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LASKA
solected pas!
int future
Bushrod Washington James
nia
1
ALASKA
ITS NEGLECTED PAST ITS BRILLIANT FUTURE
Works by the same Author
AMERICAN RESORTS AND CLIMATES ALASKANA-ALASKA'S LEGENDS. ECHOES OF BATTLE DAWN OF A NEW ERA IN AMERICA
--
ICY MOUNTAINS.
Illaska
ITS NEGLECTED PAST ITS BRILLIANT FUTURE
BY BUSHROD WASHINGTON JAMES
Member of the Sons of the Revolution, Pennsylvania ; Historical Society of Pennsylvania; American Academy of Political and Social Science; American Association for the Advancement of Science; Amer- ican Public Health Association; Academy of the Natu- ral Sciences, Philadelphia; The Franklin Insti- tule; Historical and Ethnological Society, Sitka, Alaska, Etc.
PHILADELPHIA THE SUNSHINE PUBLISHING COMPANY
1897
COPYRIGHTED, 1897, BY BUSHROD WASHINGTON JAMES. COPYRIGHTED IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1897, BY BUSHROD WASHINGTON JAMES. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Sunshine
· PRESS.
APHI
VF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA COLLEGE LIBRAR
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA, COLLEGE
F
JB
Map No. I.
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Map No. I-Territc
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in the Arctic Circle.
ARCTIC
MAP NO. I.
THE ARCTIC CIRCLE.
T HE Arctic Ocean Map, which we have had drawn to show the proximity of nations occupying possessions within the Arctic Circle, is one of great interest to Americans. It shows the great importance of adjacent lands to the country that discovers the North Pole, and plants its discovery banner thereon, provided, there is land at that point. In this event, this will be the pivot for this region, because Russia, Great Britain and the United States all hold a large amount of Arctic Territory.
One will be struck with the ease of access from Stockholm, Christiana, Copenhagen, St. Petersburg, as well as London, Havre, Paris, Bremen, Berlin, and other Oriental cities and countries, and the United States, provided the ice-barriers, now existing shall some day be overcome or quite generally removed or be melted away, as they most certainly will be in the cen- turies to come.
Observe the vast Arctic Territory owned by Russia and the extensive possessions of England, while the United States holds the key along with Russia to the western entrance to these Polar waters.
PREFACE.
T HE object in issuing this work is mainly to supply a present need for a finely illustrated, thoughtfully prepared, descriptive book on Alaska, including such reliable information as is now obtainable in reference to the more recent discoveries of gold in British Columbia and Eastern Alaska.
It is offered in a style suitable for the library and the general reader.
It will be a companion to those visiting this land of wonders and wealth, as well as to all who take an in- terest in our vast province of the Great North-West.
It is presented in a more interesting readable form than guide books are, and at the inost reasonable cost that such a work can be issued.
The writer is aware of the legislative inactivity re- garding the recognition of Alaska as an important Territory of the United States, and of the opposition upon the part of some to devoting either money or talent to its advancement. Yet he has decided to risk the publication of this work, a portion of which ap- peared from time to time under the non-de-plume of "Bushrod," in articles written at intervals when the crying need of the country and its people impelled him to write or to speak.
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4
PREFACE.
The descriptive parts were mostly written on the spot during a visit amongst the majestic and charming scenery of this beautiful country several years ago, while the loveliness and grandeur were actually spread before the author's eyes in a glorious panorama.
The knowledge then obtained by constant study and observation, together with subsequent reading of all the information attainable concerning the District, led to the writing out of the legends, of which he had heard and read, in his book called "Alaskana," now in the third edition. Also of the several articles that were permitted to appear in the current journals of the day since that time, as well as the pamphlets and books he has since issued.
The author does not profess to superior powers of far-seeing, but while the interests of both Govern- ment and people have been confined to other chan- nels he has been keenly watching the growth and development of Alaska with eyes jealous for the real interests of the country at large as represented by the noble resources contained in that neglected North- Western possession.
