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CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE ERA OF STATE BANKS IN WISCONSIN -- 266.
William W. Wight and John Johnston.
The free banking act goes into effect-Fifteen banks organized in Milwaukee between 1853 and 1861- Tabulated list of state banks Omnibus amendment to the banking law-The panic of 1857-The War of the Rebellion and its fateful consequences-Repudi- ation of their notes by "wild cat" banks-The bankers' convention of 1861-Doubtful currency gravitates to Milwaukee-Action taken by local bankers-Riotous conduct of a frenzied mob-Loot- ing of banks and adjacent offices Attempt to burn bank buildings thwarted by brave firemen-Mob dispersed by the Milwaukee Zouaves-A compromise with the laboring classes-Substitution of state bonds for unsound securities-Patriotic action of Milwaukee merchants-Good management of the banker's com - mittee-A state of solvency reached by the banks of Wisconsin.
CHAPTER XL.
THE EPOCH OF NATIONAL BANKS .- 273
William W. Wight and JJohn Johnstou.
National legislation in banking affairs-Brief history of earlier legislation-Enactment of the na- tional banking law-A tax upon currency -- Dis crimination against state banks-They cease to do business as banks of issue Reorganization under national law-A difficulty peculiar to Wisconsin Salutary state legislation-Three state banks of Milwaukee changed into national banks in 1865 The Milwaukee County Bank and its unfortunate career --- " Mitchell's Bank " and its services to the city-No failures of Milwaukee banks in the panic of 1873-Mutual savings banks and savings societies -Tabulated list of state and national banks organized m Milwaukee between 1863 and 1894-Unincorpora- ted companies, private bankers and brokers-Enor- mous increase in deposits and general business of Milwaukee banks- The payment of interest on deposits Causes leading up to the panie of 1893- The failure of Milwaukee banks-Individual respon- sibility of persons engaged in banking under the state law Rehabilitation of three out of the five "broken " banks- Change of banking methods within the past decade.
XVII
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XLI. THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE AND COMMERCE .- 280.
Col. Nicholas Smith.
The stores and shops of 1836-Hard-times prices -- Trade conditions sketched by E. D. Holton-Pioneer merchants-Grain warehouses in existence in 1840 First grain shipments in 1841-Large shipments prior to 1862-The first load of wheat brought to Milwaukee market-Purchased by the Ludingtons Estimates of early exports and imports-Dr. I. A. Lapham's figures-The reputation of Milwaukee as a grain market established-Large exports of wheat and flour-The wheat trade in 1873-Rapid develop- ment of the flour trade-Milwaukee one of the three great milling centers of the country-The first live stock market-Growth of the packing industry- The coal trade-Milwaukee as a lumber market- The Barley trade-Volume of wholesale business- Work of the Merchants' Association- The Chamber of Commerce-Important work of Secretary W. J. Langson.
CHAPTER XLII.
PUBLIC WORKS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS .- 287.
Thomas Boyle.
Origin of the present water works system-The first water-works-An interesting reminder of the pioneer period -- Plans and estimates for water works submit- ted by E. S. Chesborough-Difficulties in the way of carrying forward the work proposed -- The issuance of water bonds authorized-The lake shore plan adopted- Grounds purchased and construction begun -Description of buildings and equipment- The West side pumping works-Number of miles of pipe laid-The original tunnel and intake-A new intake tunnel projected-Progress of work on this improve- ment-The sewerage system-No definite plan for ridding the city of sewage prior to 1869-A demand for improvement-Plans perfeeted by a committee of expert engineers-The work done in accordance with their plans-Relief afforded by the flushing works-Description of the flushing tunnel-Extent of the present sewerage system Bridges and via- ducts of the city-The first rude bridge across the
Menomonee -- The bridge war- Settlement of the controversy-Notable improvements-Number of bridges now in existence-The old court-house- Donated to the county by Solomon Juneau and Morgan L. Martin- Cost of the building-Used as a "temple of justice" for more than thirty years The present court-house completed and occupied-Cost of the new edifice-Homes of city offices First meet- ings of the Common Council and where they were held-The old city hall-The new city hall-Govern- ment buildings-The first post-office in Solomon Juneau's store- Post-office building erected in 1859 -- The new government building-Federal offices.
