The History of Waukesha County, Wisconsin. Containing an account of its settlement, growth, development and resources; an extensive and minute sketch of its cities, towns and villages etc, Part 1

Author: Western Historical Co., pub
Publication date: 1880
Publisher: Chicago : Western Historical Company
Number of Pages: 1050


USA > Wisconsin > Waukesha County > The History of Waukesha County, Wisconsin. Containing an account of its settlement, growth, development and resources; an extensive and minute sketch of its cities, towns and villages etc > Part 1


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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY


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Cornell University Library F 587W2 H67 + History of Waukesha County, Wisconsin. C


3 1924 028 871 627 Overs olin


DATE DUE


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250


J


GAYLORD


PRINTSDINU S.A.


UN


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V


Y


1865


ED


D


Cornell University Library


The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library.


There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text.


http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028871627


THE


HISTORY


OF


WAUKESHA COUNTY,


WISCONSIN,


CONTAINING


AN ACCOUNT OF ITS SETTLEMENT, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND RESOURCES: AN EXTENSIVE AND MINUTE SKETCH OF ITS CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES-THEIR IMPROVEMENTS, INDUSTRIES, MANUFACTORIES, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES; ITS WAR RECORD, BIOGRAPH- ICAL SKETCHES, PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT MEN AND EARLY SETTLERS: THE THE WHOLE PRECEDED BY A HISTORY OF WISCONSIN, STATISTICS OF THE STATE, AND AN ABSTRACT OF ITS LAWS AND CON- STITUTION AND OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.


-


ILLUSTRATED.


CHICAGO : WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY. MDOCOLXXX.


F


1 587 W2 H67+


A688154 PREFACE


TT is with no little pride that the publishers present this work to the citizens of Waukesha County, knowing that, with whatever inaccuracies it may be found to contain, it will prove one of the most valuable books ever added to their libraries. It is a book wholly unlike any other ever published, being exclusively for and concerning the people of this county, and is of such size, completeness and comprehensiveness as could never have been furnished had the community been less advanced in civilization, culture and wealth than it now is.


Had the publication of this history been delayed five years, many facts now contained in it could not have been rescued from oblivion. The index shows what the book attempts to preserve. That it contains errors would be foolhardy to deny ; for the very nature of all historical publications, depending, as they do, upon oft-repeated and oft-mangled stories, imperfect newspaper accounts and memories weakened by the toils and sorrows of many decades, renders perfect accuracy absolutely impossible. However, let the public take these prefatory remarks as a pledge that the publishers have spared no means, and the historian no labor or patience, to make every account as near perfect as possible; and let every reader remember also, as he notes the contents of the hundreds of subjects the book contains, that, wherever the historian has been led in the least astray, it was due to the citizens of Waukesha County, for whom the work was undertaken, and from whom he obtained the least and the greatest of the facts necessary in its compilation.


To those who have taken particular pains to aid in making this a valuable book, sincere thanks are here returned; and, as years roll on, and the work becomes more and more cherished and valuable, the thanks of the future will be still more sincere than ours ; - sincere not only, but entirely universal.


WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY.


Fr


CONTENTS.


HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.


PAGE.


Educational :


Township System ..


146


Free High Schoole ..


147


Pork and Beef ..


203


School Offices.


.147


Wisconsin as a State


52


First Administration


148


Second Administration ....


Third Administration


148


Water Powers.


59


206


Fourth Administration.


Fifth Administration


64


Sixth Administration.


06


Academiee aod Seminaries


151


Commercial Schools.


151 }


Health


230


Geographical Position


230


Physical Features. Geology. 231


Drainage


232


Copper ..


168


Climatology


232


Eleventh Administration.


93


Gold and Silver


168


Raia Character


233


Twelfth Administration.


94


Brick Claye ...


108


Isotherme


234


Cement Rock


170


Barometrical.


234


Limestone-Glass Sand. 171


Peat-Building Stooes 172


Railroads.


173


Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Panl. 173


The Archæan Age ..


112


Chicago & North westero


176


Paleozoic Time-Silurian Age


115


Devonian Age ..


119


Western Union


179


Glacial Period ..


120


West Wisconsin


180


Climetology


121 |


Trees, Shrubs and Vines


.128 .


