USA > California > Los Angeles County > Ingersoll's century history, Santa Monica Bay cities prefaced with a brief history of the state of California, a condensed history of Los Angeles County, 1542-1908 > Part 2
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412
Hamilton, N. H., M.D.
369
Boehme, Geo. C.
455
Hammond, H. N. 421
473
Bontty, E. F
441
Hawe, Rev. P. 362
394
Brice, J. L ..
128
Brickner. John
162
Hodgson, J.
490
Brooks, F. W ..
442
Browne, J. D. H.
434
Bundy, F. E ..
383
Bundy, Nathan
431
Busier, A.
382
Calkins, A. H.
419
Carrillo, J. J.
180
Houston, H. E.
167
Carpenter, Stephen
477
Ilutton, George H.
361
Case, L. H., M.D.
437
Ingersoll. L. G.
468
Chapin, E. K ..
495
Jackson, Arthur E.
459
Chapman. W. R.
472
Cheney, C. C ...
512
Jewett, O. W. 385
157
Connelly. T. J.
454
Corey, Geo. W., M.D.
165
Crane, H. M.
489
Dales, C. S.
453
Kimball, Myron H.
371
Dales, E. V.
470
Dales, John B.
454
Davis, J. J. .
150
Davis, Orin, M.D.
395
Devore, W. E.
471
Le Bas, Charles
375
Dike, E. W ...
357
Dobbings, J.
453
Dobson, R. C ..
460
Loudon. J. A .. 486
Dollard, Robert 417
Lowe. Thomas R. 435
Dow, R. H .. 429
Machado. J. D .. 494
Dudley. T. H 427
430
McClellan, R. F. 400
Edinger, C. L
491
Meloy. Daniel
400
Hancock. A. K
Bouck. C. A.
432
Hemingway. J. C.
418
Hollwedel. H. C.
479
Hudson, M. L.
125
Hull, W. I. ...
367
Hunt, J. S., M.D.
476
Hunter, Benj. S.
416
Clark, Joseph H
359
Collins, Mrs. Catharine.
461
Jones, John Percival
360
Keener. J. P.
487
Kendall. W. M., M.D.
510
Kennedy, J. W.
510
Kinney, Abbott
327
Kirkelie, O. A.
490
Langdon, F. C ..
389
Lawton, Frank
435
Ingersoll, L. A.
116
Jackson, William
305
Boehme, Geo.
402
Gird, E. C .. 421
Griffith, Elijah 423
Grigsby. Tas. H.
Bishop. B. R .. 181
Guntrup. John
Holt, D. G .. .
Johnston. A. F.
Lindt. J. 478
Mayer, H. C .. 400
Eakins, H. B.
Wells, G. Wiley 134
INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.
Meloy, H. T.
461
Smith, J. 465
Metcalf. John
403
Smith, N. R., D.D.S. 433
Miles, Elam C .. 138
Smith, P. H.
495
Miles, J. Euclid 374
Snyder. W. P .. 467
Mitchell, 11. L
188
Snyder, Geo. D. 366
Sonnesyn, P. H .. 485
Stanwood. John A.
377
Mundell, Walter
449
Nellis, C. J ..
431
O'Callaghan, Rev. J. 1
456
Odell. S. W ..
381
Talkington, S. N
438
Palmer, W. M
447
Parrish, 1. E ..
413
Tanner, R. R ..
373
Parrish. W. F
110
Taylor, W. B. B.
405
Petsch, Adolph
457
Taylor, Rev. George.
1II
Peveler. J. J.
5 11
Phillips, R. A.
5II
Pierce. Grace A
439
Procter. J. B. 483
Tullis, O. G ..
385
Pruess, E. A.
443
Putnam, R. G.
782
Quinn, Bernard
407
Rile. 11. F.
4.43
Rindge. Frederick Hastings
128
Vawter. Aramatha Charlotte, 162:
Charles Knowlton, 165: Edwin
Sawtelle, W. E ..
364
Seymour. J. J. 387
ven, 162; May, 162; Mary Ellen.
Schofield. Tom 440
161; Williamson Dunn, 169: Wil- liam S. 162
Watkeys, L. C 182
Wells. G. Wiley 378
Simpson, J. D.
158
Westover, O. S. 484
Shiveley, Daniel
414
Wilber, H. P .. 185
Smale, J. B. E ..
56
Woodruff, W. W. 476
Smith, W. S., M.D.
51I
Wyant. A. H.
126
Montgomery, A. M.
