USA > Arizona > Arizona business directory and gazetteer : containing the names and post-office addresses of all merchants, manufacturers and professional men in the territory of Arizona; territorial, county, city and town officers, 1881 > Part 12
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" A few miles from Phoenix, on the old Florence road, may be seen the ruins of two or three towns, and several stupendous can- als from twenty to twenty-five feet in width, one of which received its water near the mountains twenty-odd miles away. Between two and three miles from Vail and Helwig's flouring mill, there was evidently once a large town. The ruins of one building at present remain, and measures two hundred and sixty by one hun- dred and thirty feet. Scattered all around in every direction are mounds which are supposed to be remains of habitations The walls of the above described ruins still measure ten or eleven feet in height. Between twelve and fourteen miles from Phoenix is another extinct system of canals and reservoirs, and ruins of what must have been a populous city. For miles around you may see mounds and piles of ruins. In this city was a building three hun- dred and fifty feet in length by probably one hundred and seventy- five in width ; one of the largest, if not the very largest, on the Salinas. This building, and other lesser ones, were inclosed by a wall that must have been six hundred by three hundred feet. As
The J. M. Brunswick & Balke Co.
BILLIARD TABLE § 653 & 655 Market St. MANUFACTURERS, San Francisco.
LORD & WILLIAMS CO., Tucson, A. T., Wholesale Groceries.
ANCIENT RUINS.
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at the Casa Grande, pieces of plate, pottery, and other articles of earthenware may be found scattered among the ruins and along the beds and banks of the old canals. A few miles east of Flor- ence are some ruins discovered by Lieutenant Ward of the U. S. army some years ago. The principal ruin is a parallelogram forti- fication, sixteen hundred feet in length by six hundred in width, constructed of stone brought from the neighboring mountains. In many places this wall has been overgrown by vines and shrubs ; in other places it has fallen over or been thrown down by the ele- ments, while in some places it has either disappeared beneath the surface, or has been covered up by debris or moving sand. In many places the wall is twelve feet in height, and as erect and perfect as it was when erected, probably over a thousand years ago. Within this inclosure is the ruin of a structure of roughly- hewn stones two hundred and seventy-five by two hundred feet, one of the interior walls of which still betrays perfectly distinct tracings of a drawing of the sun.
" At the south.east corner of the wall is a tower which must have been of considerable altitude, as the ruin itself is at present twenty- five feet in height. On the south-west corner is also a companion ruin, at present thirty feet in height. The tops of these columns are crumbling, as great piles of debris at the base of each shaft unmistakably show. Plate, pottery, and carved stone are scattered in all directions, some of which still exhibit a process of indelible staining and glazing. These ruins are situated upon a piece of rising plain, which was watered by a system of canals running from the Gila, a few miles away. On the San Pedro, where it joins the Gila, is a large number of ruins, generally consisting of the foundations of buildings, which have formed villages. These foundations are of rough stones, selected with great care as to their shape, to make a good wall. The buildings on these foundations were of adobe. Similar ruins are found eastward and westward along the Gila in many places ; and most of these sites of ancient towns contain the ruins of a building of large size, like Casa Grande, as though it were made use of for some public purpose. Major Emery, of the United State's Boundary Commission, says the ruins on the San Pedro indicate a population of one hundred thousand."