CHAPTER XLIII.
PUBLIC PARK SYSTEM OF THE CITY .- 300.
Christian Wahl.
Public parks "the lungs of great cities"-Value of suell " breathing places " for the people- Creation of the Milwaukee Board of Park Commissioners-Small parks previously in existence-Kilbourn Park-Juneau Park-The Flushing Tunnel Park-The Water Works Park-Grand Avenue Park and other ornamental squares-Steps taken to procure parks in keeping with the size and rank of the city-Legislation asked for and obtained-A careful selection of Park Com- missioners under the new law-Difficulties in the way of locating the parks-Additional legislation author- izing an issue of bonds-The work of improvement begun-Seven parks purchased-Their locations such as to encircle the city when connected by boule- vards-Attractions designed by landscape gardners Natural beauties of the park sites-Lake Park and its charming scenery-The drive to River Park- River Park, Perigo tract and West Park-A grand old forest-West Park attractions-Mitchell Park, Coleman Park and South Park -- Further improve- ments planned by the Park Commissioners.
CHAPTER XLIV.
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL-307.
The Editor.
Errata
497
Addendum 498
BIOGRAPHIES.
Abert, George. 364
Allen, George W. 373
Hamilton, Charles S 383
Arnold, Jonathan E 207 Haney, Robert. 327
Quarles, Charles 423
Quarles, Joseph V 417
Robinson, Chauncey 449
Rogers, James H. 337
Bean, Walker L.
234
Bentley, John.
477
Horton, Harry L. 461
Ryan, Edward G. 212
Ryan, Hugh. 433
Sanderson, Edward. 374
Schneider, Joseph. 495
Selby, Jeremiah B. 236
Shape, Gustave H 379
Shepard, Clarence. 346
311
Sherman, Lewis 453
Spence, Thomas W 424
Spencer, Robert C. 465
Smith, Amos A. L. 433
Smith, William E 360
Smith, Winfield. 419
Stadler, Joseph 447
Stark, Charles G 489
Stark, Joshua. 415
Starkweather, John C. 397
Steinmeyer, William 382
Story, Hiramı F 322
Sutherland, George E 441
Tibbits, Francis G 381
Thomson, Jared, Jr 444
Thompson, James H 458
Trowbridge, William S 312
Upham, Don A. J 348
Upham, Horace A. J 441
Vliet, Garrett. 357
Wahl, Christian Sr 328
Wahl, Christian Jr. 493
Wallber, Emil . 427
Waldo, Otis II. 213
Walker, Geo. II 23
Watrons, Jerome A 395
Wells, Daniel Jr 307
White. George C. 316
Fitch, William Grant 184
Flanders, James G
420
French, Samuel W 161
Gilson, Frank L. 429
Gray, Alfred W 450
Gray, Nathaniel A 453
Gray, William D 471
Greene, Thomas A 358
Preusser, Christian . . 380
Proudfit, William P 229
Austin, Robert N 428
Bartlett, Leman
474
Hazelton, Gerry W 436
Bartlett, John K
233
Hobart, Harrison C. 386
Holton, Edward D 331
Houghton, Royal. 355
Bigelow, Frank G
486
Birchard, Harvey
325
Blair, Franklin J. 353
Blanchard, Azariah.
238
Bottum, Elias H
440
Boyd, Francis 476
Bradford, Joseph T 341
Bradford, John. 339
318
Brown, Richard B.
459
Brown, James S. 422
Brown, Samuel. 28
Bryden, James A 342
Buestrin, Henry 337
Burdick, Morgan L.
28
Butler, A. R. R. 399
Camp, H. H .. 483
Carpenter, Mathew H 368
Castleman, Alfred L 228
Ludwig, John C. 428
Lynde, William P 411
Mac Alister, James 221
Mackie, William 460
Mann, John E.
