The San Francisco Directory, 1874, Part 10

Author:
Publication date: 1874
Publisher: San Francisco : Langley, Henry G.
Number of Pages: 1128

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April 30. Mrs. James Howden obtains a verdict of $3,000 against the S. F. Chronicle for libel ...... The Stockton Guards arrive as the guests of the National Guard ...... Abraham Solomon is fatally shot during an altercation with two of his comrades ...... Bartley Freel is sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment for killing Edward Allen.

May 1. The third annual picnic of the Masonic Board of Relief is held at Saucelito ...... The steamship Vasco de Gama arrives, twenty-seven days from Hong Kong and seventeen days and eight hours from Yokohama, being the quickest trip on record.

May 2. The St. Andrews Society held their an- nual picnic at Saucelito.

May 3. W. S. Moss is fined for violating the pri- mary election law.

May 4. A delegation of ladies visit the Board of Supervisors in session and present a petition on tem- perance roform ...... Maguire's now and beautiful The- ater on Bush Street is opened to a crowded and delighted audience ...... The British corvette Knedos arrives from Victoria.

SPRINGFIELD FIRE AND MARINE INS. CO., of Mass., always Just, always Prompt.

C. P. VAN SCHAACK & CO., 708, 712, 714, and 716 Kearny Street, Fancy Goods.

GENERAL REVIEW.

Our Public Schools."

The San Francisco school year begins with July and ends with the following June. Hence the edu- cational record of the calendar year 1873 includes the last half of the school year 1872-3, and the first half of the school year 1873-4.

ORGANIZATION.

The present classification of the public schools of this city divides them into five kinds-Primary, Grammar, and High; the Evening Schools, which are a kind of temporary and partial combination of Grammar and High School; and the Model School or Training School, which is really a kind of Sub- Normal and Practice School combined. To these one may add the Teachers' Normal School, held upon Monday evening of each school week, in which teachers of any grade may pursue studies and receive instruction fitting them to pass examinations for higher grades of certificates.

SEXES.

The thirty-five Primary Schools are all mixed; of the thirteen Grammar Schools seven are mixed, three are for boys only, and three for girls alone; while the two High Schools provide one for each sex. The one Model School and the single Evening Normal School receive both sexes, while the Evening Schools are partly one sex and partly both.

NUMBER OF GRADES.

The Primary Schools have four grades-the eighth, seventh, sixth, and fifth; the Grammar Schools four -the fourth, third, second, and first; and the High schools three grades-the junior, the middle, and the senior.

In all the schools each grade may include, and generally does include, several classes of similar ad- vancement and nearly equal rank.

TIME IN EACH GRADE.

In every grade throughout the entire course, the studies are so arranged that pupils of average capac- ity and ordinary diligence can thoroughly and safely complete them in one year. Hence the Primary School course takes four years, the Grammar School four years, and the High School three years. Thus the entire public school course occupies eleven years. The regulations provide, however, that pupils of un- usual ability or extraordinary industry may be pro- moted more rapidly and complete the course pro- portionally sooner. Every year furnishes scores of instances of this, though it is generally true that the pupil who attempts three years' work in two years, loses more than he gains.

AVERAGE AGE OF EACH GRADE.

The age nominally required for entering the lowest Primary grade, the eighth, is six years. While some enter younger, many more come in older, so that the average age of eighth-grade pupils upon entrance is about six years and three quarters, showing that the number entering at seven or upwards, is decidedly greater than the number entering at six or under. To find the average age of any upper grade add one year for each grade. The raising of the average age in each of the upper Grammar grades, resulting from the coming in of older outaide pupils, is nearly or fully balanced by the more rapid promotions of the smarter pupils already mentioned, so that the aver- age age of any grade may be found with sufficient accuracy by the method just stated.

* By Prof. E. Knowlton, to whom we would again ex- press our thanks for courteous assistance .- COMPILER.

STUDIES OF EACH GRADE. EIGHTH GRADE.

The little ones of the beginning Primary grade- the eighth-learn counting, the reading of printed and written numbers, and writing numbers to 101; Roman numerals in connection with their reading lessons, and the mental and written addition of small numbers. In reading and spelling they learn the more common, easy, and simple words from the teacher's speech, the charts, and the reading book; and the proper putting together of these words into common household, school-room, or play-ground sen- tences. In writing they learn the small letters and the simpler capitals. They also receive oral lessons upon the five senses-their names, organs, and uses; common objects from the objects themselves, from pictures, and from the teacher's description; conver- sational lessons upon common domestic animals and their uses, with instruction in the primary and sec- ondary colors, from colored objects and from colored diagrams upon charts. Besides these they learn to sing the musical scale, ascending and descending, both by the usual scale names and by other syllables; and four songs by note; and have physical exercises twice a day.

