The history of Sauk County, Wisconsin, containing an account of settlement, growth, development and resources biographical sketches the whole preceded by a history of Wisconsin, Part 37

Author: Western historical company, Chicago, pub
Publication date: 1880
Publisher: Chicago, Western historical company
Number of Pages: 840


USA > Wisconsin > Sauk County > The history of Sauk County, Wisconsin, containing an account of settlement, growth, development and resources biographical sketches the whole preceded by a history of Wisconsin > Part 37


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244


HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.


TABLE OF PRINCIPAL CAUSES.


Consumption


I43


Inflammation of lungs.


56


Convulsions


259


Diarrhœa I31


Diptheria - 74


Scarlet fever


52


Typhoid fever


49


Old age


28


Still-born


123


The Milwaukee population being about 72,000, the death rate per annum for every 1,000 inhabitants would be 21. after proper deductions of deaths from other causes than from disease, showing very favorably as compared with other cities.


Glasgow has 39 to every 1,000; Liverpool, 36; London, 25 ; New Orleans, 54; New York, 32 ; San Francisco, 24; Milwaukee, 21. Among seventeen of the principal cities of the Union, Milwaukee ranks the ninth in rate of mortality. An impression has prevailed that Milwaukee is subject to a large and disproportionate amount of lung and allied diseases. Statistics disprove this, its deaths from consumption being only 6 per cent., while those of Chicago are 7.75; of St. Louis, 9.68 ; of Cincinnati, 11.95; and of Boston, 19.31. But few cases of malarial disease occur in Milwaukee, and fewer cases of intestinal fever than in the interior of the state. The mortality among children is explained by its occurring chiefly among the poor foreign-born population, where all that can incite and aggravate disease is always to be found.


This, (the historical part of the health article), will doubtless call forth from the profession much additional and desirable matter, but excepting what will further appear under the head of . Madison it is proper to say that we have exhausted the sources of information on the subject within our reach.


HEALTH RESORTS.


Next in order would seem to come some notice of the summer and health resorts of Wiscon- sin, which, significant of the salubrity of the state, are not only becoming more numerous, but also more frequented from year to year.


Madison, the capital of the state, with a population of 11,000, is built on an isthmus between two considerable lakes, from 70 to 125 feet above their level; 80 miles west of Milwaukee, in latitude 43º 5' north, and longitude 89° 20' west, in the northern temperate region. The lake basins, and also the neck of land between them, have a linear arrangement, trending northeast and southwest. The same linear topography characterises the whole adjacent country and the boun- dary lines of its various geological formations, this striking feature being due to the former move- ment of glacier ice over the face of the country. At two points, one mile apart, the Capitol and University hills, respectively 348 and 370 feet above the level of Lake Michigan, rise prominently above the rest of the isthmus. Both of these hills are heaps of drift material from 100 to 126 feet thickness, according to the record of the artesian well. The neck of land on which Madison stands is of the same material. The same boring discloses to us the underlying rock structure, pene- trating 614 feet of friable quartzose sandstone belonging to the Potsdam series, 101/2 feet of red shale belonging to the same series, and 209 1/2 feet of crystalline rocks belonging to the Archæan. In the country immediately around Madison, the altitude is generally considerably greater, and the higher grounds are occupied by various strata, nearly horizontal, of sandstone and limestone. The Potsdam sandstone rises about 30 feet above the level of Lake Mendota, on its northern shore, where at McBride's Point it may be seen overlaid by the next and hitherto unrecognized layer, one of more or less impure, dark-colored, magnesian limestone, to which the name of Men- dota is assigned, and which furnishes a good building stone. The descent of these strata is about


245


HEALTH OF . WISCONSIN.