426
Cramer, Eliphalet 335
Cottrill, Jedd P. C. 443
Cotzhausen, A. F. W 363
Merrill, David. 323
Merrill, John B. 324
Merrill, William P. 319
Donsinan, John B
236
Messinger, John 1 231
Miller, Benjamin K. 427
Mirandeau, Jean Baptiste. 13
Mitchell, Alexander 479
Obermann, George J 473
Orton, John J 101
Paine, Byron. 202
Paine, Halbert E. 220
Payne, Henry C. 376
Wingate. U. O. B. 454
Winkler, Frederick (' 394
Platto. Jacob V. 3447
Woleott, Erastus B. 445
Prentiss. William 343
Wolcott, Laura J Ross 455
Jenkins, James G 407
Johnson, Daniel H. 426
Johnson, James 235
Johnston, John 485
Juneau, Solomon 15
Kelly, Thomas L. 478
Keenan, Matthew 378
Killilea, Henry J 434
Kilbourn, Byron 20
Kirby, Abner 351
Koch, John C. 354
Larkin, Charles H 329
Loomis, Hubbell. 225
Ludington, Lewis. 321
Luddington, Harrison 365
Chapman, Silas 333
Chapman, T. A
487
Chase, Enoch 448
Chase, Horace. 27
Marks, Solon . 452
Meinecke, Adolph 474
Davis, Dewitt 430
Douglas, James 463
Dyer, Charles E. 431
Dyer, George.
330
Engelmann, Peter 462
Finch, Asahel 390
Finch, Henry Martyn. 397
Wight, Orlando W 241
Williams, W. C. 437
Pierce, Robert W 343
Runkel, Henry C 367
Best, Frederick Charles 334
Howard, Samuel. 425
Huebschmann. Francis 372
Hustis, John. 310
Sheriff's, James
Breed, Allen O. T.
Hathaway, Joshua. 314
PORTRAITS.
Abert, George .. 73
Hathaway, Joshua. 37
Quarles, Joseph V 417
Allen, George W. 373
Hobart, Harrison C. 112
Runkel, Henry C. 367
Bartlett, Leman. 474
Horton, Harry L. 461
Sanderson, Edward 89
Bentley, John .. 165
Huebschmann, Francis 80
Shape, Gustave H. 379
Birchard, Harvey 325
Jenkins, James G 196
Sheriff's, James 311
Blair, Franklin J 353
Johnston, John . 258
Smith, A. A. L. 218
Boyd, Francis 156
Juneau, Solomon. Frontispiece.
Smith, Winfield.
1
Breed, A. O. T. 38
Keenan, Matthew 287
Spence, Thomas W 424
Bryden, James A 342
Kelly, Thomas L 478
Spencer, R. C. 138
Buestrin, Henry 337
Kilbourn, Byron 20
Stadler, Joseph 243
Butler, A. R. R. 200
Killilea, Henry J 434
Stark, Joshua 191
Camp, H. H. 266
Kirby, Abner 57
Stark, Charles G. 489
Chapman, Timothy A 280
Koch, John C. 62
Steinmeyer, William 382
Chase, Enoch
448
Ludington, Harrison. 67
Trowbridge, William. 13
Chase, Horace . 26
Ludington, Lewis 35
Upham, Don. A. J
43
Cotzhausen, A. F. W 363
Lynde, William P 411
Upham, Horace A. J
441
Douglas, James 149
Marks, Solon. 223
Wahl, Christian 300
Dyer, George 330
Meinecke, Adolph. 181
Wallber, Emil. 207
Engelmann, Peter 127
Merrill, William P 31
Walker, George H 23
Finch, Asahel 390
Mitchell, Alexander 262
Watrous, Jerome A 103
Finch, Henry M 397
Obermann, George J 174
Wells, Daniel, Jr 307
Fitch, W. G 273
Orton, John J.