Serious neglect has been allowed regarding the proper legislation for the protection of this distant Territory as well as that which has been made concerning the Bering Sea Arbitration and the Eastern Boundary Line. But at last, the time has come, that active and prompt attention must be
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PREFACE.
given to the matter. That the public may have some idea of the grave responsibility of the Government and the great importance and value of this property, the author has concluded to send this work forth hop- ing that it may engage the attention of some of those who are sufficiently powerful in political circles to make their influence felt toward the prompt and care- ful ratification of the Boundary Lines, as stated in the Treaty of Cession executed by the Russian Gov- ernment, likewise to the definite marking of the exact line by permanent landmarks placed so closely as to make future contentions impossible; and then to the creation of wise and efficient laws for the govern- ment and safety of the present inhabitants, as well as for the newcomers into Alaska and its adjacent Islands, included in the purchase made in 1867.
THE AUTHOR.
Map No. 2.
4
WRANGELL I.
1
0
E
N
SIBERIA
BEHRING O STRAIT
1
GULF OF ANADIR
Laitrend
BEHRING
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Map No. 2-Bering (or Behring) Sea and Strait and Norton Sound, the
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on River and part of Alaska, Siberia, Wrangell Island and Lawrence Island.
MAP No. 2.
ARCTIC OCEAN, SIBERIA, BERING SEA AND STRAITS, ST. MICHAELS, THE YUKON RIVER, AND NORTHWESTERN ALASKA.
M AP number 2 is a sketch taken of the principal points of interest drawn from the general chart, issued in June, 1897, under the superintendence of W. W. Duffield, and verified by O. H. Tittman and E. D. Taussig, compiled from the United States and Russian authorities, and shows the Siberian and Alaskan Territories as they approach each other in the Arctic Ocean and at the Bering Strait with Cape Prince of Wales at the western end of our mainland territory on the Strait and the East Cape, the western extremity of the Siberian coast line. The islands that lie in Bering Strait are not shown, but St. Lawrence, opposite Norton Sound, and St. Matthew, which is farther south, are on the American side of the boundary line.
The Yukon being the great outlet of the northern district of Alaska and British Columbia, will in all probability be the commercial highway from the United States, and then it will likely extend across Bering Sea to the outjutting point of land below the Gulf of Anadir. This would make a longer water transportation than at Bering Strait, but commerce will probably reach the oriental and occidental populations at a lower degree of latitude than at Bering Strait, and in all probability just above the sixty-second degree. This would be nearer of access to the present lines of Alaskan travel, which would probably then be from Cape Navarin or Archangel Gabriel Bay directly across to the lower mouth of the Yukon or whichever mouth proves on thorough survey to have the deepest and most navi- gable channel for sea-going vessels.
On the south shore of the Yukon, above the confluence of its mouths, we would locate a city as an Alaskan distributing centre.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Icy Mountains .
. Frontispiece.
PAGE. Sitka Harbor 19
Mountain and Channel . 25
Alaskans at Home-An Alaskan Interior-Chief's House 33
Life in a Mining Camp 49
An Alaskan Bay
65
Totem Poles, Fort Wrangel 81
Fine Chilkat Blanket and Worked Totems 97
A View on Glacier Bay . 103
Sitka-Creek Church in Centre . 113
A Seal Rookery, St. Paul's Island, Bering Sea
129
Group of Native Alaskan Women I45
Wrangel Narrows 16I
Section of Muir Glacier
177
Sitka, Alaska, and Mount Edgecumbe
193
Placer Mining
209
Alaskan Landscape and Water Way 225
241
Interior of Stamp Mill, Douglas Island
273
Alaskan Snow Shoes and Utensils .
289
Gastineau Channel near Juneau. 305
In front of Muir Glacier, Alaska 32I
Main Street, Sitka 329
Juneau, Alaska 337
New Icebergs 353
Alaskan Block House 363
Placer Mining Sluice 369
Auk Glacier . 385
Alaskan Burial Place 391
Davidson's Glacier 40I
Icy Bay
42I
Totem Poles, Fort Wrangel 433
7
Alaska Hunting Implements and other Curios
Fine Totem Worked Chilkat Coat 257
LIST OF MAPS.
No. I. Arctic Circle.
2. Bering (or Behring) Sea.
3. Upper Yukon River, the Klondyke and the Stewart Rivers, Northwestern British Columbia and Alaskan Areas.
4. Entrance to the Inland Passage to Alaska from Puget Sound and Gulf of Georgia ; from Cape Mudge to Port Alexander, through Discovery Passage, John- stone Strait, Broughton Strait, Queen Charlotte Sound, Christie Passage and New Channel.
