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EI
THOMAS A. HOLMES.
HISTORY
OF
BUFFALO COUNTY,
WISCONSIN.
BY L. KESSINGER. =
ALMA, BUFFALO COUNTY, WIS .: 1888.
1695749
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1888, by 1 L. KESSINGER, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
PREFACE.
When, about a year ago, I commenced work on the book, which now lies before the reader, I expected to present it much sooner to the public. It would be perfectly useless to enumerate any of the causes of the delay, but it is not to be denied that the book itself has unquestionably gained by it. Such as it is I commit it to the judgment of the readers, and beyond such apologies as have been made at different points for special reasons, I do not feel in- clined to make any further.
The arrangement of the book is by topics. To proceed by towns would have compelled much useless repetition, and would have narrowed the horizon of investigation and history. . In some cases that arrangement would have been impossible. A perusal of the index will in a very short time furnish the clue to every matter reasonably expected to be related in the book.
Perfection is not claimed, but in justice it is to be supposed that I did the best I could under the circumstances. Not being myself an admirer of long preliminaries, it can not be my inten- tion to inflict any such upon my readers.
To the many friends, who have contributed to the work, I have, in most cases given due acknowledgment and thanks at the particular points, in which they helped and encouraged me. If, as is still possible, any one should have been omitted, I hope he will pardon the oversight, which certainly was not intentional.
Alma, Buffalo Co., Wis., Dec. 19. 1887.
L. KESSINGER.
INDEX.
A695749 INDEX.
A
PAGE:
Table of dates when land came into market.
369
Entries in Mineral Point. 370
La Crosse Land Office. 370
Table of land and its value 375
of Grain products 378
" Roots and Potatoes 382 383
Beans and Peas and Sorghum
Greatest Crops 384 385
Table of Seeds
=
" Fruits
386
" Bees and Honey 387 389
" Cattle and Calves
" Dairy Products. 390
" Sheep, Lambs and Wool 391
392
" Hogs.
" Horses and Mules 393
" Agricultural Employees 394
County Fair
396
C
CHARITIES PUBLIC 519
CRIME
516
Statistics of
517
E
EARLY EXPLORATIONS
169
Jean Nicolet .. 169
Marquette and Joliet 174
Louis Joliet. 179
Father Jaques Marquette S. J 180
-
AGRICULTURE
366
INDEX.
V
EARLY EXPLORATIONS (Continued.) PAGE.
Louis Hennepin . .
183
Daniel Greysolon Du Luth 195
Captain Jonathan Carver 199
Carver's Cave. 204
Carver's Grant. 204
Forts on Lake Pepin
207
Nicholas Perrot.
208
Le Sueur.
209 211
EARLY SETTLEMENT
List of first settlers
216 424
EDUCATION.
Superintendence at first after 1861
426 427 428 428
Report of 1855 and 56.
«
1866
428
1885
429
66 1886
429
Teachers of graded schools.
430
Schoolhouses
43 433
Apparatus and furniture.
Employment of teachers 434
Teachers' Institutes 437 School visitation 439 441
Earliest schools and their teachers
Table of these. 443
Private schools 444
Roman Catholic Schools . 445
Norwegian Lutheran Schools 445
Other Protestant School
445
Sunday Schools
446
Art Education
446
Graphic Arts 446
Results. 447
Howard Library Association 449
Literary Societies 449
Reading Circle .. 450
Educational Columns 451
V
1876.
vi
INDEX.
EARLIER MARRIAGES
PAGE. 483
Early Settlers, list of
557 to 608
GEOLOGY.
G
22
Geological formation
22
Geol. Report-Range Ten West.
25
Range Eleven West
26
Twelve “
27
Thirteen "
Fourteen“
Buffalo County
Trempealeau Mountain
Geological Formations.
Geol. Periods and Epochs
Potsdam Sandstone
Artesian Wells
Lower Magnesian Limestone
Economical Products
St. Peters Sandstone
Galena Limestone
Quarternary Formation.
Glacial Period .
Champlain Period
36 36 37
Present changes.