From the Phoenix Gazette we clip the following description of one of the many ruins in its vicinity :
"Four miles north-east of town, near Ross' Mills, there are sev- eral large and regularly-shaped mounds. The largest of these mounds is within twenty feet of the well-traveled road to Tempe. It is about forty feet high, and when once the curiosity-hunter has clambered over the fragments of adobe and earthen pottery which cover the sides to the summit, he is rewarded by discovering the well-defined divisions of what was once a large house. Although large trees of the slow-growing mesquite have sprung up, the adobe
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walls which divided the interior of the building into rooms still remain whole and intact a foot beneath the surface. In some of these walls there still remain the ends of the rafters used to sup- port the floors. All these pieces of rafters are charred, and ap- pear as though they had been at one time subject to intense heat. Looking to the north-west from the top of thi- ruin the eye sweeps over a plain thickly dotted with mounds, which differ from the large one only in size, and the whole is enclosed with the remains of what was once a thick adobe wall, the south-east corner of which was formed by the large house. An examination of the ruins discloses a regular system of streets running north and south, intersecting one another, and forming regular and equal - sized squares. Immense quantities of broken pottery strew the ground, and from these fragments a relic-hunter can select, with little pa- tience, a score of pieces, with each piece bearing a different de- sign ; but this variety in design applies only to size and shape, as no colors save black, dark-blue, and dark-red appear to have been used by these ancient decorators. Here and there can be found fragments of shell ornaments, bracelets, ear-rings, etc., manufac- tured from a shell somewhat similar to abalone. Everything con- nected with this desert of ruins tends to give rise to the opinion that the destruction of the city was sudden, speedy, and com- plete, but when and in what manner it-in common with other cit- ies-was blotted out from the land we now occupy, must forever remain a matter of conjecture."
In Yavapai and Apache counties-in fact, in all the country north of the Salt River Valley-these old ruins are found in many places and in great quantities; but their character is very much changed, as here the walls are generally built of stone, more or less dressed. In some cases they occupy the tops of high mountains, or bluffs, or almost inaccessible shelves along the sides of abrupt precipices. In some cases natural caves, which open in cañons of limstone rock, have been taken advantage of, the open- ings walled up, except a small passage-way, and partition-walls run, dividing the cave-chambers into rooms. These cave-houses show excavations for cisterns and for storing grain. No house- hold implements have been found beyond a few stone axes and metates-a stone implement for crushing by hand any kind of grain. In some cases dwellings have been made by digging into the solid rock of the abrupt sides of a cliff high above the base, and only reached by difficult climbing. The buildings appear to have been rectangular in shape, like those of Salt River Valley; but they are generally smaller, and always indicate that defense was one of the chief objects to be attained.
A correspondent in the St. Joe Gazette thus describes some of the cliff dwellings :
"About four miles below Camp Verde there are about fifty cliff or cave dwellings-rooms hewn out in a solid cliff of rock. One
The J. M. Brunswick & Balke Co.
BILLIARD TABLE $653 & 655 Market St. MANUFACTURERS, { San Francisco.
LORD & WILLIAMS CO., Tucson, A. T., Wholesale Dry Goods.
ANCIENT RUINS.
101
has to use ladders in order to penetrate some of them. The rooms are plastered inside, and have side-rooms leading from the main room. Many of these side-rooms seem to have been used for granaries, for in them have been small cells wherein have been placed ears of corn, cotton, and other seeds, and then cemented over and made air-tight. When these places are picked into, you find the ears of corn at first apparently natural; but when the air strikes them, or the fingers touch them, the grain falls to ashes, leaving nothing but the cob, which seems to be little affected. In one of these cells I found a bunch of well-twisted cotton thread, and another kind of thread which was beyond my comprehension as to what it was made of. There are also, in the open valleys, extensive ruins of great cities. Judging from the debris, many of the buildings have been four or five stories high, built of stone neatly dressed, showing considerable mechanical skill in their construction. The parts of walls that are still standing bear traces of ancient writings and sculpture, with crosses and notches Cut deep into the solid rock at regular intervals. There are also traces of canals and reservoirs of vast dimensions, from which it is inferred that the country at one time was fertile and well- watered. With the exception of broken pottery but few relics. are found. These pieces of pottery are remarkable, from the fact that they have been finely glazed, and bear paintings of flowers and ornamental figures; the coloring matter of a high mineral substance of some kind, which cannot or has not been defaced, and appears to be perfectly indelible. These relics have been exposed to the storms which have worn away the solid masonry of the walls, and show the colors as fresh and bright, to all ap- pearances, as when new. The pottery itself has been found to be perfectly fire-proof, upon a severe trial in crucibles, while the heat of furnaces will not affect it.