Fauna.


134


Wieconein Valley


181


Fish and Fish Culture. .134


Large Animale-Time of their Disap- pearance.


.138


Peculiarities of the Bird Fauna.


139


North Wisconsin.


183


Educational


.140


Original School Code ...


140


Chippewa Falls & Western 183


Change of Diseases.


246


Pulmonary Diseases 248


Statistics


29


Population, 1875, of Townships, Alpha-


Baoking.


191


hetically Arranged by Counties ........ 249


Population by Couoties.


.258


Commerce and Manufactures.


198


State University.


.143


Agricultural College.


.144


Furs


199


Nativity hy Counties ..


.259


Normal Schoole.


144


Lead aad Ziac-Iron.


200


Valnation of Property.


.260


Teachers' Institutes.


.146


Graded Schools


146


ABSTRACT OF WISCONSIN STATE LAWS.


PAGE.


Actions


283


Elections and General Elections


263


Landlord and Teaant.


281


Limitation of Actions. 285


Attachment 284 Exemptions .284 Marks, and Brands. 281


Adoption of Children 276 Fences. 280 Married Women 283


Assignment of Mortgage. .274


Assessment and Collection of Taxes


.267


Assessment of Taxes.


268


Garnishment.


284


Bills of Exchange or Promissory Notes. .272 Borrowed Money 207 Hours of Labor. 273


Capital Punishment. .278 Interest. 277


Collection of Taxes .. 270 lotoxicatiog Liqners 271


Commercial Terms.


.285


Common Schoole ..


.266


Damagee for Trespass.


279


Jurors


PAGE.


Wisconsin State Constitutioo. .287


U. S. Constitution


297


MISCELLANEOUS.


PAGE. Vote of Wisconsin for Governor and Presi- .306-307 det .....


-


Population of the State.


.......


308


1


PAGE.


Antiquities


19


Indiaa Tribee.


21 |


Pre-Territorial Anoals. 29


Wisconsin Territory.


41


Hops.


204


Tobacco-Cranberries.


205


Liquors


205


52


57


Libraries


148


Miscellaneone.


206


62


College Sketches.


149


Manufacturee


208


Conclusion.


208


The Public Domain


210


230


Wiads


235


Climatological Changes from Settling


in the State.


235


Influence of Nationalities.


237


Occupations-Food-Education, etc ....


.. 238


Ratio of Sickness, Ft. Howard and Win-


nehago ..


239


Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western 180


Green Bay & Minnesota. 181


Sheboygan & Fond du Lac.


.181


State Prison


24.2


Mineral Point ....


182


Madison & Portage .. .182


Northern Hospital for the Tasane .. .243


City of Milwaukee


243


Prairie du Chien & McGregor.


183


Health Resorts.


244


Narrow Gange.


183


Agitation for Free Schools.


.141


School System under State Govern-


Conclusion.


184


meat


.141


Lumber


185


School Fund lacome.


.142


Arrest. .283 Estrays ... 279


Forms of Mortgagee


.274 'Surveyors and Surveye. 282


Support of Poor. 282


Suggestione to Persons Purchasing Books


by Subecription.


.285


Title of Real Property by Descent. 275


Weights and Measuree.


278


Judgments.


284


Wills.


276


Jurisdiction of Courts.


277


Wolf Scalps.


278


278 :


Commerce aod Manufactures :


Dairy Products


203


State Teachers' Certificates.


147


Teachers' Associations,


State Superintendents.


Seventh Administration


67


69


76


War of Secession Commenced.


Agriculture.


Mineral Resources.


151


Eighth Administration


162


Niath Administration.


85


Lead and Zinc.


162


Statietice of Volunteers


90


Iroo.


165


Teath Administration


92


Thirteenth Administration


97


Fourteenth Administration. 99


Fifteenth Administration


104


Sixteenth Administration


109


Topography and Geology


110


Wiscoasia Central 178 History of Disease ..... .238


Education of the Blind .. 241 Institute of Deaf and Dumb 241 Industrial School for Boys .. 242


State Hospital for the Insane. 242


Acreage of Principal Crops.


.261, 262


Grain


202


PAGE.


PAGE.


PAGE.


Highways and Bridges


270


Forms of Conveyances.


273 : Stay Law.