9 feet to the mile in a due southerly direction. Overlying the Mendota beds are again sandstone layers, the uppermost portions of which are occasionally charged with 10 to 20 per cent. of calca- reous and dolomitic matter, and then furnish a cream-colored building stone of considerable value. Most of this stratum which has been designated as the Madison sandstone, is, however, quite non-calcareous, being either a ferruginous brown stone, or a quite pure, white, nearly loose sand. In the latter phase it is of value for the manufacture of glass. In a number of quarries, cuttings and exposed places around the city, the Madison beds are seen to be overlaid by a gray- ish, magnesian limestone, the lower magnesian, varying very considerably in its character, but largely composed of a flinty-textured, heavy-bedded, quite pure dolomite, which is burnt into a good quality of lime. Its thickness exceeds 80 feet. Madison, with the conveniences and com- forts of a capital city, from its easy access by railroads, from not only in itself being beautiful, · but from its beautiful surroundings, from its good society, charming climate, and artesian mineral water, is naturally a great summer resort.


Though there are no vital statistics of the city to refer to, a residence of nearly a quarter of a century has made us sufficiently acquainted with its sanitary history, which is more or less the sanitary history of this part of the state, and in a measure of the state itself. In 1844 and 1845, it was visited by an epidemic malarial fever of a bilious type, and not unfrequently fatal, which passed very generally through the state, and was attributed to the turning up of the soil. It was most virulent in the autumns. Again in 1854 it was visited by a light choleraic epidemic, which also swept the state, assuming very generally a particularly mild type. Again in 1857 it suffered lightly from the epidemic dysentery, which passed through the state. In 1865, it suffered from a visitation of diptheria, the disease prevailing generally over the state at that time. It has also had two visitations of the epidemic grip (grippe), or influenza. The last invasion, some five years since, commencing in a manner perhaps worthy of noting, by first affecting the horses very generally, and again, by beginning on the east side of the city, while the other epidemics for the past twenty-five years (unless the choleraic visitation was an exception) came in on the south- west side of the city, as has been the case, so far as we have been able to observe with the light epidemics to which children are subject. But little typhoid fever is found here, and the aguish fevers when they occur are light and easy of control. There is but little diarrhea or dysen- tery. Pneumonia and its allied affections are more common, so is rheumatism, and so neuralgia. Inflammatory croup, however, is very rare, sporadic diptheria seeming to be taking its place. All the ordinary eruptive fevers of children are and always have been of a peculiarly mild type.


Prairie du Chien, situated immediately at the junction of the Wisconsin with the Mississippi, is built about 70 feet above low water, and 642 feet above the level of the sea. The cliffs on both sides of the river present on their summits the lower strata of the blue Silurian limestone of Cincinnati, beneath which are found sandstone and magnesian limestone down to the water's edge. We give this notice of Prairie du Chien for the purpose of bringing to the knowledge of the public that it possesses one of the most superb artesian wells in the state, which is attracting many persons by its remedial mineral properties.


Green Bay sanitarily may be considered as sufficiently indicated under the head of Fort Howard. It is, however, proper to add that from its geographical position and beautiful situa- tion at the head of the bay, its easy access both by railroad and steamboat, its pleasant days and cool summer nights, it has naturally become quite a popular summer resort, particularly for southern people.


Racine, some 25 miles south by east by rail from Milwaukee and 62 by rail from Chicago, is built upon the banks and some 40 feet above the level of the lake. Its soil is a sandy loam and


246


HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.


gravel, consequently it has a dry, healthy surface, and is much frequented in the summer for its coolness and salubrity.


Waukesha, 18 miles west of Milwaukee by railroad, is a healthy; pleasant place of resort at all times on account of its mineral water, so well known and so highly appreciated throughout the country.


Oconomowoc, 32 miles by railroad west by north of Milwaukee, is a healthy and de- lightfully located resort for the summer. Its many lakes and drives form its chief attractions, and though its accommodations were considered ample, during the past summer they were found totally inadequate to meet the demands of its numerous visitors.


The Dalles, at Kilbourn City, by rail 16 miles from Portage, is unsurpassed in the northwest for the novelty, romantic character, and striking beauty of its rock and river scenery. It is high and dry ; has pure water and fine air, and every-day boat and drive views enough to fill up a month pleasantly.


Lake Geneva, 70 miles by rail from Chicago, is built on the north side of the lake, is justly celebrated for its beauty, and its reputation as a summer resort is growing.


Green Lake, six miles west of Ripon, and 89 northwest from Milwaukee, is some 15 miles long and three broad, surrounded by beautiful groves and prairies; and is claimed to be one of the healthiest little places on the continent.