"In the streets of Prescott, as the earth is worn and the winds blow it away, can be traced the walls of an ancient city, evidently as old as time itself. In the grading of our streets, excavating for cellars, and in digging wells, traces of the race that once lived in this-to Americans-new land, are found implements of war and domestic use many feet beneath the surface and under the hard- pan, which is next to the rock itself, convincing in every particu- lar that this is a very old land. North-west of Prescott, along the banks of the grand cañon of the Colorado River, where it is thou- sands of feet from the top to the water-perpendicular as a wall- stone buildings are still standing. As the country back from the river has no water for miles, the inhabitants of these buildings must have obtained their water from the Colorado, which does not, at its present depth, appear possible."
In the Big Chino Valley, north of Prescott, can be seen the walls of more than a hundred houses. The debris has collected around these walls to the depth, in some cases, of seven or eight
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DESCRIPTIONS.
feet. The walls are built of clay and stone, and plastered on the inside. The stone has been brought from a mesa at some distance. In one of these buildings were found three skeletons, and a large earthenware vessel containing the remains of grain. Stone axes were also found. South of Prescott, on the ridges on both sides of the Hassayampa, ruins of stone houses are found in many places. They generally show a small cluster of houses surrounded by a stone wall, and in all cases occupy a defensive position, while giving a wide outlook in the valley below.
ARIZONA .- HOW IT DERIVED ITS NAME.
" The Zuñia Indians believe that in the beginning a race of men sprang up out of the earth, as plants arise and come forth in the spring. The race increased until they spread over the whole earth, and, after existing through countless ages, passed away. The earth then remained without people a great length of time, until at length the sun had compassion on the earth, and sent a celestial maiden to repeople the earth. This young goddess was called Arizona-the name signifying Maiden Queen. This Ari- zona dwelt upon the earth a great length of time in lonely soli- tude, until at a certain time, while basking in the sunbeams, a drop of dew fell from heaven and rested upon Arizona, who in due time blessed the world with twins-a son and daughter-and these became the father and mother of the Zuñia Indians, and from this tribe arose all other races of men. The Zuñia is the only pure original stock of children of the sun now on the earth."
" The name of Arizona, or El Arizona, was originally applied to a Real de Minas near the headwaters of the Rio del Aquimari- the larger branch of the Rio del Altar-at the entrance of the Cañon del Inferno, some twelve miles to the southwest of the celebrated mines of the Planchas de Plata. It is now but a rancho, although remains of the former buildings are still to be met with. This place was for a long time the extreme north point attained by the conquest of the Spaniards, and the name Arizona is often given to the country thereabout. In the early part of the last century the country to the northward towards the Rio Gila and Rio Santa Cruz became better known, and at that time we find the name erroneously given to the newly discovered region. As for the name Arizona, it actually means at the foot of the mountain, or where the mountains end. The spelling in the Papago language would be Arizaka or Arizana-the name most certainly given by the Papagoes or Pimas, on account of the situation of El Arizona at the foot of the high range of
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BILLIARD TABLE § 653 & 655 Market St. MANUFACTURERS, San Francisco.
.
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mountains of the Planchas de Plata to the east, and the Sierra del Agua Caliente to the north, where towards the, west and south extends a rolling, hilly country. Other persons say that there is a word in the Aztec language-Arizuma- signifying Land of Silver, and that these ancient inhabitants of Mexico, if they did not actually people the Territory, ex- tended their government and mining ventures to its southern borders, and gave it the name of Arizuma-the Land of Silver. The first bill introduced into the National Congress for the organi- zation of this Territory called it Arizuma. Again, it is said that the first explorers of this region were Spanish adventurers, who entered it from the Gulf of California by the way of the Color- ado, and then up the Gila, where the hot sandy plains, and dry, treeless plateaus or mesas gave them the impression that the coun- try was a dry barren region, and hence they gave it the name Arida Zona-barren zone-and that use has contracted it to Ari- zona, and extended the name to our whole Territory."
RAILROADS.