38
Iron Mines new. 39
former
40
I
INDIAN HISTORY
87
Difficulties
88
Traders
89
Missionaries
Pronunciation and Translation
90 93 96
INDIANS
Algonquins
97
Iroquois-Hurons
98
Dakotas or Sioux
98
28 28 29 30 30 31 31 33 33 34 35 35 35 35
Recent Period.
Fall of Twelve Miles Bluff
INDEX.
VII
INDIANS (Continued.) PAGE.
Winnebagoes
98
Indian Manner of Living
99
Want of domestic animals
100
Hunting and fishing .
101
Agriculture
102
Canoe
103
Tobacco
104
Pipes
106
Houses
109
Clothing
112
Family life
114
Wyandot Government
116
Civil government.
I17
Its functions.
119
Crimes and punishments
121
Outlawry
121
Military government.
122
Reflections
122
Sickness and cures
123
· Burial
125
Mourning for the dead
129
Wars.
131
Mode of fighting
133
Fire arms
135
Horses
136
Prisoners 136
Character of Indians 137
Sign-language. 140
Upper Mississippi Confederations. 141
Winnebago Confederacy
141
M
MOUND BUILDERS . 73
General remarks 73
Capt. Carver's description
74
From Randall's History of the Chippewa Valley ..... 75
Judge Gale's opinions. 75
126
Burial of the Chieftain- " " Omaha Chief
127
VIII
INDEX.
PAGE.
MOUND BUILDERS, (Continued.)
Indian Graves
76
From the work of J. P. Mclean
78
Reference to Scott's "Antiquary 78
Operations of David Wyrick.
79
Relics of Mound Builders 80
82
Addenda. 85
Opinions of Dr. P. R. Hoy
85
MANUFACTURES ...
399
Table Of capital invested
401
6 continued 402
" flouring mills 404 406
" saw mills
Wine.
407
Table of breweries
408
Cigars
409
Iron and articles of it
409
Leather and articles of it.
410
Wagons, carriages and sleighs
410
Creameries and Cheese factories. 410
Other industries 411
MAP, remarks on 654
N
NATURAL HISTORY
41
Zoology
41
Mammals
Birds
Summer'residents.
Winter residents
Fishes
45 46 47 48
Insects
49
Botany-Phanogamous plants
54
Partial List of fungi
66
Appendix of Cultivated plants .- A. Useful 66
B. Ornamental
69
42 43 43
Amphibians
Crustaceans
Origin of Mound Builders.
INDEX.
IX
PAGE.
ORGANIZATION
277
Act of, Chapt. 100 Session.
277
Laws of 1853-Amending it Chapt. 1 279
Session Laws of 1854 .- Act to organize Trempealeau County 280
Act to divide La Crosse Co. and organize Monroe County .. 280
First election and voters
282
County Board of Supervisors
283 284
Committees of the same.
First meeting
287
Election of 1859
293
Contention about the county-seat.
294
Change of County Board to Commissioners
298 313
Return to the old system
Sheriffs
Clerks of County Board
Treasurers
Register of Deeds
320
District Attorneys ..
320 320 321
County Superintendents
321
Coroners
321
County Judges
322
Present County Officers
322
P
PIONEERS-Thomas A. Holmes 216
Shakopee
217
Chaska 227
228
Henry Goehrke
229
Andrew Baertsch
231
Nicho as Leisch
231
Christian Wenger 232
233
Victor Probst
Joseph Berni 235
318 319 319
Clerks of Circuit Court.
County Surveyors
John Adam Weber.
X
INDEX.
PIONEERS (Continued.)
PAGE. 236
John Conrad Waecker
Caspar Wild 237
Madison Wright 237 General Remarks . 238 239
Development of Towns .
POLITICAL HISTORY
241
Wisconsin Territory.
246
Governors of the same
249 250
Legislative sessions .
251
Representation of Crawford County
252
Hon. Jos. R. Brown
253
Constitutional Conventions of Wisconsin 255 256
Sessions of Legislature
256
Senators. .