Devil's Lake is 36 miles by rail north of Madison. Of all the romantic little spots in Wis- consin, and they are innumerable, there is none more romantic or worthy of a summer visitor's admiration than this. It is, though shut in from the rude world by bluffs 500 feet high, a very favorite resort, and should be especially so for those who seek quiet, and rest, and health.


Sparta, 246 miles by rail from Chicago, is pleasantly and healthily situated, and its artesian mineral water strongly impregnated with carbonate of iron, having, it is said, over 14 grains in solution to the imperial gallon, an unusually large proportion, attracts its annual summer crowd.


Sheboygan, 62 miles by rail north of Milwaukee, from its handsome position on a bluff over- looking the lake, and from the beauty of its surroundings as well as from the character of its mineral waters, is an attractive summer resort.


Elkhart Lake, 57 miles by rail north of Milwaukee, is rapidly acquiring a good name from those seeking health or pleasure.


CHANGE IN DISEASES.


In order to ascertain whether the classes of diseases in the state at the date of Carver's travels are the same which prevail to-day, we have compared his description of them with those tabulated in the army medical reports of Forts Howard, Crawford and Winnebago, and again with those given in the U. S. Census for 1870, and with the medical statistics of the city of Milwaukee. The three distinct and prominent classes prevailing from Carver's to the present time, are, in the order of prevalence, diseases of the respiratory organs, consumption, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc .; diseases of the digestive organs, enteritis, dysentery, diarrhœa, etc .; and the malarial fevers. At Fort Howard alone do the diseases of the digestive organs seem to have outnumbered those of the respiratory organs. So far as it is possible to gather from the reports of the commissioners of Indian affairs, these features of the relative prevalence of the three classes of disease are not disturbed.


There are, however, some disturbing or qualifying agencies operating and affecting the amount or distribution of these classes in different areas or belts. For instance, there are two


247


HEALTH OF WISCONSIN.


irregular areas in the state; the one extending from the Mississippi east and north, and the other starting almost as low down as Madison, and running up as far as Green Bay, which are more subject to malarial diseases than are the other parts of the state. While it is found that those parts of the state least subject to diseases of the digestive organs are, a belt along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and a belt running from near Prairie du Chien north into the pineries. Again, it is found that the part of the state most subject to enteric, cerebro-spinal and typhus fevers, is quite a narrow belt running north from the southern border line into the center of the state, or about two-thirds of the distance toward the pineries. All along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and stretching across the country by way of Fond du Lac to the Mississippi, is a belt much less subject to these disorders. It is equally beyond question that the western shore of Lake Michigan, and the southern shore of Lake Superior, as well as the western half of the southern boundary line of the pineries, are less affected with consumption than the interior parts of the state.


The tendency of these diseases is certainly to amelioration. The sanitary history of Wiscon- sin does not differ from that of any other state east of us, in this striking particular ; the farther you trace back the history of disease, the worse its type is found to be. It follows, then, that the improvement in public health must progress with the general improvement of the state, as has been the case with the eastern states, and that the consequent amelioration of our malarial diseases especially will tend to mitigate infectious diseases. The ameliorating influences, how- ever, that sanitary science has brought to bear upon disease, of which England is so happy an illustration, has scarcely as yet begun to be known to us. But the time has come at last when this science is moving both the hearts and minds of thinking and humane men in the state, and its voice has been heard in our legislative halls, evoking a law by which we are, as a people, to be governed, as by any other enactment. The organization of a state board of health is a new era in our humanity. In this board is invested all legal power over the state health. To it is com- mitted all the sanitary responsibility of the state, and the greatest good to the people at large must follow the efforts it is making.