5. Seymour Narrows and vicinity.
6. Port Alexander to Point Walker, through South Passage and Fitzhugh Sound.
7. Point Walker to Swanson Bay, through Lama Passage, Seaforth Channel, Milbank Sound and Finlayson Channel.
" 8. Swanson Bay to Chatham Sound, through Fraser Reach, Mckay Reach, Wright Sound, Grenville Channel and Malacca Passage.
" 9. Dixon Entrance, through Chatham Sound, Oriflamme Passage and Revillagigedo Channel-Old Fort Tongas.
" IO. Portland Canal and Observatory Inlet, Southern Limit and Boundary Line of Alaska.
" II. Behm Canal and Clarence Strait.
" 12. From Cape Northumberland to Point Agassiz, through Clarence Strait, Stikine Strait, Sumner Strait and Wrangel Strait-Old Fort Wrangel.
" 13. From Point Agassiz to Point Craven, through Dry Strait, Frederick Sound and Chatham Strait.
“ 14. From Point Craven to Sitka, through Peril Strait, Neva and Olga Straits.
" 15. From Point Craven to Lynu Canal, through Chatham Strait, Juneau and Douglas Island.
" 16. Lynn Canal, Chilkoot and Chilcat Inlets, Dyea and Skaguay-Starting Points for the Trails to the Upper Yukon Gold Fields.
S
Map No. 3.
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Map No. 3-The Upper Yukon, the Klondike and other Gold F
KLONDIKE REGION
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MAP No. 3.
THE UPPER YUKON, THE KLONDYKE AND STEWART RIVERS,
AND OTHER GOLD BEARING STREAMS.
T HIS Sketch-Map is drawn after the official United States Government map, and includes the region from the Gulf of Alaska, directly through to the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia.
The Kenai Peninsula is shown at the left-hand lower corner of the map, and the situation of the Copper River, Mount St. Elias and its coast range of mountains, extending northwestwardly to the above river and southeastwardly through the Thirty-Mile Purchase Strip. At the right hand will be seen the Alexander Archipelago extending to Dixon Entrance and Hecate Strait, showing the location of the Naas River.
Portland Canal being that stretch of waterway extending towards the northeast, north of this river. The Canal is the southern boundary line of Alaska.
Baranoff Island, on which Sitka is situated, will be seen on the margin of the Gulf; while Lynn Canal is seen extending from Admiralty Island in a northeasterly direction and termin- ating in two important inlets, the one to the left being the Chilkat from the upper end of which the Dalton Trail begins.
The inlet extending to the right or to the northeast is the celebrated Chilkoot Inlet, from which the Taiya or Dyea Inlet extends, and on which the station or town of Dyea is located.
Skaguay is another point at the head of navigation, about six miles from Dyea, on the White Pass trail.
The Hootalinqua, Big Salmon, Little Salmon, Lewis River, and the Pelly River where it joins with the Lewis, and the Yukon, into which the White River, Stewart River, Sixty Mile Creek, the Klondyke River, Forty Mile Creek and Seventy Mile Creek and other streams run, are shown.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
PREFACE . 3
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . 7 LIST OF MAPS 8
CHAPTER I. ALASKA'S ATTRACTIONS.
Area and Resources of Alaska 19
CHAPTER II. NEEDS OF ALASKA. Government's Duty to Alaska-Extent of Alaska 25
CHAPTER III. HOW TO REACH ALASKA AND ITS GOLD FIELDS. Routes : The Inland Passage-Chilkoot. Pass-Chilkat Pass -White, or Skaguay River Pass-Taku Inlet-Canadian Pacific Railroad to Lake Teslin, Slave and Mackenzie Rivers. Water Routes: San Francisco to Bering Sea and Yukon River-Klondike, Klondyke, or Clondike River-Cost of trip to Klondyke-Gold Fields 30
CHAPTER IV. A FEW IMPROVEMENTS FOR ALASKA.
Railroad and Telegraphic Communication Demanded-John Jacob Astor-Astoria-Alaska Fur Trading Company Human Pack Carriers-Superintendent of Education- Dr. Sheldon Jackson -Reindeer-Burros for Alaska- Temperature of Alaska 38
CHAPTER V. GOLD MINING IN ALASKA.
Gold Discovered by the Russians-Forbidden to Make the Discovery Public, under Penalty of severe Punishment by Count Baranoff-Mines about Juneau Discovered in 1280-Gold Found on Douglas Island - The Mining Camp " Shuck " Abandoned
43
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI. THE STORY OF ALASKA.
