shell somewhat de- pressed, convex above, shining, of a pale horn color or brown, nearly transparent, with very fine crowded incremental stria ; whorls nearly five, couvex, with a well impressed suture ; aperture a little modi- fied by the intrusion of the penult whorl ; labrum sharp ; umbilicus deep, about three fourths as wide as the last whorl. Great- est breadth 0.3 inch ; least breadth 0.20 inch ; height 0 15 inch ; divergence 135º.
REMARKS .-- This very common species is found both in a dry and in a wet sta- tion. In the former, the shell and the animal are of a pale horn color, and smal- ler. In the latter the shell is brown, and the animal nearly black. The dimensions above given are of a large specimen of the latter variety The species is very
161
INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMONT.
CitAP. 6.
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
widely distributed through the United States and Missouri Territory.
Helix electrina .- GOULD.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell much depressed, convex above, shining, of a pale horn col- or, sometimes yellowish or brownish, near- ly transparent, with numerous very fine inequidistant impressed lines or strice of growth ; whorls three and a half, slightly .convex, with a well impressed suture, and an impressed line immediately below the suture, and parallel with it; the last whorl rapidly enlarging ; aperture large, slightly modified by the intrusion of the penult whorl ; labrum sharp ; umbilicus harrow and deep. Greatest breadth 0.2 inch ; least breadth 0.16 inch ; height 0.1 inch ; divergence 115.
REMARKS .- This species much resem- bles H. indentate above, but has the stria much more numerous, and usually one whoil less ; beneath the resemblance to HI. arborea is equally striking, but the umbiliens is not so wide. Without exam- ination of both sides, it is very liable to be confounded with one or the other of the above species. It has been found in Missouri, Ohio, Massachusetts, New York and Vermont.
Helix inornata -SAY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell much depressed, convex above, shining, with very fine ob- lique incremental strit ; epidermis brown horn color ; whorls five, slightly convex, with a distinct but not deep suture ; the last whorl much larger than the prece- ding ; aperture very wide, much moditied by the intrusion of the penultimate whorl, with an opaque white deposit within, which is a little distant from the sharp la- brum ; the latter extends nearly to the centre of the shell, projecting into the small umbilicus. Greatest breadth 0.55 inch; least breadth 0.47 inch ; height 0.27 inch ; divergence 165º.
REMARKS .- A single specimen only of this species has been found in Vermont, in Middlebury, It closely resembles Il. celtaria, Mull.
Helix faliginosa .-- GRIFFITH.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell globose-conic, with very minute irregular oblique strive of growth ; epidermis dark smoky brown ; whorls four and a half, convex, with a well impressed suture; the last whort much larger than the preceding ; aperture nearly orbicular, not much modified by the intrusion of the body whorl, with a very thin deposit on the inside ; umbili- ens deep, moderately wide. Greatest breadth 0.95 inch ; least breadth 0.8 inch ; height 0.5 inch ; diverg nice 135'.
P.r. 1. 21
REMARKS. - This species is not com- mon. It resembles the preceding, but differs in size, color, form of the aperture, and greater width of the umbiliens. It is the M. lucubrata of Say, a name perhaps entitled to preference, since that of Grif- fith, although previously in use in cabi- nets, was not published until after Say's name had appeared in print.
Helix multidentata .- BINNEY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell much depressed, conoid above, shining, reddish brown, translucent, with very fine, somewhat reg- ular impressed lines or striæ of growth ; whorls seven, narrow, convex, often with a very small impressed line revolving just above the suture, which is deep; the whorls increasing but slightly in diame- ter ; aperture narrow, very much modi- fied by the intrusion of the penult whor) ; labrum sharp; teeth in rows, far within the aperture, on its outer and lower half; the rows are curved, with the convexity towards the aperture, and contain from 4 to 6 closely approximate teeth, appearing through the shell, under a magnifier, like glass beads ; the number of rows varies from two to four, of which one only is visible from the aperture ; the umbiliens is very narrow and deep. Greatest breadth 0.12 inch ; least breadth 0. 11 inch ; height 0.06 inch ; divergence 150 -.
REMARKS .- This elegant little species was discovered by Dr. Binney in Straf- ford, and has since been found in Middle- bury, also in New York, at Malone. It has so little resemblance to any other species, that comparison is unnecessary.
Helix minuscula .- BINNEY.
DESCRIPTION .-- Shell depressed, whi- tish horn color, with microscopic inere- mental striæe ; whorls more than four, very convex, with a deep and very conspicu- ous suture ; last whorl not much larger than the preceding ; aperture nearly cir- cular, not much modified by the intrusion of the pennlt whorl ; labrum sharp ; um- bilieus very large, Greatest breadth 0.08 inch ; least breadth 0.07 inch; height 0.03 inch ; divergence about 150°.
