USA > Wisconsin > Milwaukee County > Milwaukee > History of Milwaukee from its first settlement to the year 1895 > Part 2
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tion the result of his answers-Republican gains at the election of 1863-Palmer and Lewis opposing candidates for governor-Effect of the soldier vote " in 1864-Democratic majorities of 1865, 1866 and 1867-Seymour's majority over Grant at the presidential election of 1868- Carpenter's first elec- tion to the senate-His defeat in 1874-Popular demonstration upon his return to Milwaukee-Harri- son Ludington elected governor in 1875-Carpenter's third senatorial campaign-His election after a pro- longed contest.
CHAPTER XX.
ASCENDANCY OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY .- 95.
John G. Gregory.
Success of the war the cause of an increased Republi- can vote-The Milwaukee Herold's effective cham- pionship of Republican principles --- The Germania and Abend Post potent factors in promoting the success of the party-The conduct of county affairs a campaign issue-Democratic candidates defeated as a result-Specie resumption and " fiat money"- Formation of a "Greenback Club " and " Honest Money League"-Three candidates for the governor- ship in 1877-All of them Milwaukee men-Plat- forms of the parties-Republicans strengthened by discussion of financial questions -- Congressional cam- paign of 1878-First majority given by the county to a Republican presidential candidate in 1880- Appearance of the Labor Party in 1882-Election of Mayor Stowell as head of the Labor ticket-The Republicans successful in 1884 in state and county elections-A small majority given by the county for Cleveland-Visits of Blaine and Butler during the campaign-Second victory of the Labor Party-Fusion of the Democrats and Republicans at local elections -- The " Bennett Law" and its effect upon the Republican party-A succession of Demo- cratic victories-Republicans return to power under Mayor John C. Koch -- Large majority given by the city for the Republican gubernatorial candidate in 1894-Civil service reform in the city government- Prominent politicians and party leaders who have been citizens of Milwaukee.
CHAPTER XXI. LEGENDARY WARFARE AND EARLY MILITARY HISTORY .- 103. Col. J. A. Watrous.
Legendary Indian warfare-A battle between red men said to have been fought on the site of Milwaukee -- Story of an encounter between Solomon Juneau and
the Indians-A semi-military organization of early settlers-The first effort to form a regular military company -- Two companies in existence in 1847-A battalion formed in 1848-The German Riflemen, Washington Guard and Milwaukee Dragoons-The Milwaukee City Guard and the Milwaukee Light Guard-A famous pioneer military organization General Rufus King one of the organizers-His bril- liant career in later years-Influence of the Light Guard on the military affairs of Wisconsin-Mem- bers of the company who afterward achieved dis- tinction-The first Military Convention held in Milwaukee-Legislation looking to the improvement of the state military system asked for-Captain Starkweather's company goes East-A reception to the Milwaukee soldiers at Hamilton, Canada -Other ante.war military history.
CHAPTER XXII.
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE WAR PERIOD. -- 112.
Col. J. L. Watrons.
Beginning of the Civil War -- Milwaukee's response to the call for volunteers First war meetings-Reso- lutions adopted by citizens-The Light Guard be- comes a part of the First Regiment-The regiment in camp-Flag presentation Off for the front -- The "baptism of fire"-The first military funeral-The Second Wisconsin Infantry Regiment -- Milwaukee troops in other regiments Fourteen thousand Mil- waukee soldiers in the war The organization of the Milwaukee Volunteer Relief Association-The La- dies' Aid Societies-Their noble and patriotic work- Origin of the Soldier's Home-A memorable and spectacular event-Milwaukee's contribution to the government forces during the first year of the war -- A memorial meeting held soon after the death of General Nathaniel Lyon-The Sixth Regiment feted -Celebration of the capture of Fort Donelson-Wis- consin troops at the battle of Pittsburgh Landing Milwaukee's prompt response to the demand for sup- plies for the sick and wounded - Sad death of Gov- ernor Harvey-Response to the call for three hun- dred thousand more troops-A great war meeting at Kneeland's grove-The exigencies of war necessi- tate a military draft-Conducted in Wisconsin un- der state authority-Two Milwaukee regiments in the battle of Stone River-Memorable Fourth of July celebration in 1863-Dramatic episode in tlie midst of Senator Doolittle's speech -The second and succeeding drafts Troops recruited for the hun- dred-day service-Closing months of the war-Deep grief over the assassination of President Lincoln-1
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HISTORY OF MILWAUKEE.