260 261
Assembly, members of
Present apportionment
262
State officers
263 263
Lieutenant Governors
264
Secretaries of State
264
State. Treasurers
264
Attorneys General
265
State Superintendents
265
Supreme Court.
266 266 266
Educational Institutions
Charitable, Reformatory and Penal Institutions 266
267
United States Senators
267
Representatives
268
United States Court, Western District
268
United States Government
269
History of Politics 269 POPULATION .
412
Enumeration of 1885
413
Classification by nativity 413
Secretaries " "
State organization
Governors
Circuit Court.
State Board Of Supervision
2
INDEX.
XI
POPULATION (Continued.) PAGE. Table of Census since 1855 with percentage of in-
crease .
416
Table of annual increase 417
Character of population 418 Society
PRESS
Historical notes .
453
Fountain City Beacon
454
Advocate 454
Buffalo County Advertiser
454
Journal 455
Republikaner 456
" Herald 459
459
English, German and Norwegian papers
PUBLIC HEALTH ..
Public Health Laws
479
PUBLIC SOCIETIES Turners .
494 495 495
At Buffalo City
At Fountain City
496
Shooting Societies
At Alma 496 497 at Alma 498 " Fountain City 499 500
West Wisconsin and Minnesota Schuetzenbund
Singing Societies Concordia at Alma 502 503 Arion of Beef River Valley 506 Frohsinn of Alma. 507 507
Germania of Fountain City
Harmonia "
508 508 508
Harmonie of Waumandee
Frohsinn of Lincoln. Howard Library Society
509
Pioneer Societies. 510
Old Settlers' Club of Modena® 510
Base Ball Clubs. 511
General Remarks 511
-
460 477
Other papers.
420
452
XII
INDEX.
PAGE.
RELIGION .- Catholic Churches. R
461
at Fountain City 461
Alma 462
Buffalo City
462
Waumandee. 462
" Montana 462
..
Glencoe 462 464
Canton
Protestant Churches.
Lutheran Congregations
Lyster Norwegian
464 464 464 465
Thompson Valley Norwegian :
Bennett
465
Naples Norwegian
at Fountain City
at Buffalo City
at Lincoln
at Waumandee
at Glencoe
Reformed Churches
at Alma.
at Fountain City
in Beef River Valley
in Waumandee. 468
468
Churches at Mondovi
469
Methodist Episcopal.
469 469
Baptist . .
Congregational 470
Unitarian Church at Gilmanton 470 471
Churches etc. in Modena
Evangelical Association.
473
at Alma
473
" Belvidere 473
Montana 473
" Waumandee 474
" Lincoln 474
" Fountain City 474
466 466 466 467 467 467 467 467 467 468
in Eagle Valley
INDEX.
XIII
RELIGION (Continued.)
PAGE
Church in Deer Creek Valley 474
on Beef Slough. 475
General Remarks 485
S
SECRET SOCIET ES 512
Masons, Alma Lodge 512
Odd Fellows, Steuben Lodge 513
Grangers 513
United Workmen-Fountain City Lodge 513
Mondovi Lodge
513
Alma 66
514
Grand Army of the Republic
Fimian Post
514
Temperance Societies 514
St. Patrick's T A. S. of Waumandee and Glencoe 514 Independent order of Good Templars 515 Sunshine Lodge 515
Knights of Pythias 515
Mondovi Lodge
515
Alma 6
515
SOCIETIES PUBLIC-See Public Societies. SOLDIERS
521
of Mexican war
521
of Late war. 521
Soldiers resident in but not furnished by BuffaloCo.
523
Soldiers furnished by Buffalo Co 525
1st Rgt. Cavalry 528
2d "
528 530
6th Battery Light Art.
1st Rgt. Infantry
531
3d "
531
5th
66
531 532
7th
536
8th
536
9th
¥
538
10th
541
6th "
514 514
J. W. Christian Post
XIV
INDEX.
SOLDIERS (Continued.)
PAGE.
12th Rgt. Infantry
541
15th "
541
16th
541
17th
541
18th
542
21st =
542
25th
542
26th 6.
552 552 552
36th
553
40th 6
553
48th ¥
553
49th " 66
555
50th "
555
Conclusion .