REMARKS. - This little species has been found in Ohio and in this state. In size and color it is like II. puichella, but in the other characters is at once distinguished.
Hela lineata .- B.M.
Disciarios .- Shell very much do- pressed and discoid, with parallel equi- distant raised revolving lines ; epidermis green ; whorls four and a half, very con- vex, marrow, with a deep suture, lust whorl very little enlarged ; aperture lo- nate, very much modified by the intrusion
162
NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.
PART I.
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
of the pennlt whorl ; labrum sharp ; um- | impressed suture ; aperture very oblique, bilicus concave, very broad and deep, ex- nearly circular, brilliant, sometimes pearly within ; labrum sharp ; umbilicus broad and deep, exhibiling all the volutions ; beneath, the colored bars are more regu- lar, and converge into the umbilicus : they are interrupted by a colorless zone a little below the middle of the last whorls. Great- est breadth 1 inch ; least breadth 0.87 inch ; height 0.59 inch ; divergence 125º to 135°. hibiting very distinctly all the volutions to the apex ; far within the aperture may often be seen a pair of conical teeth on the inner side of the outer whorl, one on the middle, the other below ; sometimes one is obsolete ; often a second and sometimes a third pair may be seen through the sides of the shell much farther within. Great- est breadth 0.14 inch ; least breadth 0.13 inch ; height 0.06 inch ; divergence never less than 160º, usually 170%.
REMARKS .- Above, this shell resembles H. multidentata, in the depression of the spire and narrowness of the whorls, but in the other characters is very different. No other native species has such revolv- ing minute carina. It has been found in the northern and middle states.
Helix striutella .- ANTH.
DESCRIPTION .-- Shell depressed-convex, with very much crowded drep incremen- tal strit; epidermis reddish or yellowish brown ; whorls four, convex, with a well impressed suture, moderately increasing in diameter ; aperture nearly circular, slightly modified by the intrusion of the penult whorl ; labrum sharp; umbiliens not so wide as the last whorl, deep, dis- tinctly exhibiting the volutions to the apex. Greatest breadth 0.25 inch ; least breadth 0.22 inch ; height 0.12 inch ; di- vergence 140° to 150°.
REMARKS .- This species is quite com- mon in Vermont. It resembles Hl. per- spectica, SAY, a species, which has not been found in the New England states. The latter has one or two more whorls, the umbilieus much wider, and the striæ much coarser It is also a larger shell. This species does not appear to differ from the European shell, H. ruderatu, STUDER. Comparing specimens from Stiria with those of Vermont, we are un- able to detect any difference. But as some naturalists are not convinced of their identity, we have retained the name of the American author, although the Euro- pean name has the priority of many years.
Helix alternata .- SAY.
REMARKS .- This species has been found throughout most of the territory of the United States. It is very common in this state, living under stones and logs on hill-sides in rather moist but not wet pla- ces. When young, its outline is carina- ted. It resembles the H. radiata, of Eu- rope, but cannot be mistaken for any oth- er American species.
Helix chersina .- SAY.
DESCRIPTION .- Shell elevated and con- ie above, convex and shining beneath, stria: of growth excessively minute ; epi- dermis brownish amber-colored ; whorls six, very convex, with a deep suture, not increasing much, so that the last is but little larger than the penultimate whorl ; aperture very wide, reaching to the axis beneath, much modified by the intru- sion of the penultimate whorl; labrum sharp ; umbilical region indented. Great- est breadth 0.115 inch ; least breadth 0.105 inch ; height 0.09 inch ; divergence 90°
REMARKS .- This and H. labyrinthica are distinguished from other native spe- cies of llelix by the elevation of the spire, and are very distinct from each other in most characters other than size and form. The species is not very rare in this state, and having been found in Georgia and the North West Territory, is, no doubt, wide- ly dispersed. From its minute size it is liable to escape detection.
FAMILY LIMACIANA. GENUS VITRINA.
Generic Characters .- Shell with a depressed, convex, obtuse spice, with but few whorls, of which the last is extremely large ; the aperture is very large, wider than long, interrupted by the pe- nult whorl ; umbilicus wanting. The shell is ex. tremely thiu and transparent, and is capable of containing only a part of the animal. No op- creuhmm. The animal is much too large to enter the shell, resembling a Helix. It is long, mostly straight, with the posterior part distinct, spiral, protected by the shell; with four tentacles, of which the anterior pair is very short.
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