PAGE.
Vitus, or Veit Bering-Vessels with which he sailed --- Bering Strait-Discovery of the Aleutian Islands-Dis- covery of the Pribylov Islands-Russian Sway-Pur- chase of Alaska-Treaty of Cession-Patrol of Bering Sea-Fortifying Alaska-City of Tacoma . 51
CHAPTER VII. A JOURNEY TO OUR NORTHWESTERN FRONTIER. Itinerary from Eastern States to Alaska 59
CHAPTER VIII.
A VOYAGE THAT SHOULD SATISFY THE MOST ROMANTIC. Itinerary of the Inland Passage 67
CHAPTER IX. PECULIAR SIGHTS IN INDIAN VILLAGES. Dixon Entrance-Alaska, Alakshan, Great Country-Fort Tongas-Totem Poles-Government Buildings-Tongas to Fort Wrangel 73
CHAPTER X. VOYAGING ON THE LOVELY WATERS.
Clarence Strait-Stikine Strait-Fort Wrangel-Curios at Fort Wrangel .
79
CHAPTER XI. A TRIP FROM FORT WRANGEL TO JUNEAU. Wrangel Straits-Dry Strait-Patterson Glacier-Frederick Sound-Stevens' Passage-Admiralty Island-Stockade Point-Grave Point-Taku Inlet-Gastineau Channel -Juneau . 84
CHAPTER XII.
AMONG THE GOLD MINES-JUNEAU AND DOUGLAS ISLANDS. Juneau in the Morning-Gold Creek-Treadwell Mines -- Douglas Island-Output of Gold-Bear's Nest Vein -- Lorena Mine . 90
CHAPTER XIII. LYNN CANAL AND CHILKOOT BAY.
American Alpine Scenery-Chilkoot Bay-Eagle Glacier-
Dyea or Tayia-Chilkat 94
II
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIV. PAGE.
OVER MUIR GLACIER-A BIRTHPLACE OF ICEBERGS.
Glacier Bay-Icy Strait-Muir Glacier, a Crystal Citadel- Deep Crevasses-Moraines-Grottoes-Icebergs . 99
CHAPTER XV.
AMONG THE ISLANDS FROM MUIR GLACIER TO SITKA.
Glacial Magnificence Surpassed only in Greenland-Swiss Alpine Scenery less Grand-Taking an Iceberg on Board-Often done by Vessels in the Pacific-Chatham Sound - Peril Strait-Why so Named - Beautiful Scenery-Sitka Sound -- Mount Edgecombe-Baranoff Castle-Count Baranoff-Sitka Training School-Greek
Church-Beauty of Sound and Islands
106
CHAPTER XVI.
SITKA AND ITS LOVELY EXCURSION GROUNDS.
First View of Sitka and its Environs-Inhabitants of Sitka, Natives, Creoles, Russians-Houses in Sitka-Sitka Harbor-Stars and Stripes in Sitka-Alaskan Society of Natural History and Ethnology-Sight-seeing- Vostovia, Edgecombe-Indian River, Bridges, Walks, etc. II3
CHAPTER XVII.
FROM BERING SEA TO THE SEAL, OR PRIBYLOV ISLANDS.
Ocean Voyage-Sounds from Seal Islands-Seal Rookeries or Hauling Grounds-Touching Island of St. Paul- Landing on the Island-Pribylov Islands-Aleuts- Customs-Greek Crosses 119
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE FUR SEALS OF PRIBYLOV ISLANDS, BERING SEA.
A Visit to the Rookery-Aleuts' Delight-A Foggy Day- Mingled Voices of Seals-Appearance of the Seals- Herding the Seals-Killing the Seals-Preparation of Skins for Fur-Importance of Seal Fisheries-People of the Islands . 126
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIX. PAGE.
THE REAL FAR WEST-THE ALEUTIAN CHAIN OF ISLANDS.