384
Morris. Alf.
45I
Summerfield, K. B.
390
Taft. Fred H. 376
Taft, S.
496
Talkington, J. S.
106
Todd, J. W. . 388
Towner. C. C ..
493
Towner. C. E.
363
Turner, Daniel
492
Vaché, A.
475
Valenzuela, José
178
Van Tress. B. F. 422
Rogers, C. W.
445
Sepulveda. José Dolores. 512
James, 164; Edwin James, Jr., 165; Emma Knowlton, 164; Jane Cra-
Schultz, Henry 188
Schutte. G. W. 464
Sibley, Mrs. Geo. 474
GLOSSARY.
Abadesa. Abbess. Abajeños. Inhabitants of Southern Cali- fornia.
Acequia. Ditch, canal. A.'Dois. Good bye, (God be with you). Adobe. Black adhesive soil.
Adobes. Sundried bricks of adobe.
Agua. Water. Aguardiente. Brandy.
Alameda. Walk under trees.
Alabado. Hymn in praise of the sacrament. Alcalde mayor. Magistrate of a district.
Aliso. Alder tree.
Alta. Upper. above.
Amo. Master. owner.
Arroyo. A small stream.
Ayuntamiento. Municipal council.
Bahia. Bay. Bando. Edict.
Baja. Below, lower. Bidarka. Skin boat. Bienes. Property.
Blanco. White.
Boca. Mouth. Bonita. Pretty.
Brazo de mar. Arm of the sea. Brea. Pitch.
Bronco. Unbroken horse.
Bueno. Good.
Buenos dias. Good morning. Caballo. Horse.
Cabo. Cape. Caion. Box, chest.
Calle. Street. Camino. Way. Campana. Bell.
Campanilla. Small bell.
Campo. Field. Cañada. Glen or dale between mountains. Campo santo. Graveyard. Cañon. A tube, deep ravine. Capilla. Chapel. Carréta. Cart. C'arta. Letter, chart. Casa Grande. Large house. Castillo. Castle, fort. Catalina. Catherine. Cienega. A marsh. Cigarritos. Cigarets. Ciudad. City. Comandante. Commander.
Compadre. Friend, comrade, godfather. Comisario. Commisary, a treasury official. Concepcion. Conception.
Coyote. A small California wolf. Corbata. Cravat.
Corral. A pen for live stock, or for poultry. Cuero. Hide of cattle or horses. Dehesas. Pasture lands.
Dias. Days. Diablo. Devil.
Dinero. Money. Diego. James.
Diputacion. Deputy, committee. Dolores. Sorrows.
Don. Mr.
Doña. Mistress.
Embarcadero. Place of embarkation. Enchiladas. Cornmeal cakes in chile sauce. Enfermo. Sick.
Encino. Oak. Engano. Deceit, mistake, fraud.
Ensenada. Creek, small bay.
Español. Spanish.
Entrada. Entrance, invasion, incursion.
Escoltas. Mission guard.
Escondido. Hidden.
Escrito. Writing or written.
Estado. State. Fandango. Dance.
Fierro. Branding iron.
Fiesta. Feast Day.
Frev. Father of a religious order.
Frijoles. Beans.
Fuego. Fire. Fumos. Smoky.
Galeria. Galley.
Canado. Live stock, cattle.
Gefepolitico. Political chief.
Gente de Razon. Spaniards and Mexicans distinguished from Indians.
Gobenador. Governor. Gracias. Favors, thanks, graces.
Hacienda. Country home.
Hambre. Hunger.
Hermano. Brother.
Hermoso. Handsome.
Herrar. To brand.
Hidalgo. One of gentle birth.
Hija. Daughter. Hijos del pais. Native sons. Sons of the country. Hombre. Man Isla. Isle. Juez del campo. Judge of the plains. Jugador. Gambler. Junta. Assembly.
GLOSSARY.
Juramento. Oath. Laguna. Small lake.
Legua. League.
Libros. Books. Ilano. Plain.
Llavero.
Keeper of the keys. In the mis-
sions. the store keeper.
Lomeras. Ridges of hills, or mountains. Madre. Mother.
Maestro. Master.
Mal. Evil, complaint.
Mañana.
Morning, tomorrow.
Manteca.
Tallow.
Mantilla.
Head cover for women.
Mariposa.
Butterfly.
Maromeros.
Rope dancers.
Matanza. Slaughter-yard.
Major-domo. Steward, overseer.
Mecate. Mexican for rope.