404
White, George C. 316
Gilson, Frank L 429
Payne, Henry C 95
Williams, W. C. 214
Gray, Alfred W 255
Platto, J. V. V. 347
Wingate, U. O. B 454
Gray, William D. 471
Prentiss, William A 50
Winkler, Frederick C
120
Greene, Thomas A 358
Preusser, Christian. 292
Wolcott, Erastus B 232
Hamilton, Charles S
116
Quarles, Charles 210
Wolcott, Laura J. R 250
XIX
·
Mifick Suis
CHAPTER I.
PREHISTORIC AND INDIAN OCCUPATION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
BY WINFIELD SMITH.
I T is commonly known that the Northwestern States were in former times occupied by one or more races of people whose origin is enveloped in doubt and no specimen of whom has been seen, so far as known, either by any one of the white population of the country, or even by any one of the native Indians whom Columbus found occupying the northern continent. Artifi- cial mounds which indicate the existence of a people anterior to the native Indians are scattered over Wisconsin. Many of these were discovered and described by Dr. I. A. Lapham, whose modesty retarded during his life the fame, con- tinually growing since his death, justly earned by his services as engineer, botanist, geologist, explorer and historian and in originating the plan of daily national observations and reports on the weather. Numerous mounds are clearly seen to be in the forms of animals, and others appear to be ancient forts and villages ; some are circular, some semi-circular. Many of them are in North- ern Wisconsin, some quite remarkable are in and about the city of Madison, and Aztalan on the Rock river derives its name from conspicuous speci- mens of the ancient fortifications. It is claimed that within the limits of the city of Milwaukee stood some of these works even so late as 1855. They are being rapidly destroyed by the use of the land for white men's purposes. The great age of some of these mounds is shown by large trees growing upon them. and they are so covered by what we call the primeval forests as to have delayed their discovery and made it sometimes difficult to ascertain their exact configuration.
Frequently the mounds have served the pur- pose of graves, even if not constructed for that
object, and many skeletons of human figures, with remains of personal ornaments, weapons and implements have been found therein. The heads of arrows and of spears, both in stone and in copper, rings, sledges, hatchets, knives, and also pottery in various shapes suitable for domestic uses, have been discovered not only with- in these mounds but upon the surface of the soil and in parts of Wisconsin where no mounds are known to exist. The Indians deny all knowledge of the origin of these remains and of the people by whom they were made and used. Many con- jectures have been made; one which is perhaps plausible, attributing to them kinship with the Aztecs of Central America. The recent con- clusions of the Bureau of Ethnology (report 1887) are, however, that they are the work of earlier generations of the familar Indian race. The dis- coveries, within a few years, at the copper mines of Lake Superior, of tools, evidently used in digging and working copper, indicate the labors of men in a field of industry of which the earliest occu- pants known to white men were ignorant.
Of the existing Indian race, no more is certainly known respecting the origin of the North Ameri can Indians than of the history of their predeces- sors. The whites who, since the fifteenth century, have discovered and explored North America, have every where found the present race of Indians divided into tribes differing in names, language, appearance, habits and other characteristics. Wis- consin was inhabited by numerous tribes, each claiming a sort of home right, growing out of residence in some part of the State more or less desirable, according to their fortune in choosing and their strength in holding the location; the
1
2
HISTORY OF MILWAUKEE.
most powerful being likely to possess the most desirable portions. Wars between the different tribes were common, the purpose being often, and the result nearly always, to alter existing bound- aries by driving the weaker from valuable lands occupied by them.
In the earliest days of discovery by the whites, the Pottawatomies were about the entrance of Green Bay, partly on the islands. On the west side of that bay were found Algonquins, who were also living along the river St. Mary, the out- let of Lake Superior. The Ottawas were found along the south shore of Lake Superior, and near them the Hurons. Further south were the Mas- coutins, on the Fox river. The Sioux were in the Northwest, and the Sacs and Foxes were further down the Mississippi river.
About that time, a little over two hundred years ago, when strong and warlike Iroquois were rav- aging the country and their successes had much disturbed the defeated tribes and damaged the pre- vious boundaries, the Menomonee Indians had a habitation in what is now the northern part of the State; the Winnebagoes were on and near the lake of that name; the Chippewa Indians were on the rivers in the northwestern part of Wisconsin.