funeral procession participated in by military and civic organizations Receptions tendered to returning soldiers at the close of the war.
CHAPTER XXIII.
MILITARY HISTORY SINCE THE WAR .- 120.
Col. J. J. Watrous.
Circumstances which rendered one of the early military companies notable -- the Milwaukee Zouaves in the bank riots of 1861 -- The company's good war record -A healthy military spirit in Milwaukee ever since the war -- Reorganization of the Milwaukee Light Guard -A regiment composed of Milwaukee companies- Officers chosen who had achieved distinction in the war-Second annual reunion of the regiment A contest which resulted in the disbanding of the regi- ment-Dissolution of famous companies-Or- ganization of the Light Horse Squadron-Its im- portant service in 1886-Other important military organizations-Organization of a battalion-Its ser- vices on important occasions-A review by Gen. W. T. Sherman-A light battery mustered into service -- Battery "A" thoroughly equipped and well drilled --- A credit to the city-The Grand Army of the Republic -- Organization and subsequent history of Milwaukee posts -Military order of the Loyal Legion-The Sons of Veterans and Woman's Relief Corps-Notable military and semi-military events The soldiers reunion of 1880-An important address issued to Wisconsin soldiers -- Its stimulating effect in Grand Army circles-Distinguished soldiers present at the reunion of 1880-The National encampment of the Grand Army in 1889 -Generosity of Milwaukee citizens on that occasion-A naval battle on the lake -- A notable event in the city's history.
CHAPTER XXIV.
HISTORY OF EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM-127. .lugustus J. Rogers.
The first school opened in Milwaukee-Messrs. Heth and Worthington the first teachers-The first public school in Milwaukee, the first in the Territory of Wisconsin Little progress made in building up the public school system between 1836 and 1846 The Milwaukee press active in promoting educational advancement- More private than public schools in the eity in 1846. An improved public school system devised in 1846 The first School Board -- Taxation for school purposes -Limited to one-fourth of one per cent .- Meager school accommodations First
annual report of the Board of Education -- Atten- dance at the public schools -- Attendance at select schools and academies -- Fifteen thousand dollars borrowed for school purposes-Buildings erected in each of the five wards of the city- Text books then in use-Regular examinations of teachers made first in 1851-Salaries of teachers in 1853-The financial panic of 1857 and its effect on the schools-Propo- sition to close the sehools on account of a lack of funds -- Continuance of the schools in the face of financial difficulties- The School Board reorganized by legislative enactment-A superintendent of schools provided for-Rufns King, Jonathan Ford and other early superintendents -- An effort to intro- duce "object teaching" in 1861-Uniformity of text books required in 1863-Monthly reports required from teachers-Prizes offered by public-spirited citizens --- F. C. Pomeroy elected to the superinten- dency of schools -The schools divided into four departments- System of grading changed in 1868- Death of Superintendent Pomeroy in 1870 -- Com- pulsory education urged.
CHAPTER XXV.
SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENCY OF JAMES MAC- ALISTER .- 138. Augustus .J. Rogers.