Medio real. Half a real, or 614 cents.
Memorias. Memoranda.
Metate. A curved grinding stone.
Mejicano. Mexican.
Mezcal. A liquor made from the maguey plant. Molino. Mill. Morro. Steep cliff.
Mesa. Table land.
Milpas. Indian corn-fields.
Muchacho. Boy.
Negro. Black. Neofita. A converted Indian.
Noche. Night.
Nuestra Señor. Our Lord.
Nuestra Señora. Our Lady.
Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles. Our Lady of the Angels.
Nuevo. New. Ojo. Eve. Oleo. The sacred oil.
Olla. A round earthen pot.
Orden. Order, command. Ordenanza. Ordinances.
Orejano. Wild. Res orejano de fierro. Cattle marked on the ears.
Oso. Bear. Oro. Gold. Padre. Father.
Pais. Country.
Palacio. Palace.
Pasajes. Valleys.
Patio. Court.
Peon. A game at dice.
Pinole. Drink of cornmeal, water and sugar. Pinos. Pine.
Playa. Sea beach. Plaza. Square. market place.
Pobladores. Settlers, founders of a town. Poco. Little.
Pozole. Beans boiled with corn or wheat. Potrero. Pasture. Pozo. Spring.
Presidio. Garrison. Primo. First.
Pronunciamento. Proclamation.
Propriedad. Proprietorship, etc. Pueblo. City.
Publica. Public.
Puerto. Port. harbor.
Ramada. A bush house. or shed.
Rancheria. An Indian village.
Ronchita. Small ranch.
Rancho. Farm, range.
Realistas. Royalists.
Real. Spanish coin worth 1212 cents.
Reata. `A rope of rawhide for lassoing
cattle.
Rebosa. Shawl. Worn over the head.
Reglemento. Regulation.
Realengo. Royal, kingly.
Regidor. Alderman, director.
Revolucionario. Revolutionist.
Roble. Oak tree.
Rio. River.
Rodeo. Rounding up of cattle.
Salinas. Salt marshes.
Seco. Dry.
Seguridad. Safety. securely. Sierra Nevada. Ridge of mountains covered with snow.
Sierra. Ridge of mountains.
Silla. Chair, or saddle.
Silla vaquera. Saddle used by vaquero.
Sitio. Small stock range.
Soberano. Sovereign, supreme.
Sobrante. Residue, left over.
Soldado. Soldier.
Sombrero. Hat.
Suertes. Fields.
Sureños. Southerners. Tamale. Indian meal dumpling stuffed with minced meat, chicken, etc.
Tasajo. Jerked beef.
Tecolero. Master of ceremonies at a ball.
Tecolote. Species of owl.
Temblor. Shake.
Temblor de tierra. Earthquake.
Terreno. Ground. Testigo. Witness.
Tonto. Stupid, foolish.
Tortillas. Little cakes, pancakes.
Trabajadores. Laborers.
Tule. Reed, native grown.
Tuna. Cactus plant.
Vaquero. Cow herder. Vara. Rod, staff. yard measure.
Venta. Sale mark of cattle. Violincito. A small fiddle.
Viñero. One who cares for vines.
Vocal. Voting member of a corporation. Vino. Wine. Visitador. Visiter, surveyor.
Yerba. Herb. Zanja. Irrigating ditch. Zanjero. One in charge of a zanja.
JOHN C. FREMONT.
Brief History of California.
CHAPTER I.
DISCOVERY.
R OMANCE enters into the story of 1. THE California with its very beginning. EJJREAA خمن ءالـ When Gondalez de Sandoval, in 1524, gave to Cortes an account of a wonderful island ten days to the westward from the GREAT STATE Pacific Coast of Mexico, inhabited by women only and exceedingly rich in pearls and gold, THE OF he no doubt derived his information from Montalvo's romance, " Sergas de Esplandian." Cortes seems to have given credence to his lieutenant's story and to have kept in view the discovery of this wonderful island, Cali- fornia. The discovery of what is now known as the peninsula of Lower California, but which was then supposed to be an island, by Fortuna Jiminez, in 1534, no doubt confirmed in Cortes' mind the truth of Sandoval's story. told him a decade before. For did not the island of Jiminez, like the island of Montalvo's fiction, lie on the right hand of the Indies, or where the Indies were then supposed to be? Pearls were found on it and gold and the Amazons must be there, too.