The Railway stands confessedly as one of the greatest of all human contrivances-one of the grandest achievements of human ingenuity-one of the proudest conquests of the power of mind over the domain of matter. The restless giant steam, under the curb and control of mind, far outstrips feeble and impotent mus- cle in the march of progress and improvement. The record of the superiority which the one has achieved over the other, is as interesting as any tale of the genii of Arabian story. It is the romance of civilization, and grows in interest as the index finger on the dial plate of time marshals the ages by in grand proces- sion. Railroads have been pioneers of great public improve- ments, especially in our own country. In their wake have fol- lowed individual wealth and national prosperity. Through the length and breadth of our fair possessions they have been mission- aries of good. They have built up cities, towns and villages, and diversified landscapes with grain-fields, orchards or gardens; they have disturbed the silence of sixty centuries, and made the gloom of the forest and mountain give way to the glory of the vineyard and field. The Railroad is the acme of rapid transit, and has no rival in its method and means of transportation. It opens up waste plateaus and arid plains, and makes deserts blossom as the rose. It penetrates uninviting hillsides and mountains, and wakes np the raw material which lies slumbering therein. It is a great advertiser-it makes known to the world the natural wealth of
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ARIZONA.
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the section through which it takes its way. It bears its precious burdens over and under and through mountains, and over and under rivers, by night and by day. It opens up vast treasures of mineral and agricultural wealth, and carries its fructifying in- fluences into every land. It traverses alike the summits of the snow-clad mountains of Switzerland and California, and the des- erts of Sahara and Arizona. It is the greatest civilizer of the age-it pushes the red man of America and the sepoy of India out of its way, and brings the prairies of the one and the jungles of the other into the pale of civilization and society. Wherever you find the railroad, you behold people who hew out for them- selves positions of usefulness in society ; people who wrestle with poverty or a sparse inheritance, and weave crowns from the flow- ers of industry. All along these marvellous thoroughfares you see churches and school-houses-those twin sisters of civilization, spring up and dispense light, liberty, education, and religion all around. Every year are developed more and more among the residents along the lines of these incomparable means of transit, the instincts of a higher and nobler manhood. Lands increase in value and homes are yearly improved, adorned and beautified.
SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD .- Upon the completion of the Grand Trunk Line of the Central Pacific Railroad, surveyors were sent into that portion of California known as the upper San Joa- quin Valley. On the 13th of January, 1870, a party of surveying officers under Engineer Ives ran a line from Lathrop, and contin- ued its work on to what is now called Goshen, nearly 150 miles south and east of the point above designated on the main line. On the first day of April, 1872, trains were run from Lathrop to Merced. On the 25th of July of the same year, what is known as the Visalia Division of the Central Pacific Railroad was com- pleted to' Goshen, 146 3-10 miles from Lathrop, and most of it through about as uninviting a country as at that time could be seen anywhere in California. Not only were the beautiful cities of Modesto, Merced and Fresno not in embryo even, but there were only here and there a habitation, and that of the ruder sort.
Subsequently, the Southern Pacific Railroad Company was or- ganized ; and on the 18th of December, 1874, Mr. Charles Crocker, who had been not only one of the original incorporators of the Central Pacific, but the master mechanical spirit of the same, was elected President; Gen. David D. Colton, Vice- President; J. L. Wilcutt, Secretary, and E. H. Miller, jr., Treasurer. In the mean- time 21 miles of road, running from Los Angeles to Wilmington, had been purchased and consolidated with the system, and 31 miles of what is known as the San Diego branch, from Los An- geles to Anaheim, were constructed. October 26th, 1874, the Southern Pacific reached Sumner, 94 miles from Goshen. The foot of the Tehachepi Mountains, 22 miles further, was reached April 26th, 1875. While this work was going on through the
The J. M. Brunswick & Balke Co.
BILLIARD TABLE §653 & 655 Market St. MANUFACTURERS, ? San Francisco.
LORD & WILLIAMS CO., Tucson, A. T., MILL SUPPLIES.