There are many other points of sanitary interest to which it is desirable to call the attention of those interested in Wisconsin. It is a popular truth that a dry climate, all other things being equal, is a healthy climate. Our hygrometrical records show Wisconsin to have one of the driest climates in the United States. Choleraic diseases rarely prevail unless in a comparatively stagnant state of the atmosphere, where they are most fatal. Where high winds prevail such diseases are rare. The winds in Wisconsin, while proverbially high and frequent (carrying away and dissipating malarial emanations), are not destructive to life or property, as is the case, by their violence, in some of the adjoining states. A moist, warm atmosphere is always provocative of disease. Such a state of atmosphere is rare with us, and still more rarely continuous beyond a day or two. Moist air is the medium of malarial poisoning, holding as it does in solution gases and poisonous exhalations. Its character is readily illustrated by the peculiar smell of some marsh lands on autumnal evenings. Such a state of moisture is seen only in our lowest shut-in marshes (where there is but little or no air-current), and then only for a very limited period, in very hot weather.


But too much importance is attached by the public to a simply dry atmosphere for respira- tory diseases. The same mistake is made with regard to the good effects in such disorders of simply high elevations. Dry air in itself or a high elevation in itself, or both combined, are not necessarily favorable to health, or curative of disease. In the light and rare atmosphere of . Pike's Peak, an elevation of 6,000 feet, the pulse is accelerated, the amount of sleep is dimin- ished, and the human machine is put under a high-pressure rate of living, conducive only to its


248


HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.


injury. The average rate of the pulse in healthy visitors is from 115 to 120 per minute (the normal rate, in moderate elevations, being about 75). And where there is any organic affection of the heart, or tendency to bleeding from the lungs, it is just this very dry atmosphere and high elevation that make these remedies (?) destructive. Hence it is that Wisconsin, for the generality of lung diseases, especially when accompanied with hemorrhage, or with heart disease, is prefer- able to Colorado. It may be objected, that the diseases of the respiratory organs are in excess of other diseases in Wisconsin. This feature, however, is not confined to the cold belt of our temperate latitudes-our proportion of respiratory diseases, be it noted, comparing most favor- ably with that of other states, as may be seen in the following table :


CLIMATOLOGICAL, DISTRIBUTION OF PULMONARY DISEASES.


STATES.


Deaths by Phthisis.


Per cent. of entire Deaths by all Per cent. of entire diseases of Res- Mortality. piratory Organs. Mortality.


Massachusetts, 1850, U. S. Census


3,426


17.65


4,418


22.27


Ohio, 1849-50, U. S. Census


2,558


8.83


3,988


13.77


Michigan, IS50, U. S. Census


657


14.55


1,084


24.00


Illinois, 1849-50, U. S. Census.


S66


7.36


1,799


15.00


Wisconsin, 1849-50, U. S. Census


290


9.99


535


IS.43


Now, while the mortuary statistics of the United States census for 1850 are acknowledged to be imperfect, they are, nevertheless, undoubtedly correct as to the causes of mortality. But besides this statistical evidence of the climatological causes of disease, there are certain relative general, if not special, truths which serve to guide us in our estimate. Respiratory diseases of all kinds increase in proportion as the temperature decreases, the humidity of the air being the same. Another equally certain element in the production of this class of diseases is variableness of climate. Still, this feature of our climate is only an element in causation, and affects us, as we shall see in the table below, very little as compared with other states. Indeed, it is still disputed whether there is not more consumption in tropical climates than in temperate climates. This much is admitted, however, that consumption is rare in the arctic regions. Dr. Terry says the annual ratio of pulmonary diseases is lower in the northern than in the southern regions of the United States, and Dr. Drake, an equally eminent authority, recommends those suffering from or threatened with pulmonary affections, to retreat to the colder districts of the country, citing among others localities near Lake Superior-a recommendation which our experience of nearly half a century endorses.


PROPORTION OF PNEUMONIA TO CONSUMPTION IN THE DIFFERENT STATES.


STATES.


CONS.


PNEUM.


STATES.


CONS.


PNEUM.


Massachusetts


3,424


549


North Carolina.


562


664


Ohio


2,558


895


Kentucky


1,288


429


Illinois


866


647


Wisconsin


290


194


When we compare the general death-rate of Wisconsin with that of the other states of the Union, we find that it compares most favorably with that of Vermont, the healthiest of the New England states. The United States census of 1850, 1860 and 1870, gives Wisconsin 94 deaths to 10,000 of the population, while it gives Vermont 101 to every 10,000 of her inhabitants. The


249


STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN.


census of 1870 shows that the death-rate from consumption in Minnesota, Iowa, California and Wis- consin are alike. These four states show the lowest death-rate among the states from consumption, the mortality being 13 to 14 per cent. of the whole death-rate.