284


Lumber ..


201


PAGE.


Female Colleges.


150


iv


CONTENTS.


HISTORY OF WAUKESHA COUNTY.


PAGE.


PAGE.


Political Geography .309


Topography 310


Geographical Formations. 313


Stone Quarries and Lime-kilns 317


Rivers


.318


L&kes


319


Water Powers 321


Soils


321


.324


Fossil Remains. 327


Native Vagetation. 324


Mineral Springs .. 328


Pre-historic Relics. 337


An Ancient Document. 342


First Settlement. 347


Government Land Districts sad Offices .350


Claim Committee and Laws ..


.350


Land Sale 352


Pioneer Hardships and Pleasures 353


Organization of County. .358


County Seat and Buildings 360


First County Records ... 364


County Officers, 1846-1880 366


Waukesha in Constitutional Conventions ... 371 Territorial Representation


371


State Representation .372


Representation in Congress ..


.372


Premium Farm.


580


Territorial District Courts and Judges .373


Circuit Court and Judges 375


County Court and Judgee .375


How and by whom County was named.


.376


Pitts Ellis.


.584


Indian Names.


377


Indian Occupancy .. 381


Hunting and Trapping .385 Rev. John Adams Savage .586


An Early Experiment .385


Residents of 1838 .385 Sehina Barney. 589


Plank Roads .387


Railroads,


.387


Milwaukee & Rock River Canal. 392 Calvert C. White. .594


Early Music.


394


First Temperance Organization. 395


County Finances


396


Wisconsin ladustrial School for Boys 401


Cantennial Historical Address. 418 Chauncey H. Purple .. 602


" The Eenjuns are Coming"


424


Waukesha County ss a Summer Resort. .. 426


Old Log Schoolhouse. 436


Old Prairieville Academy. 436


Nashotah House ..


438


Oconomowoc Seminary .. 445


Carroll College ..


447


General Educational Interests. 450 Sun Dials. 622


Agriculture


.454


First Under-ground Railroad. 457 First Things ..


Pioneer Reminiscences.


.466


By Nathaniel Walton, 1880.


.466


Waukesha ..


By Lyman Goodnow, 1880.


.467


By Mrs. Talbot C. Dousman, 1880.


473


By Almon Welch, 1880


475


By Hamilton Nelson, 1880


.482


BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.


PAGE.


Brook field.


959


Menomonee


PAGE. 984 Pewaukee. 932


Delafield .987 Muskego. 903 Summit .882


Eagle ... .. 894 Mukwonago .964 Vernon. 991


Genesee. 922 Now Berlin 911


Lisbon


.976


Merton


947


Ottawa


1004


PORTRAITS.


PAOE.


Barstow. Wm. .....


51


Bacon, W. D .. .275


Blair, William 67 Haight, T. W 829 Beaumont, Eph. 919


Carney, P. H. .721


Lawrence, George.


.415


Clinton, Adam 211 Moore, V. L. 885 Tichenor, Vernon 83


McCarty, Thomas 795 Towosend, Copeland .433


Martin, Leonard 195 Vieau, A ..


Peffer, George P


.469


White, C. C ...


523


Phillips, Henry ..


...


.667


Wright, W. L


.739


Perkins, A. E .. 577 Weaver, James. 131


Gove, R. L 703 Parsoos, W. S 259 Weaver, Richard .361


Goss, B. F. 451 Putnam, Amos 179


Gilbert, A. E .. .649 Richmond, Thompson. 505 Weaver, Thomas .309


Hunkios, H. H. 99


Hatheway, R. C.


685


Randall, Alex. W 35 Hurlbut, Edwin .865 Savage, J. A. .115


PAGE.


Pioneer Reminiscences-


By T. S. Redford, 1880. 483


By Mrs. John Weaver, 1875, 484


By Alexander F. Pratt, 1854. 485


Churches


Secret Societies.


657


Banks


.660


Public Halls.


662


Hotels


663


Village Officers, 1852-1880.


670


Conflagrations ..


671


Fire Department.


672


Manufacturing Interests.


673


Miscellaneous Sketches ...