Fortuna Jiminez, the discoverer of Lower California, was chief pilot on one of the ships which Cortes, in 1533, fitted out to explore the northwest coast of Mexico. A mutiny broke out on the ship commanded by Becerro de Men- doza. He was killed and his friends forced to go on shore at Jalisco. The muti- neers, commanded by Jiminez, sailed westerly away from the coast of the main- land. After several days of sailing out of sight of the main land, they discov- ered what they supposed to be an island and landed at what is now known as La Paz, in Lower California. There Jiminez and twenty of his followers were killed by the Indians ; the few survivors of the ill-fated crew managed to navi- gate the vessel back to Jalisco, where they reported the discovery of an island rich in pearls.
4
BRIEF HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA
Cortes, hearing the report and probably believing the island to be the Cali- fornia of the story, fitted out an expedition to colonize it. With three ships and a number of soldiers and settlers, he landed in May, 1535, at the place where Jiminez was killed, which he named Santa Cruz; but instead of an island peo- pled with women who lived after the manner of Amazons and whose arms and trappings were made of gold, he found a sterile country inhabited by the most abject and degraded of beings. Disaster after disaster fell upon the unfortu- nate colony. Some of the ships sent to bring supplies were wrecked and others driven out of their course. Some of the colonists died from starvation before the supplies reached them and others from over-eating afterwards. After two years of struggling against misfortune, Cortes abandoned the attempt and the wretched colonists were brought back to Mexico. Thus ended the first effort to colonize California.
Some time between 1535 and 1537 the name California was applied to the land still supposed to be an island; but whether Cortes applied it in the hope of encouraging his colonists or whether the country was so named in derision, is not known. The name was subsequently applied to all the land along the Pa- cific Coast northward to 42 degrees, the limit of the Spanish possessions.
The vast unexplored regions to the northward of that portion of Mexico which he had conquered had a fascination for Cortes. He dreamed of finding in them empires vaster and richer than those he had already subdued. For years he fitted out expeditions by sea and by land to explore this terra incognita ; but failure after failure wrecked his hopes and impoverished his purse. The last of the parties was the one commanded by Francisco de Ulloa, who in 1539 sailed up the Gulf of California on the Sonora side to its head, and then down the inner coast of Lower California to the cape at its extremity, which he doubled and sailed thence northward to Cabo de Engano (Cape of Deceit.) Here the two vessels of the expedition, after being tossed and buffeted by head winds, parted company in a storm. The smaller returned to Santiago. Of the other which was directly under Ulloa's command, nothing is definitely known-nor of Ulloa's fate. The only thing accomplished by this voyage was to demon- strate that California was a peninsula, although even this fact was not fully accepted for two centuries after this. Cortes returned to Spain in 1540, where after vainly trying to obtain from the King some recognition of his services and some recompense for his outlay, he died-a disappointed and impoverished man.
The next voyage which had anything to do with the discovery and explora- tion of California was that of Hernando de Alarcon. With two ships he sailed from Acapulco, May 9, 1540, up the Gulf of California. His object was to co- operate with Coronado. The latter, with an army of 400 men, had marched from Culiscan, April 22, 1540, to discover and conquer the "Seven Cities of Cibola," which the romancing friar, Marcos de Niza, "led by the Holy Ghost"
5
BRIEF HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA
and blessed with a fertile imagination, claimed to have seen somewhere in the wilds of what is now Arizona. Alarcon, at the head of the gulf, discovered the mouth of a great river. Up this stream, which he named Buena Guia- now the Colorado-he claimed to have sailed eighty-five leagues. He was probably the first white man to set foot in the territory now included in the State of California.
While Coronado was still absent in search of the Seven Cities, and of Quivera, a country rich in gold, lying somewhere in the interior of the continent, the successor of Cortes entered into a compact with Pedro de Alvarado, Gov- ernor of Guatemala, who had a fleet of ships lying at anchor in the harbor of Natividad, Mexico, to unite their forces in an extensive scheme of exploration and conquest. An insurrection broke out among the Indians of Jalisco and in trying to suppress it Alvarado was killed. The return of Coronado dispelled the myths of Cibola and Quivera and put an end, for the time, to further ex- ploration of the interior regions to the north of Mexico.