Climatologically considered, then, there is not a more healthy state in the Union than the state of Wisconsin. But for health purposes something more is requisite than climate. Climate and soil must be equally good. Men should shun the soil, no matter how rich it be, if the climate is inimical to health, and rather choose the climate that is salubrious, even if the soil is not so rich. In Wisconsin, generally speaking, the soil and climate are equally conducive to health, and alike good for agricultural purposes.


STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN.


1875.


ADAMS COUNTY.


POPULATION.


White.


Colored


TOWNS, CITIES AND VILLAGES.


TOWNS, CITIES AND VILLAGES.


Male.


Female.


Male.


Female.


Aggregate.


Barron.


343


235


..


628


Chetac.


459


397


856


Prairie Farm.


364


319


683


Stanford


326


216


542


Sumner


214


182


396


Rice Lake


122


84


206


Dallas


240


186


..


426


Total.


2,068


1,669


3,737


BROWN COUNTY.


Aswabanon.


210


175


Allouez.


143


136


....


Bellevue.


371


337


3


711


Depere ..


948


956


5


6


1,911


Depere village.


291


208


..


1,073


Green Bay city.


3,966


4,017


29


25


8,037


Green Bay


784


705


1,489


Holland


687


579


Humbolt ..


519


467


..


Lawrence


499


408


2


909


Morrison.


765


633


529


335


6


6


1,642


Preble.


434


372


696


1,470


Scott ...


477


452


929


Suamico.


982


941


8


7


2,295


Total.


18,376


16,899


53


45


35,373


Bayfield.


538


493


1


....


1,032


...


154


Dell Prairie.


244


221


465


Easton


164


153


317


Jackson.


261


200


461


Leola.


117


100


217


Lincoln.


204


193


397


Monroe.


240


229


469


New Chester


163


137


300


New Haven ..


444


403


847


Preston


74


62


136


126


118


244


Richfield.


121


99


220


Rome ..


199


131


330


Springville


189


182


371


Strong's Prairie


501


433


White Creek


127


115


242


Total.


3,451


3,045


2


4


6,502


ASHLAND COUNTY.


Ashland.


La Pointe.


268 141


180 141


282


Total.


409


321


..


730


BAYFIELD COUNTY.


1


BARRON COUNTY.


POPULATION.


White.


Colored


Male.


Female.


Male.


Female.


Aggregate.


Adams


200


198


398


Blg Flats


77


71


2


4


410


358


. .


768


Eaton ..


Fort Howard city


1,889 591


1,721


3,610


Glenmore.


581


542


1,123


Howard


986


New Denmark.


616


384


Pittsfield


838


792


806


Rockland


774


West Depere village.


Wrightstown


1,222


1,058


..


385


279


499


482


1,266


1,398


1,145


719


1,923


934


448


Quincy


250


HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.


BURNETT COUNTY.


POPULATION.


TOWNS, CITIES AND VILLAGES.


White.


Colored


Male.


Female.


Male.


Female.


Aggregate.


Grantsburg .


433


379


11


827


Trade Lake ...


231


191


5


434


Wood Lake


87


82


12


14


195


Total.


751


652


28


25


1,456


BUFFALO COUNTY.


Alma


296 34


254


2


3


550


Belvidere


293


637


Buffalo ..


307


279


586


Buffalo City.


138


137


275


Canton.


376


336


212


Cross


369


321


690


Door


277


227


504


Glencoe


339


309


648


Manville


275


240


515


I lton.


402


383


785


Montana


341


306


647


Naples


717


671


1,388


Nelson.


899


664


1,563


Waumandee


552


501


1,053


Alma village.


465


421


886


Fountain City village.


500


494


994


Total.


7,517


6,702


2


3


14,219


CALUMET COUNTY.


Brothertown


864


809


12


7


1.692


Brillion.