676


677


Old Settlers Done up in Rhyme .. Waukesha in 1842 680 Waukesha in 1844 680 Waukesha in 1853. 681


681 656 Waukesha in 1860. 684 What Waukesha Contained in 1865 687 Waukesha in 1880. 557


687


Notes and First Things .690


City of Oconomowoc.


Villsge and City Government. 690


Past Condition and General Growth .. .695 Public Schools and Academy .702


Fires and Fire Department 705


Brass Bands.


706


Library Association 707


Yacht Club


.708


709


Cemetery Association. Hotels 709


Churches


.711


Secret Societies.


716


Manufacturing 719


Attorneys


720


Postmasters


720


Physicians-


720


Notes.


720


War Incidents. 723


Incidents and Anecdotes 724 Analysis of L& Belle Spring 727


Beauties of Oconomowoc ... 728


Histories of Towns : Brookfield 729


Delafield


731


Eagle


735


Genesee.


741


Lishon.


744


Democratic Party


611


Merton


748


Republican Party.


615


Menomonee


752


Mukwonago


75G


Muskego


764


New Berlin


768


Oconomowoc ..


771


Ottawa ...


775


Pewaukee


778


Summit


784


Vernon ...


789


Waukesha


793


PAOE.


Small, William 775


Hardell, A. G .... 901 Small, D. H. 397


Shears, Henry 541


Jones, Thomas D. .937 Sugden, Thomas 163


Snyder, Andrew 847


Campbell, Albert. .559


Deissner, Chas. T 227


Dousman, T. C., 631


Evans, John 613 Pearl, Elishs .487 Wagner, John .757


Frazier, William M.


811


Field, Martin


243


Waukesha-


640


Postoffice and Poetmaster's.


Public Schools.


641


642


By Mrs. A. B. Hall, 1880 .489


By Andrew E. Elmora, 1880.


.491


By Thomas Sugden, 1880. 492


493


503


Agricultural Society


Dairying.


.508


Wool Growing and Sheep Raising. 509


War Record .. .510


Roster of Volunteers .515


The Glover Rascue. 549


Seven Murders.


550


Early Manufacturing.


554


Early Horse-racing Fests 555


·


A Distinguished County.


County Poor-House and Farm.


Postoffices.


Newspapers


.558


Fruit Growing .. 571


Thief-Detection Society.


572


The Name ..


690


Oconomowoc Agricultural, Mechanical and


Stock Association.


573


Old Settlers' Clubs.


574


Population of County &t Different Periods ... 581


Distinguished Dead


583


Jacob Linsley Beso.


.583


Dennison Worthington 584


Matthias J. Bovee .. 586


Rev. Robert Boyd, D. D. 587


Rufus Parks, 589


Bishop Jackson Kemper, D. D. .590


Adam E. Ray 597


Richard Hardell. 597


Alexander Foster Pratt .. 598


Sydney Alfred Bean, 600


William Augustus Barstow 602


John Hodgson.


606


Alexander W. Randall 608


Oriental Evanic Order of the 1,001 610


Political Parties ..


611


Anecdotes and History, Unclassified 623


One Hundred Years Hence


633


Location


633


Different Names .. .634


Incorporated


.. 635


Father of the Saratoga of the West ..... 638


Oconomowoc ..


.845


Waukesha Village


795


PAGE.


Hardy, W. H. 955


.325


Weaver, William 2d .. 291


Rice, Joho A 379


Warren, Stephen


.147


Youmans, H. A.


595


PAGE.


627


.633


Waukesha.


.836


558


By Chauncey C. Olio, 1880.


Elevations


MAP OF WAUKESHA CO.


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LAKE FIVE


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21


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27


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DEAFIELD


18


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PROORFIZLO!


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34


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WAUKESHA


S


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EW BER NowBAHmy


T.G.A


T


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Geursce Depot P.o.


2


23


19


37"


30


16


29


30


SOUTH GENESEE


Prospect lupo


SILVER


35


34


34


F


3


3


10


11


Varron H


Muskelf Gent.POS. Fr


MUKWONAGO L ++


10


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25


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31


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18


15


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as


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POORNOOSE


Tess Corners hot


33


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Hutt-Rock Sy


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HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.


BY C. W. BUTTERFIELD.


I .- WISCONSIN ANTIQUITIES.