On the death of Alvarado, his successor, Mendoza, placed five ships under the command of Ruy Lopez de Villalobas and sent them to the Islas de Poniente (Isles of the Setting Sun-now Philippines) to establish trade. Two ships of the fleet, under the command of Juan Roderiguez Cabrillo, were sent to explore the northwest coast of the Pacific. He sailed from Natividad June 27, 1542; on August 30th they reached Cabo de Engano, the most northern point of Ulloa's exploration. Continuing his voyage along the coast, he discovered a number of bays and islands. On Sept. 23, 1542, Cabrillo entered a fine bay called by him San Miguel, now San Diego Bay. After three days further sailing he sighted the islands which he named San Salvador and Vitoria, after his vessels, now Catalina and San Clemente. From these islands he crossed to the main- land on Oct. 8th and entered a bay which he named Bahia de los Fuimos ( Bay of Smokes), now San Pedro Bay. After entering a bight, supposed to have been Santa Monica, he continued northwestward, passed through the Santa Bar- bara channel and discovered the islands of Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel. Going on up the coast, he found a long narrow point of land extend- ing into the sea, which from its resemblance to a galley boat, he called Cabo de la Galeria, now Point Conception. November 17th he doubled Point of Pines and entered Monterey Bay, which he called Bahia de los Pinos ( Bay of Pines.) Finding it impossible to land on account of the heavy seas, he proceeded north- ward until he reached 40 degrees, north latitude, as he estimated. On account of cold weather and storms he turned back and ran down to San Miguel, where he decided to winter. Here, from the effects of a fall, he died Jan. 3, 1543, and was buried on the island. His companions renamed the island Juan Roderignez, after their brave commander; but he did not retain even this small honor. The discoverer of California sleeps in an unknown grave.
6
BRIEF HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA
The command devolved on the chief pilot, Bartolome Ferrelo, who prose- cuted the voyage with a courage and daring equal to that shown by Cabrillo. On Feb. 28th he discovered a point of land which he named Cape Mendocino in honor of the Viceroy. Passing this cape, he encountered a furious storm, which drove him violently to the northeast and greatly endangered his ships. On March Ist the fogs lifted and he saw Cape Blanco in the southern part of what is now Oregon. The weather continuing stormy and the cold increasing, Ferrelo was compelled to turn back. Off the coast of San Clemente the ships were driven apart and did not come together again until they reached the Cerros Islands. In sore distress for provisions they arrived at Natividad, April 18, 1543.
The next navigator who visited California was Sir Francis Drake, an Eng- lishman. He was not so much seeking new lands as trying to find a way of escape from capture by the Spanish. Francis Drake, the sea-king of Devon and one of the bravest of men, sailed from Plymouth Dec. 13, 1577, in com- mand of a fleet of five small vessels on a privateering expedition against the Spanish settlements of the Pacific Coast. When he sailed out of the Straits of Magellan into the South Sea, he had but one ship left, all the others had been lost or had turned back. With this small vessel he began a career of plunder- ing among the Spanish settlements that for boldness, daring and success has had no equal in the world's history. The quaint chronicler of the voyage sums up the proceeds of his raids at "eight hundred and sixty-five thousand pesos of silver, a hundred thousand pounds of gold and other things of great worth." Plundering as he moved, he reached the port of Guatulco on the coast of Oaxaca. Surfeited with spoils and with his ship laden to her fullest capacity, it became a necessity for him to find a new way home. In the language of the chronicler, "He thought it was not good to return by the straits, lest thie Span- iards should attend for him in great numbers." So he sailed away to the north- ward to find the Straits of Anian, which were supposed to connect the North Pacific with the Atlantic. For two hundred years after the discovery of Amer- ica, navigators searched for that mythical passage. Drake, keeping well out to sea, sailed northward for two months. The cold, the head winds and the leaky condition of his craft compelled him to turn back and he sailed down the coast until he found a safe harbor under the lee of a promontory, now Point Reyes. Here he repaired his ship, took formal possession of the country in the name of his sovereign, Queen Elizabeth, and named it New Albion, from a fancied re- semblance to his homeland. He had his chaplain, Parson Fletcher, preach a sermon to the natives; this did not greatly impress them, we are told. but they took delight in the psalm singing. After a stay of thirty-six days, on July 23d. 1579, Drake sailed for England and after nearly three years of absence, during which he had circumnavigated the globe, he reached home safely and was knighted bv Elizabeth.