Tempestuous Sea-Cloud-dimmned Islands-Attoo, Attu-All Aleutians Pleasant and Contented-Otter Skins-Blue Fox Fur-Attoo, or Attu, Western Limit of the United States-Boundary Line Passes Between Attoo Island of United States and Copper Island of Russia-Alaskan Archipelago-Natives of all those Islands have Partic- ular Love for Home-Mountains and Extinct Volcanoes -Oonalaska, Large Town-Myriads of Islands-Foxes and Sea Birds-Kodiak or Kadiak-Its Importance-Its People-Commerce-Scene of Greatest Battle Ever Fought in Alaska-San Francisco Ice Company-First Church and School in Alaska, Established by Sheillikov -Cows Raised on the Island-Timber Line of Alaska- Salmon, Halibut, Cod-Cook's Inlet on the North . . I33
CHAPTER XX.
THE YUKON RIVER, THE MIGHTY STREAM, NEARLY THREE THOUSAND MILES LONG.
Deltas of the Yukon-Dreary loneliness of the Country, Low, Flat, Swampy-Trading Posts-St. Michaels, great centre of traffic-Gold and Silver in the Yukon Region-Furs, Water-fowl and Fish in abundance- New Mining Camps of the Yukon and Its Tributaries- Richness of Some Valleys on the Yukon-Grandeur of Interior Region Along the Great River 140
CHAPTER XXI.
THE NEW METLAKAHTLA MISSION AND SETTLEMENT ON ANNETTE ISLAND.
Old Metlakahtla, British Columbia - William Duncan, Missionary and Governor of the Mission-Trials of the Leader of His People-Interference by Church of England-Departure of Mr. Duncan-Successor Ap- pointed-Sorrow of the People-Mr. Duncan's Return -Gift of Annette Island-Departure of the Missionary and His Followers to the United States Territory- Senator Platt Recommended Immigrating Icelanders to Populate the Cold Regions of Alaska-Victoria, Vancouver Island-Steamer for San Francisco-Puget Sound-Into the Golden Gate-California-Home . . 146
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXII. PAGE.
THE BERING SEA CONTROVERSY-ITS PRINCIPAL POINTS.
Pribylov Islands not Public Property-Bering Sea held by Russia for Ages-Russell Duane on Seal Question- Extermination of the Seals Imminent if Pelagic Sealing Continues-Death of the Seals-Professor Elliott's As- sertion-London Companies the Losers-Only Present Aggrandizement-Retaliation not to be Thought of in the Matter-Right is Might in the United States-Arbi- tration not Just-Treaty-Ask Russia What Property She Sold and Settle all Disputes-Revenue from Seals Large-United States Strong in Youth and Justice- Calmness of United States not a Sign of Pusillanimity -Triple Alliance in Europe-Alliance of United States, Russia, Japan and China Proposed-Protect Rights with Dignity-Japan has Seal Islands to Guard as Well as Russia and United States
I53
CHAPTER XXIII. OUR ALASKAN INTERESTS.
Preparation for War in Time of Peace Insures Peace- England Fortifying Points Along the Yukon Questioned -Gold in Upper Yukon- Unwise for United States to Permit such Forts as Tongas and Wrangel to fall into Decay-Reason for England Desiring a New Boundary Line-United States must watch well Her Commercial Interests on the Pacific-Siberian Railroad will open Immense Trade Between United States and the Orient -Build Forts Equal in Strength to Esquimault, the British Fortification on Vancouver - United States Should Not Arbitrate the Eastern Boundary-Russia Never Run a Boundary Line Through Uncertain Islands - Calmness of United States not Cowardice-The Past Disproves that Possibility .
CHAPTER XXIV. OUR ALASKAN PROPERTY.
The Question of Alaska Territory Should Be Continually Ad- vanced Until it is Settled Indisputably -- Wealth of Alaska Cannot be Computed-Effect of the Gold Excitement on the Russian Continental Railroad-Important Changes in Alaska-United States Should Have Uninterrupted Communication with Powers of the Orient-It would Lead to Better Understanding-Neglect of Alaska not
I60
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CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Intended by Government-Towns Should be Built for Miners-Money for Alaskan Improvements Would be Well Spent-Need of Armed Cruisers in the Pacific as Well as in the Atlantic-Never Break Friendship Be- tween Russia and the United States . 165
CHAPTER XXV. CURB THE WAR SPIRIT.
Present Agitation Need not Lead to Warfare-United States Must Lend an Extent of Sympathy to Those Who Are Struggling. for Freedom-Foolish to Goad the Public to an Idea of War With Any Nation -- United States Never Fought Simply for Territory-Conscious in Integrity She Will Hold Her Own, Leading to Peace and Prosperity . . 172
CHAPTER XXVI.