About the mouth of the Milwaukee river differ- ent tribes of Indians had in turn a temporary occupation, terminating as their tastes or necessi- ties led them to seek other homes. At the time when the United States Government found it expedient to purchase the territory from the Indian tribes, the land about Milwaukee was claimed-that on the west side of the river-by Pottawatomies, Sacs and Foxes, and that on the east side by the Menomonees. The Oneida Indians, now occupying a reserve near Green Bay, were brought here from the State of New York. The Brothertons and Stockbridges came originally from New England. The rivers which unite at the mouth of the Milwaukee, the deep bay into which they empty, and the marshes surrounding their mouths, furnished to the Indians the means of gratifying their tastes for hunting and fishing, and the neighborhood was well known to large numbers of them before a white man had discov- ered its advantages. It must be remembered that the settlements of the various tribes were not permanent nor widely separated from each other. Thus the Sacs, the Pottawatomies and the Me- nomonees had villages at Green Bay in 1689,
among which the white people then had a fort, a chapel ard a dwelling for the missionaries, they being then all, or nearly all, French Catholics.
The advance of the white races into the terri- tory of North America was usually marked by collisions between them and the native occupants, resulting in the bloody wars in which the ferocity of the Indians, inculcated as part of their educa- tion, caused the whites to forget the justice of the Indian complaints, and not infrequently to emu- late the savages in unsparing cruelties. Wisconsin has happily but a short history of this sort, and the Black Hawk War, as it was for many years called, was the only conflict between the whites and red men, serious enough to deserve that name.
After much well-founded complaint on the part of the Indians as to the encroachment of the whites under the fraudulent treaties whereby they had secured a nominal title, the Sacs and Foxes resolved to enter upon and hold by arms that part of Illinois and Wisconsin which they called their own, and the occupation of which they deemed necessary to their very existence. Their leader, Black Hawk, a brave and noble man, of whose mercy as well as of whose courage many stories are told, led these Indians across the Mississippi river into the State of Illinois where the whites-regulars and militia-assembled in the spring of 1832 to drive them back. The expedition was under command of General Atkinson of the regular army. While he was preparing for a cam- paign, some Illinois militia, numbering about three hundred, impatient of delay, started out under Major Stillman to find the Indians. They went East from Rock Island, following the red men and their families, and encamped on the second day in a grove. Messengers sent to them by Black Hawk, with a white flag to offer sur- render were shot, and the militia advanced. They came upon a party of Indians, numbering fifty, who, desperate by reason of their failure to negotiate, awaited the near approach of the whites, and boldly rushed upon them. The latter being undisciplined, were struck by panic, and fled without firing a shot, not even stopping at their camp, where they abandoned all munitions and provisions. They ran for miles in frantic haste, never ceasing until they got into the camp of the main army or to their own homes. They told amazing stories of the immense numbers of their foes, scattering dismay among the settlers. .
3
PREHISTORIC AND INDIAN OCCUPATION.
The regular troops following immediately on their trail learned the truth, and the name of "Stillman's run," for many years recalled the story of boastful bravery suddenly changing to ludicrous cowardice.
The Indians retreated from the advancing whites and crossed the line into Wisconsin at Rock River, in June, thence going up that stream. On the 30th the whites crossed the State line. The State troops were commanded by Colonels Henry of Illinois, and Dodge of Southwestern Wisconsin. The Indians proceeded as far as the present site of Hustisford, the whites spending some days in building Fort Atkinson, the origin of the present village of that name, while a party was sent to Portage between the Fox and Wis- consin rivers for provisions. On the return the party crossed and found the recent trail of the Indians who had started for the Mississippi river. General Atkinson without loss of time started in pursuit, and after a most wearisome march over- took Black Hawk at the mouth of the Bad Axe river.