7
BRIEF HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA
Sixty years passed after Cabrillo's voyage before another Spanish explorer visited California. The chief object of Sebastian Viscaino's voyage was to find a harbor of refuge for the Philippine galleons. These vessels on their return voy- age sailed northward until they struck the Japan current, which they followed across the ocean until they reached the vicinity of Cape Mendocino, then sailed along the coast to Acapulco. Viscaino started from Acapulco May 5, 1602, with three ships and 160 men. Following substantially the course that Cabrillo had taken, he anchored in Cabrillo's Bay of San Miguel, which he called San Diego, in honor of his flagship. He remained there ten days, then proceeded up the coast and on the 26th anchored in a bay which he called Ensenada de San Andreas, now San Pedro. He visited Cabrillo's San Salvador, to which he gave the present name of Santa Catalina and changed the name of Vitoria to San Clemente. He gave the name of Santa Barbara to that channel and visited the channel islands. He saw many towns on the mainland and the natives came off in their canoes and visited the vessels. On Dec. 16th Viscaino entered Monterey Bay, as he named it in honor of the Viceroy who had fitted out the expedition. The scurvy had broken out on ship and sixteen men were already dead. The San Tomás was sent back to Acapulco with the sick; with his two remaining vessels Viscaino continued his voyage northward, reaching Cape Blanco. But at this point he, too, was compelled to turn backward. The scurvy had made fearful inroads on his crews and after eleven months' absence, Vis- caino reached Mazlatan, having lost nearly half of his crew. He wrote the King a glowing account of the Bay of Monterey and the surrounding country, which he pictured as almost a terrestrial paradise. His object was to induce the King to establish a settlement on Monterey Bay. In this he was doomed to disap- pointment ; delay followed delay until hope vanished. Finally, in 1606, orders came from Philip III to the Viceroy to fit out immediately an expedition for the occupation and settlement of Monterey, of which Viscaino was to be the com- mander. In the midst of his preparations for carrying out the dearest object of his life, Viscaino died and the expedition was abandoned. Had it not been for the untimely death of this explorer, a colony would have been planted upon the Pacific coast of California, a year before the first settlement was made on the Atlantic coast of North America.
Two hundred and twenty-seven years had passed since the ships of Cabrillo had first cut the waters that lap the shores of Alta California and yet through all these years the interior of the vast country whose seacoast he had visited remained unknown. For more than two centuries the Manila galleons had sailed down the coast on their return voyage from the islands; yet after the death of Viscaino no other attempt had been made to find a refuge on the Cali- fornia coast for the storm tossed and scurvy afflicted mariners of the Philippine trade.
CHAPTER II.
COLONIZATION.
T HE Jesuits began their work among the degraded inhabitants of Lower California in 1697. Under their devoted leaders, Salvatierra, Kino, Ugarte, Piccolo, and their successors, they had founded sixteen missions upon the peninsula. Father Kino, besides his missionary labors, had made, be- tween 1697 and 1702, explorations around the head of the Gulf of California and up the Colorado to the mouth of the Gila, which had clearly demonstrated that the peninsula was a part of the mainland instead of an island as at first believed. Father Kino formed the design of establishing a chain of missions around the head of the gulf and down the inner coast to Cape San Lucas ; but did not live to complete his ambitious project. The Jesuit missions of Baja California never grew rich in flocks and herds. The country was barren and the few fertile val- leys around the missions gave the padres and neophytes, at best, but a frugal return for their labors.
For years there had been growing up in Spain a strong hostility to the Jesuits which finally resulted in the issuance of a decree by Carlos III, in 1767, banishing the order from that country and from its American possessions. With- out previous warning, the monks in Lower California were compelled to aban- don their missions and were hurried from the country. At the head of the Fran- ciscan order, to whom the abandoned missions were turned over, came Father Junipero Serra, a man of indomitable will and energy. Don José Galvez, vis- itador-general of New Spain, had been sent to the peninsula to regulate affairs- both secular and ecclesiastical, which had been thrown into disorder by the sud- den expulsion of the Jesuits. He also received orders to advance the scheme for the occupation of San Diego and Monterey harbors and the colonization of "Nueva California." Galvez, as soon as he had somewhat systematized matters on the peninsula, set vigorously to work to further the project of occupying the northern territory. Father Serra entered heartily into his plans and church and state worked together harmoniously.
Galvez decided to fit out four expeditions-two by sea and two by land. These were to start at different dates, but were all to unite at San Diego Bay and after occupying that territory, pass on to the harbor of Monterey. On Jan. 9. 1769, the San Carlos sailed from La Paz. with sixty-five persons on board, twenty- five of whom were soldiers under Lieutenant Fages. She carried supplies for eight months. On the 15th of February, the San Antonio sailed from Cape S. Lucas, with two friars and a few mechanics on board. The first land expedition
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