666


507


1,173


Cliiltoll.


1,061


1,000


16


16


2,093


Charlestown


668


592


3


4


1,267


Harrison


1,008


875


1


1,884


New Holstein.


1,016


949


1,965


Rantoul


837


753


1,590


Stockbridge


910


865


161


156


2,092


Woodville.


690


639


1,329


Total.


7,720


6,989


193 183


15,085


CLARK COUNTY.


Beaver


106


91


197


Colby.


303


210


313


Eaton


183


.142


325


Fremont ..


57


47


104


Grant.


353


310


663


Hewet.


58


43


101


Hixon


205


123


Loyal.


262


237


499


Lynn.


84


71


155


Levis.


151


113


264


Mentor


347


307


654


Mayville ..


137


123


260


Plne Valley


789


736


1,525


Perkins.


36


37


73


Sherman


132


120


252


Unity.


132


107


239


Warner


186


121


307


Weston ..


226


153


379


Washburn


70


68


138


York


171


135


306


Total


3,988


3,294


7,282


CHIPPEWA COUNTY.


POPULATION.


White.


Colored


TOWNS, CITIES AND VILLAGES.


Male.


Female.


Male.


Female.


Aggregate.


Anson.


361 488


269 420


908


Bloomer.


654


606


1,260


Chippewa Falls city


3,286


1,755


6


3


5,050


Edson


329


288


617


Eagle Point.


1,360


1,074


. . .


2,434


La Fayette


1,046


638


4


1,688


Sigel


'346


252


598


Wheaton


442


368


810


Total.


8,312


5,670


6


7


13,995


COLUMBIA COUNTY.


Arlington


512


497


1,009


Caledonia


639


584


1,223


Columbustown.


481


400


881


Columbus city.


912


991


1,903


Courtland.


662


647


1,309


Dekorra


662


618


1,280


Fort Winnebago.


376


351


727


Fountain Prairie.


749


712


1,461


Hampden


515


497


1,012


Leeds


596


506


1


1,103


Lewiston.


541


505


1.046


Lodi


705


743


1,448


Lowville.


449


437


.


886


Marcellon ..


444


409


4


1


858


Newport


853


862


2


3


1.721


Otsego


759


737


1,496


Pacific.


130


119


249


Portage city


2,164


2,161


7


15


4,337


Randolph


630


556


1,186


Scott ..


409


374


783


Spring Vale


423


347


770


West Point.


486


442


928


Wyocena.


580


540


1,120


West w. Vil. of Randolph ..


33


34


67


Total.


14,710


14,069


15


9


28,803


CRAWFORD COUNTY.


Bridgeport.


177


186


363


Clayton ..


851


765


1,616


Eastman.


755


688


1,443


Freeman


798


766


258


4


3


902


Prairie du Chien town.


394


326


220


Prairie du Chien city-


411


352


763


Second ward.


429


535


Q


3


964


Third ward.


404


424


828


Fourth ward ..


184


209


5


393


Seneca.


704


687


1,391


Utica


773


697


1,470


Wauzeka.


583


511


1,094


Total.


7,759


7,276


18


11


15,035


DOUGLAS COUNTY.


Superior


386


346


| 6 |


741


1


1,564


Haney.


313


571


Marietta.


498


404


First ward


328 Scott.


485


468


953


215


212


427


Modena


413


372


285


Lincoln.


292


282


574


Gilmanton


630


Auburn.


251


STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN.


DOOR COUNTY.


POPULATION.


White.


Colored


TOWNS, CITIES AND VILLAGES.


Male.


Female.


Male.


Female.


Aggregate.


Bailey's Harbor.


210


186


396


Brussels.


359


316


675


Clay Banks


344


279


623


Egg Harbor.


244


210


454


Forestville.


420


382


802


Gardner.


208


206


414


Gibralter.


377


325


702


Jacksonport


166


107


273


Liberty Grove.


394


278


672


Nasewaupee.


226


192


418


Sevastopol


268


211


479


Sturgeon Bay


290


259


549


Sturgeon Bay village


331


301


632


Union


286


244


530


Washington


220


181


401


Total


4,343


3,677




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