The Indians when overtaken by the greatly su- perior force of white troops, were worn out by their long march and half-starved. They had been eating roots, bark and berries, some having already perished of hunger. They were em- barrassed by women and children, and they were in no condition to make a struggle with their enemy. They did not expect to do so. They at- tempted, showing a white flag, to express their desire to surrender to the captain of a steamer (the Warrior), on board of which were a few sol- diers under command of Lieutenants Kingsbury and Holmes. But their flag was disregarded and they were fired upon from the steamboat with muskets and a cannon. Some Indians were killed and a single white man wounded. The Indians had been sending over the Mississippi river during the night some of the women and children, and Black Hawk, with ten warriors, taking charge of thirty- five squaws and children, evaded the white army and started northeasterly under guidance
of some Winnebago Indians for a safe hiding- place near the Wisconsin Dells. The remainder of his forces fought a desperate and unavailing battle on the next day, the 2nd of August, Black Hawk himself returning to take part in it, but too late to witness more than the final defeat. It is said that one hundred and fifty Indians were killed in and after the battle, and as many more drowned attempting to swim the Mississippi, among whom were women and children; fifty were taken prisoners, nearly all non-combatants. Of nearly one thousand persons who had crossed the Mississippi in April not more than one huu- dred and fifty survived the tragic campaign. The white loss in the battle was seventeen killed and twelve wounded, and did not exceed two hundred and fifty in the entire campaign. The escaping Indians near the river were soon after captured by the Sioux. Black Hawk and the Prophet were captured by Winnebagoes at the Dells of Wisconsin, and were, with other leaders, confined for some time at Jefferson Barracks, where the writer, then a child residing at that garrison, saw them in their prison and when led out for exer- cise. In April, 1833, they were taken to Washing- ton, and in June discharged from custody. Their leader died in Iowa, in 1837. No doubt a few thousand dollars would have satisfied Black Hawk and his warriors, and would have induced them to return peaceably to their lands west of the Mississippi, while the money cost of the hostili- ties to the United States and to the State of Illinois was near two millions of dollars.
This was the last of Indian fighting in Wiscon- sin. Without further struggle the Indians gave themselves up to such fate as the mercy of their conquerors inflicted upon them. Their cause has been often pleaded by eloquent tongues to a generation which listens with more pity, since the destruction of the red men's power is so complete that it no longer arouses the thirst of the whites for their blood, nor for their lands, nor even for their timber, except as it may be safely plundered under form of law.
CHAPTER II.
THE DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF WISCONSIN.
BY WINFIELD SMITH.
J EAN NICOLLET was the first white man to set foot on the soil of Wisconsin. He was born in Normandy and was sent from Que- bec by the famous Governor Champlain to inves- tigate the rumors of a country of lakes west of the Huron. This was in 1634. Reaching the Straits of Mackinac, he went in a canoe with a crew of eight men across the head of Lake Michi- gan to Bay de Noquet, opening into Green Bay, where he was received by friendly Algonquins. Thence he crossed to the mouth of the Menominee river, emptying into Green Bay on the west side, where were more Algonquins. Going up Green Bay he met near the mouth of the Fox river Win- nebago Indians, with whom, as with other natives, he discoursed upon the glory and power of France and the importance of maintaining peace with that great nation. He passed up the Fox river, emerging from it upon Lake Winnebago, over which he made his way to the point where Osh- kosh now lies and started to ascend the upper Fox. He continued until he reached the village of the Mascoutins, which was the end of his journey. He had passed different villages and tribes between Green Bay and this point, whom he visited and whom he wisely and with French tact made warm friends. In the spring of 1658 Radisson and Groseilliers followed Nicollet and they cele- brated the hospitality of the friendly Indians.
The first settlements in the State of Wisconsin by civilized men were made by French Jesuit missionaries. In October, 1660, Rene Mesnard visited Che-goi-me-gan, on Lake Superior. He died the next summer on a journey to the Missis- sippi. In 1672 Claude Allouez and Dablon reached Green Bay, and traveled together to some extent thereabouts. In 1673, Marquette the famed Jesuit priest, and Louis Joliet, agent of the French Gov- ernment, with five others, left the mission at Mackinac and arrived at Green Bay, there finding an Indian village. They went up Fox river to Portage, which they crossed, and descended the
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