The first explorers of the valleys of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi and its tributaries. seem not to have noticed, to any considerable extent, the existence within these vast areas of monuments of an extinct race. Gradually, however, as the tide of emigration broke through the barriers of the Alleghanies and spread in a widely extended flow over what are now the States of the Northwest, these prehistoric vestiges attracted more and more the attention of the curious and the learned, until, at the present time, almost every person is presumed to have some general knowledge, not only of their existence, but of some of their striking peculiarities. Unfortunately, these signs of a long since departed people are fast disappearing by the never ceasing operations of the elements, and the constant encroachments of civilization. The earliest notices of the animal and vegetable kingdom of this region are to be found in its rocks; but Wisconsin's earli- est records of men can only be traced in here and there a crumbling earth-work, in the fragment of a skeleton, or in a few stone and copper implements-dim and shadowy relics of their handicraft.


The ancient dwellers in these valleys, whose history is lost in the lapse of ages, are desig- nated, usually, as the Mound-Builders ; not that building mounds was probably their distinctive employment, but that such artificial elevations of the earth are, to a great extent, the only evi- dences remaining of their actual occupation of the country. As to the origin of these people, all knowledge must, possibly, continue to rest upon conjecture alone. Nor were the habitations of this race confined to the territory of which Wisconsin now forms a part. At one time, they must have been located in many ulterior regions. The earth-works, tumuli, or "mounds," as they are generally designated, are usually symmetrically raised and often inclosed in mathematical figures, such as the square, the octagon, and the circle, with long lines of circumvallation. Besides these earth-works, there are pits dug in the solid rock; rubbish heaps formed in the prosecution of mining operations; and a variety of implements and utensils, wrought in copper or stone, or moulded in clay. Whence came the inhabitants who left these evidences to succeed- ing generations ? In other words, who were the Mound-Builders? Did they migrate from the Old World, or is their origin to be sought for elsewhere? And as to their manners and customs and civilization-what of these things? Was the race finally swept from the New World to give place to Red men, or was it the one from which the latter descended ? These momentous ques- tions are left for the ethnologist, the archaeologist, and the antiquarian of the future to answer- if they can.


20


HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.


Inclosures and mounds of the prehistoric people, it is generally believed, constituted but parts of one system; the former being, in the main, intended for purposes of defense or religion; the latter, for sacrifice, for temple sites, for burial places, or for observatories. In selecting sites for many of these earth-works, the Mound-Builders appear to have been influenced by motives which prompt civilized men to choose localities for their great marts; hence, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee and other cities of the West are founded on ruins of pre-existing structures. River terraces and river bottoms seem to have been the favorite places for these earth-works. In such localities, the natural advantages of the country could be made available with much less trouble than in portions of the country lying at a distance from water-courses. In Wisconsin, therefore, as in other parts, the same general idea of selecting points contiguous to the principal natural thoroughfares is found to have prevailed with the Mound-Builders; for their works are seen in the basin of the Fox river of the Illinois, in that of Rock river and its branches, in the valley of Fox river of Green bay, in that of the Wisconsin, as well as near the waters of the Mississippi.


While a few circumvallations and immense mounds, such as are common to certain other portions of the United States, are discoverable in Wisconsin, yet by far the largest number of earthworks have one peculiarity not observable, except in a few instances, outside the State. This characteristic is a very striking one The fact is revealed that they are imitative in form- resembling beasts, reptiles, birds, fish, man. All these, for convenience, are usually classed under the general name of "animal mounds," although some are in the similitude of trees, some of war clubs, others of tobacco pipes. Generally, these figures are in groups, though sometimes they are seen alone. For what purpose these earth-works were heaped up-they rise above the surface two, four, and sometimes six feet-or what particular uses they were intended to subserve, is unknown. It is, however, safe to affirm that they had some significance. A number resemble the bear; a few, the buffalo; others, the raccoon. Lizards, turtles, and even tadpoles, are out- lined in the forms of some. The war eagle, and the war club has each its representative. All this, of course, could not have been a mere happening-the work of chance. The sizes of these mounds are as various as their forms. One near Cassville, in Grant county, very complete in its representation of an animal, supposed to be of the elephant species, was found, upon measure- ment, to have a total length of one hundred and thirty-five feet. Another in Sauk county, quite perfect in its resemblance to the form of a man, was of equal length-a veritable colossus ; prone, it is true, and soon to disappear, if it has not already been destroyed, by ravages of a superior civilization.