Supplementary list of resident soldiers 556
SETTLERS EARLY LIST OF. . 557
TOPOGRAPHY
T
1
Geometrical description 1
Date of Survey 3
Situation in Wisconsin 3
on the globe. 4
in Mississippi Valley 4
Tributaries to River 4
Subsidiary streams
1. To Chippewa River 4
2. " Buffalo River. 7
3. " Waumandee Creek 10
4. " Trempealeau River 12
14
Climate
TRANSPORTATION First Steamboat. 326
325
Galena and Minnesota Packet Co. 327
Seasons of Navigation at St. Paul. 331 do. at Winona. 332
18
Perpendicular Configuration
556
34th "
35th
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XVI
INDEX.
TOWNS (Continued.)
PAGE.
Town of Glencoe
638
Lincoln
639
Maxville
640
Milton 642
יו
Modena
643
Mondovi
644
Montana
645
Naples
647
Nelson
649
Waumandee
.:
650
TOPOGRAPHY.
SURVEY .LINES.
The county of Buffalo, in its present extent contains the fol- lowing Townships: Range 10, Township 24, full.
23,
do.
22,
do.
21,
do.
20, fractional west of Trempealeau River.
19,
do. and between Trempealeau and Mississippi River.
18,
do.
Range 11,
24,
full.
23,
do.
22,
do.
21,
do.
20,
do.
19, East of Mississippi River.
18,
do.
Range 12,
24,
full.
23,
do.
22,
do.
21, fractional, East of Mississippi River, 20, do.
19,
do.
Range 13,
24, full except Section 6, 23, full.
2
TOPOGRAPHY.
22, fractional, East of Mississippi River. 21, do.
20, do.
Range 14,
6+
24, fractional, East of Chippewa River.
6
23, do. do.
6 22, fractional, East of Mississippi River.
The whole area is equal to 690.5 square miles accounting sec- tions having fractions within, but boundaries full as whole, and sections fractional according to the area in acres put down on sur- veyors' maps.
Hence we find: Township 24 = 149.796 sq. miles.
" 23 =. 157.989
do.
6 22 = 141.115 do.
21 = 112.177' do.
20 = 77.662 do.
19= 45.731 do. do.
18= 6.048
Total 690.518 square miles.
The county is widest on the line between Townships 23 and 22 being there 27} miles or nearly so, and it runs to a point indi- cated by the junction of the Mississippi and Trempealeau rivers in Section 16, Township 18, Range 10; the northern boundary is a fraction less than 24 miles long there being only 28.50 chains of the northern boundary of Section 6, Township 24, Range 13, on the east side of the Chippewa River. All the Ranges in this county are West of the fourth principal meridian and all the Townships are North of the Wisconsin base line, which is identical with the southern boundary line of the state, that between Illinois and Wisconsin, situated in North latitude 42° 30'. The divisions mentioned in the above are those established by what is called the Government Survey, on which not only the calculation of areas but also the description of all lands, and the title to all real estate is primarily based. The subjoined table for which I am in- debted to General J. M. Rusk, now Governor of this state, who procured it for me from the General Land Office in 1874, when he was a Member of Congress, shows when the land in this county was surveyed by order of the Government.
TOPOGRAGPHY.
3
DATE OF SURVEY AND BY WHOM SURVEYED.
NO. OF TOWNSHIP
RANGE
WHEN SURVEYED BY WHOM SURVEYED
Tp. 18 North
, "
18
1)
10 W. 11 "
1848 and 1849 1848
D. A. Spalding. do.
19
16
10, 11, 12
1848
du.
20
10, 11, 12, 13
1848
do.
-
21
¥
10,11
1852
do.
22
.66
12, 13
1851
do.
22
14
1850
23
"'
10
1852
66
23
11, 12
1851
23
66
13
1849
23
14
1850
24
10, 11, 12
1852
John Ball.
24
13
1849
24
14
1849 and 1850
-
21
¥
10, 11, 12 13
1852
John Ball.
1851 and 1852
do.