James MacAlister elected superintendent in 1874- Consolidation of grades-Codification of rules-Num- ber of teachers allowed to each district-Require- ments for the position of principal of a full graded school-Changes in the names of schools in 1875 --- Inauguration of teachers' monthly meeting-School exhibit at the Centennial Exposition-Visit of a French School Commissioner to Milwaukee-Milwan- kee school exhibit at the Paris Exposition of 1878 -- Four grades of teachers' certificates provided for in 1877-Corporal punishment considered by the Board of Education-Its infliction allowed only as a last resort- The use of the rod discouraged-An effort made to establish truant schools in 1880 -John J. Somers succeeds Mr. MacAlister as superintendent - Changes in text books The ventilation of school rooms a vital question-Mr. MacAlister recalled to the superintendeney-Improvements in the course of study Rules for examination and promotion The payment of tuition Mr. MacAlister called to Philadelphia-William E. Andrew his successor- George W. Peckham elected superintendent in 1892 Division of school grades into two sections - Ap- portionment of pupils-Considerations governing the rating of teachers' salaries.
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CHAPTER XXVI.
. COURSE OF STUDY AND TEXT BOOKS .-- 149.
Augustus J. Rogers.
Changes in the course of study suggested by Superin- tendent Anderson-Work required of pupils at home -Their physical as well as intellectual work being considered-Improved instruction in book-keeping -Instruction in the primary and district schools --- Study of the effects of stimulants and narcotics upon the human system-Visits of pupils to the public museum-A request for free school books denied- Drawing and calisthenics-Supplementary reading Compulsory education act of 1879 -- The '. Bennett Law" enacted in 1889 .- Provisions of the last named act-Report of the law in 1891 --- Proposition to abolish corporal punishment- Legislative aet limiting power of the City Council to impose taxes-The school fund made independent of other funds-Milwaukee's good showing for economical conduct of the public schools-Total cost per capita-The School Board a conservative body- Changes in the character of the Board discussed Reform suggested in the building of school houses- Presidents of the School Board since 1846-The offices of clerk and secretary Suicide of Secretary Schattenburg Various educational exhibits-Mil- waukee's representation at National Expositions- Brief mention of publie school teachers who have passed away - School libraries - The Woman's School Alliance-People's Institute-School build- ings - A nautical school proposed-Compulsory vaccination.
CHAPTER XXVII.
SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. - 149
Augustus J. Rogers.
I. A. Lapham's gift of high school grounds-Steps taken to establish a high school in 1852-The "Wilcox School "-The university Discontinuance of the high schools in 1860-Establishment of a high school authorized by legislative enactment -- Opening of the high school in 1868-Text books adopted-The first Visiting Committee-The first class graduated in 1870 The high-school building destroyed by fire in 1872-Revision of the course of study-Publie sentiment not strongly in favor of the high school for some years-Purchase of the Milwaukee academy building-Apparatus and labora- tory-Committee on high schools-A new high school building erected in 1886-A change in the rating of salaries -- Classical and general course of
study Increased demand for higher education South-side high school building erected-The West- side high school-Causes of increased high school attendance.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
MANUAL TRAINING, NORMAL SCHOOLS AND SPECIAL STUDIES .-- 165.
Augustus J. Rogers.
Introduction of industrial education recommended The matter held in abeyance for several years
Training school established in 1891-The publie in- terested in the extension of manual training- The first manual training graduates-Difference between the trade school and the manual train- ing school -- A school for the training of teach- ers proposed as early as 1858-The first normal class in Milwaukee-First Normal schools of the state-A normal department of Mil- waukee schools-The kindergarten system-The state Normal school-Course of study in that institu- tion-Requirements for admission-Normal school governed by a Board of Regents-The faculty- Thorough training of teachers-The German lan- guage in the city schools-Incorporated with its public school system in 1864-A course of study mapped out by the German Teachers' Association- Success of the plan adopted Juvenile papers as supplementary reading matter for students of Ger- man-Attempt to legislate German out of the schools-Protest of the Board of Education against the proposed legislation-Defeat of the measure- Establishment of kindergarten schools- Development of this branch of the educational system-The study of music-Instruction in drawing- Calisthenics Work of the evening schools-School for deaf mutes -Cooking school.