OUR GREAT NORTHWESTERN TERRITORY AND ITS NATURAL RESOURCES.
Value of Alaska Asserting Itself -- Governor Sheakley's Report Very Favorable-Alaska Will One Day be as Important as Norway, Sweden or Finland -- Russia Valued the Land and Sold It-United States Bought It-Boundary was not Questioned until Gold Was Found-A System of Railroads Should at Once be Planned for Alaska-Con- munication Must be Held Between It and Great North- westeru Cities-Commence Improvements and the Land Will Prosper at Once-There Must be Homes, Schools, Churches, Plenty of Food, Making Interstate Commerce a Necessity-No Reason for the Territory to Remain Unpopulated-Coal, Petroleum, Fish, Canned Goods and Timber Will Soon Make Vast Changes in Population-Oil Stoves for Cooking Until Coal is At- tainable-Permit No Squatting-Land Reserved for Government Disposal- Educate the People-Value the Land, Legislate Carefully, and Alaska Will Soon be Worthy of a Place Among the States 176
CHAPTER XXVII.
THE FUTURE OF ALASKA.
Impossible to Check Immigration to the Territory-Tourists Praise It-No Wonder Men Out-of Work Turn to Its Gold Fields-Duty of the Government to Care for the Men Who go to the Territory-The Trial Must be Made to Prove Whether Mining is Possible - Give Strong, Willing Men Work and Let Them Colonize Alaska . . 184
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXVIII. THE RESOURCES OF ALASKA.
PAGE.
In Spite of Procrastination Alaska is Pushing to the Front -Prediction of a Rush to the Territory Comes True After Several Years of Waiting-Education is Already Aiding Development-Governor Swineford Told of the Riches of Alaska, and Returned to the Country to Prove it-Dr. Jackson's Imported Reindeer Thrive-Gold, Sil- ver, Copper, Coal, Oil, Furs, Fish and Marble-Money and Talent Must Lead Labor-Work, the Password to Fortune-Brawny Frames, Strong Hearts, and Perse- verance Necessary-All Joined With Industry Will
189 Make Wonderful Changes iu a Few Years
CHAPTER XXIX.
BERING SEA AND ITS SEALS-QUESTIONS WHICH HAVE TO BE SETTLED FOR THE FUTURE AS WELL AS PRESENT.
The Question of Bering Sea Will Continue to Assert Itself Until it is Settled Once For All-The Seal Not the Main Object-Modus Vivendi a Mistake-England's Diplo- macy Transparent-Bering Strait May One Day be Compassed so as to Make Land Communication With Siberia Possible-Chinese Exclusion Approved by England-Why-Indemnity Paid by United States an Act of Justice, Nothing Else-Arbitration, to be Just. Will Ratify the United States Claim-Broad Inter- national Policy Best-Number of Seals Taken by the Government of the United States aud the Pelagic Sealers .
195
CHAPTER XXX. ALASKA FUR SEAL PROTECTION.
Pelagic Sealing Should Be Stopped-Cruelty of Such Seal- ing-Young Die of Starvation-Uuborn Seals De- stroyed-Proposition Made to Kill Off the Seals if Such Cruelty Continues - Poaching Works Its Own Destruc- tion in the Depletion of the Herds-In Legitimate Seal- ing Only Proper Furs Are Obtained, and the Killing is Instantaneous-Extermination Will Not Result if only Legitimate Means Are Used, and Proper Animals Se- lected-Pelts Thus Obtained Always Marketable and Beautiful-Until Boundaries Are Well Surveyed and Located No Arbitration Could Be Executed-Why Not Select At Least One Republic in Arbitrating Any Point Concerning This Republic's Interests
200
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXXI. PAGE.
RECENT ROUTES TO THE GOLD FIELDS OF THE YUKON RIVER, AFTER REACHING ALASKAN PORTS.
The North Canadian Route-Over the Chilkoot Pass- The Chilkat Route-The White Pass, or Skaguay Route -Lake Teslin Route-The Taku Route-A Canoe Route from Dease Lake 206
CHAPTER XXXII.
INTERNATIONAL LAW AS AFFECTING ALASKA.
Justly Unselfish Legislation-Countries Should Respect Each Other's Claims-Russell Duane on International Law 224
CHAPTER XXXIII.
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