22
S. W. Durham. John Ball. do .;. 1
S. W. Durham. do.
S. W. Durham. do.
-
SITUATION IN THE STATE OF WISCONSIN.
Buffalo County is situated in; the. central western part of the state, rather a little south of the central line which is in Township 23 or a little north of the line of that Township. It is on the Mississippi River and extends along the. same from the mouth of the Chippewa River to the mouth of the Trempealeau River. The Mississippi River separates it from the Counties .of Winona and Wabasha in Minnesota, the Chippewa River on the western bound- ary from Pepin County and the Trem pealeau River from Trem- pealeau County. The north line of Township 24 North is the line between Pepin and. Buffalo County from the Chippewa River to the line between Ranges 10 and 11 hence to the line between Ranges 9 and 10 it divides Buffalo from Eau Claire County. The latter Range line divides Buffalo from Trempealeau County from the northeast corner of Township 24, Range 10, which is . also the northeast corner of the county south to the southeast corner of Township 21, where it intersects . with the Trempealeau River. From that point the Trempealeau River forms part of the bound- ary down to the mouth. In. the, same way does the Chippewa River form the western boundary. of the county .from Section 6, Township 24, Range 13 to the mouth of the river in Section 4, Township 22, Range 14.
4
TOPOGRAPHY.
SITUATION ON THE GLOBE.
The 44th degree of North latitude runs through the village of Trempealeau in the county of the same name and about 2 miles south of, but close enough to the most southern point of our county, to mark its geographical limit as to latitude. Hence there are 40 miles (approximately) to the northern boundary of the county, which, according 70 statute miles to one degree of latitude would be in about 44° 34' 17" of North latitude. As to longitude I find that longitude 92° West of Greenwich, England or 15° West of Washington, D. C., is about half a mile east of the line be- tween Range 13 and 14 and 91° 30' West of Greenwich = 14° 30' West of Washington is about one mile east of the straight eastern boundary line of this county.
SITUATION IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.
Buffalo County is in the upper part of the Mississippi Valley upon the left bank of the stream, immediately below the lower end of Lake Pepin, which point is almost identical with the mouth of the Chippewa River, extending down to the mouth of the Trempealeau River. All the drainage of the County goes directly or indirectly into the great river. The main tributaries from the county or its boundaries are:
1. Chippewa River including Beef Slough;
2. Buffalo or Beef River;
3. Eagle or Waumandee Creek;
4. Trempealeau River. ·
The subsidiary streams of the above tributaries are:
1. TO THE CHIPPEWA AND BEEF SLOUGH.
a. Big Bear Creek joining the main stream above Durand in Pepin County, but having the most considerable of its head waters in this county and draining especially the greatest part of Township 24, Range 12 to the north the same Township being known as Canton.
b. Upper Spring Creek coming from the northern part of Township 24, Range 13 flows west into Beef Slough.
c. Little Bear Creek is formed by the confluence of the North Branch coming from the southwestern part of Township 24, Range 12 flowing south, and the South Branch coming from the western part of Township 23, Range 12 (Modena) flowing north, either of
5
TOPOGRAPHY.
which might be considered as the source of the creek. After uniting the creek flows west receiving but one considerable affluent from the north, but from the south it receives Norway Creek, Center Creek, and Cascade Creek; it flows into Beef Slough.
d. Schaeublin's or Bygolly Creek from the western part of Township 23, Range 13 flows southwest into Beef Slough.
e. Deer Creek from the northern part of Township 22, Range 13 flows nearly south into Beef Slough.
f. Lower Spring Creek from the center of the same Township flows west into Beef Slough.
Iron Creek flows into the swamp or lake connected with
g. Beef River at its confluence with Beef Slough.
Before proceeding further on this part of our work we will consider the Chippewa River as far as it forms one of the natural boundary lines of our county, and Beef Slough which is in fact the eastern branch of the river and may have been in ancient times the main branch of it.