CHAPTER XXIX.
PRIVATE AND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS. -- 181
Augustus J. Rogers.
Incorporated and unincorporated schools-First pub- lished reports of the private schools-What was in- eluded in the reports-Milwaukee's first academy --- The Milwaukee Female Seminary-Catherine Beecher and Mary Mortimer-Miss Beecher's comprehensive plans-A religious, but non-sectarian, institution to be built up Financial aid received from friends in the East-Milwaukee pioneers who aided in build- ing up the institution-Miss Mortimer's important work-The Mary Mortimer Memorial Library-Mil-
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HISTORY OF MILWAUKEE.
waukee Academy as a college preparatory school Prominent citizens interested in its establishment -- Albert Markham first principal The German-En- glish Academy-Peter Englemann a noted educator -Madame Anneke and her work The Misses Wheelock-The West-side German- English high school The first Commercial College in Milwaukee -The Spencerian Business College-Other Com- mercial Colleges-Private Kindergartens -- Other pri- vate schools Lutheran parochial schools-Concordia College-Catholic schools-Marquette College-St. Francis' Seminary-St. John's Institute.
CHAPTER XXX.
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUDICIARY SYSTEM .- 191. Hon. Joshua Stark.
Early administration of justice -- Adjustment of differ- enres concerning land claims-Milwaukee county settled and improved under a primitive code of laws -Act of Congress creating Wisconsin Territory- Courts provided for by the act-Milwaukee and Brown counties constituted a judicial district by legislative enactment-Court-house presented to Milwaukee county-First session of the District Court Judge Frazer's unpopularity-His death- Andrew J. Miller his successor-Judge Miller on the bench-His career as United States District Judge-Powers of the court exercised with signal ability by Judge Miller-Decisions in the Glover case-Intricate questions passed upon by the court in railroad cases -- A United States Circuit Court for the district of Wisconsin-Justice Samnel F. Miller- Justice David Davis-Wisconsin divided into two United States court districts-Hon. Thomas Drum- mond, circuit judge-Judge Miller succeeded by Judge Howe-Judge Dyer-Judge Jenkins-State courts The state divided into five judicial districts -Jurisdiction of the different courts Constitutional provisions The second judicial distriet as originally constituted-First judge of this district-Levi Hub- bell on the bench -Attempted impeachment-Fail- ure of the attempt-Judge Randall his successor- Judge MacArthur.
CHAPTER XXXI.
MILWAUKEE COUNTY AS A JUDICIAL CIRCUIT. - 200.
Hon, Joshua Stark.
David W. Small as circuit judge- Milwaukee county becomes a Judicial Circuit -- Judge Charles A. Hamilton -- Election of Judge Johnson. The Su-
preme Court prior to 1853-Composed of Circuit Court judges-Separate Supreme Court established- County courts created-Probate Court of Milwaukee county-Incumbents of the office-Charter of the conrt Jurisdiction of the County Court extended in 1854-Adoption of the New York code of procedure in practice-Further enlargement's of the jurisdiction of the County Court-Judges of the County Court- Burdens of the Circuit and County Courts-Superior Court created in 1887-Judge Noyes the first incumbent of the office-His successor-Anomalous condition of the administration of justice in cases of crime-The office of police justice-Creation of the Municipal Court-Chief Magistrate of the city of Milwaukee- First election of municipal judge held to be invalid- Complications resulting therefrom-Long service of Judge Mallory in this court-Judge Wallber his successor-Act revising the office of police justice.
CHAPTER XXXII.
THE BAR AS IT WAS AND IS .- 207.
Hon, Joshua Stark.