RAILROADS. 105
valleys west of the Coast Range, a force of men was engaged in penetrating the Tehachepi Mountains, and also in tunneling under the San Fernando spur, and in building sections from Los Angeles to San Fernando, 20 miles, and south-east to Spadra, 29 miles. On May 26th, 1876, the road was opened from Caliente to Keene's, 13 miles; and from Keene's to Mohave, 32 miles, on the 9th of August of the same year ; and displaying to the traveler an exhi- bition of engineering without a parallel. On the 6th of Septem- ber, less than one month after the arrival of the first regular train from San Francisco to Mohave, a gap of 73 miles had been closed, and the road was completed and in running order from Goshen to Spadra; that part of the road from Los Angeles to the latter point having been completed on the 15th of April, 1874, and still on to Colton, 28 miles further, July 16th, 1875; from Los Angeles to · San Fernando on the 15th of April, 1874, and to the tunnel Janu- ary 1st, 1876. Los Angeles now became an important railroad center, the iron horse arriving and departing daily for San Fran- cisco and way places; Colton, 57 miles, and way places; Ana- heim, 31 miles, and intermediate stations; Wilmington, 21 miles, and Santa Monica, 16 miles. Population flocked from all quar- ters, and lands went up in value to an enormous price. On the 23rd day of May, 1877, the Southern Pacific Railroad reached the Colorado River, 248 miles from Los Angeles, and 720 miles from San Francisco. Thus terminated the system of what is known as the Southern Pacific Railroad of California; and in addition 40 miles of road from Goshen to Huron were completed February 1st, 1877.
SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD OF ARIZONA .- We now arrive at another important part of the system of railroads, which, without the successful operation of the Central Pacific, would not now be in existence; and under the successful manage- ment of other men, less determined, and less energetic, and less public-spirited than Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, and C. P. Huntington, we might have had no Southern Pacific Railroad to-day, and no intercourse with California, except that afforded through the old methods of ship and stage. While other operators, then, were and had been for years imploring Congress for financial aid for the spanning of the Colorado and Arizona by rail, contracts were being made for iron and ties for the further extension of the steel highway, and on the 7th of October, 1878, the Southern Pacific Railroad of Arizona was incorporated, with Gen. D. D. Colton a- President, C. F. Crocker as Vice-President, H. M. Wright as Secretary, and F. S. Douty as Treasurer. Sub- sequently, on the death of Gen. Colton, Mr. C. F. Crocker was elected President, and A. P. K. Safford Vice-President, the other officers remaining as before.
On November 19th, 1878, ground was broken at Yuma, and half a mile of track laid the same day. On January 8th 30} miles had
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been laid and the road opened ; on February 1st the road had been completed 642 miles, and on May 19th the Southern Pacific Railroad of Arizona had been built in a first-class manner of steel rails, and was opened to Casa Grande, a distance of 183 miles from Yuma, or 913 miles from San Francisco-nearly the length of the trunk line of its senior, the Central Pacific. Railroad building was resumed at Casa Grande on January 26th, 1880, and Tucson was reached on March 20th, 1880, and Deming on De- cember 15th, 1880, where the Southern Pacific formed a conjunc- tion with the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé, and thus a second transcontinental thoroughfare was the result. The Southern Pacific kept right on from Deming, and reached El Paso on May 19th, 1881. It is hardly necessary to add that the work goes right on, and that by July 1st, 1882, the Southern Pacific will have a direct line from San Francisco to the Gulf of Mexico. From El Paso. to San Antonio in Texas, the distance is about six hundred miles, and from San Antonio to New Orleans the distance is less than six hundred miles, and there is already in running order a road from New Orleans to San Antonio, with the exception of a short gap between Vermillionville and Lake Charles. This route is popularly known in New Orleans as the " Sunset Route." Upon the completion of the line, San Francisco and New Orleans will be within about two thousand four hundred miles of each other, or about five days' travel. This is six hundred miles nearer to tide-water than New York, and practically New Orleans is as near to Europe as New York. The largest ships and ocean steamers now ascend to New Orleans, and no doubt but abundant facilities will be provided for European travel. Mr. R. S. Spofford, the attorney of the Sunset Route, thinks, that with the completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad, the staples of the Pacific Coast, destined for domestic and foreign markets, will find shipment at New Orleans.
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