A look upon the map annexed to this description will satisfy us, that the current of the Chippewa has in the northern part of Section 12, Township 24, Range 14 an apparent tendency to enter into Beef Slough and that the so-called main channel sets off at almost a right angle from the center line of the stream above. There is no rock or hill at the division point, and it is therefore a surprise that this abrupt turn in the river ever took place. It is not the intention of the author to speculate on the causes underlying that fact, and if in a subsequent part of the book a rather apocryphal anecdote should be given, which might show that even in modern times at certain stages of the water Beef Slough at its head has been taken for the main stream, we do not want to have that picked up as an argument.
This departure from its general course is maintained by the main Chippewa for little more than half a mile, when after another rather abrupt turn, it returns to its former direction flowing about twelve miles nearly south, deviating but three miles west in that distance. On its right bank it is closely hemmed in by precipitous bluffs, and if now and then a valley cuts in to westward from the river, it is still considerably above the stream, even where it ad- joins it. The only subsidiary entering the river from the right
6
TOPOGRAPHY.
bank during this long run is Plum Creek, which comes from Pierce County. On the left bank is the delta between the River and Beef Slough known by the common name of the Chippewa Bottoms. The only considerable offset from the river on that side is Little Beef Slough, running southeast into main Beef Slough through sections 23, 24, 25 and 26 of Township 24, Range 14.
Beef Slough is a branch of the Chippewa River setting off from the main channel at the turn in section 12 above mentioned. It then pursues, though with considerable meanderings and numerous sharp turns, a general southern course, never getting out of the eastern range of sections until down to the Township line between Townships 23 and 22, Range 14 when it enters upon Township 22 at the southeast corner of Section 2 still continuing south to the corner of Sections 1, 2, 11 and 12 when Perrin or Par- rain Slough sets off to the west, while Beef Slough begins to take a general southeastern direction, which it keeps, with some deviat- ions and many turns, until its confluence with Beef River a short distance above the entrance of the latter into the Mississippi. It
would be difficult to decide from a study of the maps, which of the many sloughs laid down in Township 22, Ranges 14 and 13 west, was at the time of the survey (see table) considered the main slough, if. indeed, the matter received any particular considera- tion. At present the one used for driving logs from Flat Bar.to the rafting works is indisputably entitled to the preference. A number of points or localities along the Slough have received temporary names, invented and applied by the men working along the Slough, for their own convenience and mutual information, and communicated to the people living in the neighborhood. In the discussion of the history of the Beef Slough Company, and the development of the rafting business and its connections or relations to other industries these names may become significant and be employed. Beef Slough unites with Beef or Buffalo River in Section 26, Township 22, North of Range 13 West, and their united waters join the Mississippi River in Section 34 of the same Township near the quarter section corner between Sections 34 and 35. This part of the Slough or River is navigable for good sized stern wheel steamboats which are employed as raft tugs or push_ ers. In Section 21 there is a so-called cut-off by which such
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8
TOPOGRAPHY.
A. From the Right Bank.
a. Silver Creek, the only affluent from the north in Range 10 comes from the southern half of Township 25 in the same range, flows nearly south about three miles.
b. Hoyt's Creek, into which Bond's Creek flows from the east near the line between this and Eau Claire County, flows southwest uniting with Hunter's Creek, which flows about two miles west of it directly south to the place now occupied by the millpond, where in by-gone times it must have formed a natural pond and waterfall. It is about six miles long and flows through Mondovi.
c. Farrington's Creek. It originates in the southeastern part of Township 24, Range 12, and flowing north is joined by Dutch Creek, coming from the opposite direction, and after receiving some other affluents from the other side, flows in a southeastern direction into the river, through a depression between the plateau of Mondovi and adjoining hills.
d. Gilman's Creek much smaller, without any affluent, comes out of the hills about eight miles south of the former. Its general course is south and its length about three miles with a wide valley.
e. Brown's Creek takes its start at the quarter section corner in the town line of Section 3, Township 23, Range 12, flows through that section south, but afterwards southeast, it has a cascade of 40 feet made use of for a mill. It has a length of about six miles and flows in its upper part through tamarack and other swamps. The valley is wide and undulating, and there are some tributaries.
f. Jensen's Creek in the lower part of Township 23, Range 12, flows about one mile south and then about two miles east entering the river in Section 35.
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