Character of the carly bar-Its members cultivated nd able men-Noted pioneer lawyers-The earliest practitioners- Characteristics of Hans Crocker, John H. Tweedy. Jonathan E. Arnold, Don A. J. Upham and others-Career of William Pitt Lynde- Isaac P. Walker-Jason Downer-Abram D. Smith-James S. Brown-Peter Yates-John P. McGregor-Nor- man J. Emmons- Brilliant career of Judge Byron Payne-Edward G. Ryan, Harlow S. Orton, Henry L. Palmer, Winfield Smith and other able lawyers who came to Milwaukee in 1849-Commanding tal- ents of Judge Ryan-John J. Orton as a litigant --- Brief mention of some notable cases-The Radcliffe murder trial-Able prosecution of the case by A. R. R. Butler and Edward G. Ryan-Successful de- fense by Jonathan E. Arnold and Abram D. Smith --- The Ann Wheeler murder trial-Litigation grow- ing out of the "Glover resene" --- Conflicting man- dates of the State and United States courts -- Byron Payne's famous argument-Booth and Rycraft sen- tenced in the United States Court-Released by the State Supreme Court --- Case carried to the United States Supreme Court-Decision of that court and opinion of Chief Justice Taney - Booth pardoned by President Buchanan- Railroad litigation which in- troduced Matthew HI. Carpenter to the Milwaukee bar-llis great ability shown in a long drawn-out legal contest Milwaukee practitioners who have at-
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
tained honorable distinction elsewhere-The present bar-Pioneers who are still in practice -- The bar as- sociation-The Law Library.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
MEDICAL HISTORY AND PIONEER PRACTITIONERS .- 223.
Walter Kempster, M. D., and Solon Marks, M. D. Difficulty of compiling a history of pioneer physicians -Their acts inscribed only on the memories of those relieved by their ministrations-A flavor of the doctor about the name " Milwaukee"-Remedial agents in a new settlement-Mother Nature's reme- dies-The first call for a physician's services in Milwaukee -- The first physician to locate in Milwau- kee-A typical old time practitioner-Drs. Hewett Chase and other pioneer physicians-Discussion concerning the merits of homeopathy- Dr. Alfred L. Castleman and his public services- Dr. Lucius I. Barber and Dr. William P. Prondfit ---- A medical society said to have been organized in Milwaukee in 1837 -- Death of Dr. Proudfit -- Dr. William Meeker Gorham's arrival-A patient's pay- ment for medical services-Dr. Noyes a pioneer of "36 "-Dr. Lemuel W. Weeks prominent as business man and public official-An interesting incident of Dr. Messinger's career.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
PEN PICTURES OF PROMINENT PHYSICIANS,-232. Walter Kempster, M. D., and Solon Marks, M. D. Dr. E. B. Wolcott and his influence on the medical profession of Wisconsin-His ability as a surgeon- His high courage, courtliness and other character- istics-Dr. John K. Bartlett a conspicuous figure- His interest in sanitary improvement and edu- cational movements The first German physician to settle in Milwaukee Dr. Francis Huebschmann prominent as physician and public official-A cour- teous and skillful practitioner who came from " the South"-A talented physician who turned " gold hunter"-Dr. James Johnson and Dr. John B. Dousman-Appointment of a Board of Health authorized by the Legislature-Dr. J. B. Selby the first Milwaukee medical student -- The cholera epi- demic of 1850- Scenes incident to the scourge- How current literature was disseminated among the pioneer physicians-Considerable influx of physicians in 1846 and 1847 -- An early demand that the impor- tation of worthless drugs be prohibited-Tragic death of Dr. Garner-Dr. H. H. Button turns druggist-Physicians who came to Milwaukee be-
tween 1848 and 1851-A fellow-student of Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell -- Dr. Thomas Speneer-Pioneer days ended in 1850-Dr. Solon Marks an early practitioner-His contributions to the literature of surgery-Dr. James II. Thompson, O. W. Wight and other noted practitioners- Dr. Nicholas Senn's brilliant career as a surgeon-Present day physicians who have achieved marked distinction.
CHAPTER XXXV.