In portions of Wisconsin, as well as in a few places outside the State, are found earth-works of another kind, but quite as remarkable as the "animal mounds," which, from their supposed use, have been styled "garden beds." They are ridges, or beds, about six inches in height and four feet in width, ranged, with much apparent method, in parallel rows, sometimes rectangular in shape, sometimes of various but regular and symmetrical curves, and occupying fields of from ten to a hundred acres.


The Mound-Builders have left many relics, besides their earthworks, to attest their presence in Wisconsin in ages past. Scattered widely are found stone and copper axes, spear-heads, and arrow-heads, also various other implements-evidently their handiwork. As these articles are frequently discovered many feet beneath the surface, it argues a high antiquity for the artificers. Whether they had the skill to mould their copper implements is doubtful. Such as plainly show the work of hammering, indicate an art beyond that possessed by the Red men who peopled America upon its first discovery by Europeans. In a few instances, fragments of human skulls have been found so well preserved as to enable a comparison to be drawn between the crania of


21


THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN.


this ancient race and those of modern ones; the results, however, of these comparisons throw little, if any, light upon "the dark backward and abysm " of mound-building times.


The evidences of an extinct people of superior intelligence is very strikingly exhibited in the ancient copper mines of the Lake Superior region. Here are to be found excavations in the solid rock; heaps of rubble and dirt; copper utensils fashioned into knives, chisels, and spear and arrow-heads; stone hammers; wooden bowls and shovels; props and levers for raising and supporting the mass copper; and ladders for ascending and descending the pits. These mines were probably worked by people not only inhabiting what is now the State of Wisconsin, but territory farther to the southward. The copper was here obtained, it is believed, which has been found in many places, even as far away as the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, wrought into various implements and utensils. But there are no traces in Wisconsin of a " copper age " succeeding a " stone age," discernadle in any prehistoric relics. They all refer alike to one age-the indefinite past ; to one people-the Mound-Builders.


II .- THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN.


When, as early, it is believed, as 1634, civilized man first set foot upon the territory now included within the boundaries of Wisconsin, he discovered, to his surprise, that upon this wide area met and mingled clans of two distinct and wide-spread families-the Algonquins and Sioux. The tribes of the former, moving westward, checked the advance of the latter in their excursions eastward. As yet there had been no representatives of the Huron-Iroquois seen west of Lake Michigan-the members of this great family, at that date dwelling in safety in the extensive regions northward and southward of the Erie and Ontario lakes. Already had the French secured a foot-hold in the extensive valley of the St. Lawrence; and, naturally enough, the chain of the Great Lakes led their explorers to the mouth of Green bay, and up that water- course and its principal tributary, Fox river, to the Wisconsin, an affluent of the Mississippi. On the right, in ascending this bay, was seen, for the first time, a nation of Indians, lighter in complexion than neighboring tribes, and remarkably well formed, now well known as the MENOMONEES.


This nation is of Algonquin stock, but their dialect differed so much from the surrounding tribes of the same family, it having strange guttural sounds and accents, as well as peculiar inflec- tions of verbs and other parts of speech, that, for a long time, they were supposed to have a distinct language. Their traditions point to an emigration from the East at some remote period. When first visited by the French missionaries, these Indians subsisted largely upon wild rice, from which they took their name. The harvest time of this grain was in the month of September. It grew spontaneously in little streams with slimy bottoms, and in marshy places. The harvesters went in their canoes across these watery fields, shaking the ears right and left as they advanced, the grain falling easily, if ripe, into the bark receptacle beneath. To clear it from chaff and strip it of a pellicle inclosing it, they put it to dry on a wooden lattice above a small fire, which was kept up for several days. When the rice was well dried, it was placed in a skin of the form of a bag, which was then forced into a hole, made on purpose, in the ground. They then tread it out so long and so well, that the grain being freed from the chaff, was easily winnowed. After this, it was pounded to meal, or left unpounded, and boiled in water seasoned with grease. It thus became a very palatable diet. It must not be inferred that this was the only food of the Menomonees; they were adepts in fishing, and hunted with skill the game which abounded in the forests.




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