MEDICAL SOCIETIES AND MEDICAL EDUCATION. -- 243. Walter Kempster, M. D., and Solon Marks, M. D. Organization of the Milwaukee Medical Association in 1845-It agrees to take charge of the "sick poor" of the city-Six members designated to act as a Board of Health-An ordinance providing for the issuance of death certifieates Adoption by the med- ical society of a code of ethics-The uprooting of heterodoxy-Heresy-hunting among the pioneers of the profession- Humane work of the Sisters of Charity-Their request for medical assistance-Cur- ious bit of history gleaned from unpublished records- A novel remedy and its effect-Cholera epidemic dis- cussed by the Medical Society-It is declared to be infectious and not contagious The Medical Society meetings temporarily abandoned-Revival of the association after the war-The Medico-Chirurgical Club organized -- Milwaukee Medical and Surgical Club-Milwaukee Free Dispensary Association-The Bartlett Clinical Club-The Milwaukee Medical Society as organized in 1887-First effort to organ- ize a medical college in Milwaukee-Prominent citizens identified with the movement The old Connty Medical Society and its successor-The Wis- consin College of Physicians and Surgeons --- Milwan- kee Medical College-Passavent Hospital and its founder- Other hospitals and their accommodations.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
GENERAL SANITATION AND HEALTH DEPART-
MENT .- 250. Walter Kempster, M. D., and Solon Marks, M. D.
Territorial statutes pertaining to sanitary matters- - Provisions made for appointment of Board of Health -Powers conferred upon such boards-Initial efforts to improve the sanitary conditions of Milwaukee- Small pox makes its appearance in 1843-A pest- house established- Reappearance of the small-pox scourge in 1846-Sanitary rules and regulations presented by the City Council-Cholera in 1849 Recurrence of the epidemic in 1850-Terrible
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HISTORY OF MILWAUKEE.
aspect of the disease in August and September- Difficult to provide for the living or bury the dead- A chapter of horrors-Another epidemic of small-pox in 1868-Similar visitations in 1871 and 1872- Commissioners of Health and their recommendations -Difficulties encountered by those who have sought to improve the sanitation of the city.
CHAPTER XXXVII.
HOMEOPATHY IN MILWAUKEE .- 255. Lewis Sherman M. D.
Dr. Cator the first homeopathic practitioner -- Dr. James S. Douglas, Dr. Luther M. Tracy, Dr. J. P. Greves and Dr. J. S. Hewitt-All graduates of the allo. pathic school-Debate between Drs. Douglas and Garner-Increased number of homeopathic phy- sicians in 1855-Dr. A. W. Gray one of the noted pioneers-Dr. Frederick C. John-Dr. Carlsou one of the first graduates of a homeopathic college-Dr. Julia Ford the first female physician of this school- Willis Danforth as a surgeon-The Milwaukee Homeopathic Medical Society-The Milwaukee Academy of Medicine-Hospitals and dispensaries -Homeopathic medical publications.
CHAPTER XXXVIII. BANKS AND BANKING .- 258 William W. Wight and John Johnston.
Prejudice against banks in the Northwest territory- Strong opposition to their establishment in the territory of Wisconsin-The panic of 1837 and its effect-Organization of the Bank of Milwaukee- Friction among the officers of the institution Legislative investigation of the bank's affairs-Its charter declared forfeit Incorporation of the Wis- consin Marine & Fire Insurance Company Daniel Wells, Jr., author of the bill chartering the insti- tution-Banking franchises withheld. but banking privileges ingeniously granted Subscription books opened by a commission appointed for the purpose in 1839-George Smith subscribes for all but a few shares of stock-A Board of Directors chosen and Smith made president-Introduction of Alexander Mitchell to Milwaukee The bank opened in the disguise of an insurance company-Issuance of certificates of deposit-Efforts made to trap and destroy the company Its charter repealed by Legislative enactment The act disregarded - Suc cessful conduct of a banking business under difli- culties-Reorganization of the company in 1853-
Marshall & Isley begin banking in 1849-Banks of issue legitimatized under the state constitution.
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