To do all this they sit in school about three hours and a half each day, five days of each week, through forty-four weeks of the year, which is seven hun- dred and seventy hours a year, out of the four thou- sand three hundred and eighty hours during which they are supposed to be awake, allowing that they sleep half the time. Thus they are in school and at study less than one-fifth of their waking time. And it must be remembered that even this time is broken by from two to three daily recesses of fifteen minutes each, and a long intermission of from one hour to an hour and a quarter at noon, besides the five or ten min- utes, twice a day, spent in regular physical exercises in the school room under the lead, or at least the guidance of the teacher. Thus the little ones are sel- dom, if ever, kept even approximately still in their seats more than a half hour at a time. In no city on the continent, or indeed in the world, are school children confined fewer hours or more frequently and thoughtfully relieved by careful ventilation and suit- able exercise. The old cry, "The Murder of the In- nocents," which Col. Higginson and his zealous physiological associates used to be so fond of raising concerning the confinement of the Primary school children of Boston, can certainly find no reasonable pretext out here along the distant golden rim of their educational " hub." In fact one needs go but a very little way in his observation of the condition and care of most of the homes from which these children come to have the conclusion forced upon him that they receive a far more physiological and healthful care in their public schools than in their private homes. That there are occasional exceptions no rea- sonable person can deny, but these spring from the negligence, disobedience, or incompetence of an oc- casional teacher, or the extreme carefulness of an exceptionally thoughtful and over-physiological pa- rent, which is still more rare than any habitually careless teacher. More parents indeed complain that the schools do not keep their children "out of the way " long enough than find any fault at their confining them so long.

SEVENTH GRADE.

Arithmetic .- Review work of eighth grade, and practice the addition and subtraction of small num- bers. Spell words picked from each reading lesson; write weekly from dictation one paragraph from the regular lessons of the week; once in two weeks copy one lesson from the open Reader, as an exercise in

PACIFIC COAST BUSINESS DIRECTORY contains Addresses of over 50,000 Merchants.

" The Income of the ATNA INS. CO. of Hartford amounts to nearly $17,000 per Day, Henry Carlton Jr., Agent, 14 Merchants' Exchange, S. F."

KENNEDY'S INSURANCE AGENCY, Fire, Marine, and Life, 411 California St.

SAN FRANCISCO DIRECTORY.

EDWARD BOSQUI & CO., Bookbinders and Job Printers, corner of Leidesdorff and Clay Streets.

spelling, punctuation, and capitals. Write small letters and capitals of the whole alphabet, on slates and black boards, and use pens, ink, and paper in classes provided with desks, which unfortunately are not as numerous as necessary. Oral lessons upon colors and common plants, and conversations upon wild animals. In vocal music they review and con- tinue the practice of the scales, and learn four more songs from the First Music Reader, and frequently as many by rote. They also copy from the black- board upon their slates exercises in musical nota- tion, including notes and rests, long and short; staff, lines, spaces, and degrees, measures, bar, double bar, and the G clef.

In this grade the hours of study, the frequency and duration of recesses, and the recurrence of physical exercises, are the same as in the preceding. In both these grades any one lesson seldom exceeds fifteen or twenty minutes. The importance of variety, the necessity of frequent change are fully recognized and prescribed by the Manual, if not always remembered and observed by unfaithful or otherwise incompetent teachers.

SIXTH GRADE.

Language .- Correcting common errors in daily speech; copying from the Reader lessons or parts of lessons, to teach spelling, punctuation, and use of capitals ; practice in the use of capitals; writing from memory short abstracts of easy reading lessons as & preparation for original composition; picking out and naming nouns, adjectives, and articles in the reading lessons; weekly dictation of paragraphs to be written; spelling of tabulated words at the head of each reading lesson; abbreviation of words often abreviated, as they occur in the Reader.

Numbers .- Multiplication and division, using one figure for multiplier or divisor. Review work of preceding grade.

Geography .- Monteith's Introduction, to Lesson twenty-nine. The whole to be read aloud in class; map questions studied and answered from open book under guidance of teacher; the most important fourth to be memorized.

Oral Lessons .- Lines, angles, and plain figures from the charts; additional colors, from charts and objects: familiar talks on common articles of food and clothing.

Vocal Music .- Ten minutes daily. Continue songs through Mason's First Music Reader, by rote, to prepare the pupils for learning the same by note. The first six sounds of the scale in the key of G, written upon the staff, in the G clef. Practice daily from the first series of Mason's Musical Charts. Learn the meaning of the repeat, the slur, and the following musical abreviations : p, pp, f, ff, mf; triple, quadruple, and sextuple time, and how to beat each.

Time of study, recesses, intermissions, and physical exercises, as in previous grades.

FIFTH GRADE.

Language .- Oral descriptions of simple objects and familiar incidents; reports, from memory, of oral lessons; correcting grammatical errors in daily speech; construction of easy sentences; naming three parts of speech from the reading lessons; written abstracts of easy reading lessons; changing simple poetry into common prose; and exercises in letter writing. Read first half of McGuffey's Fourth Reader. Spell and defino words in table at head of each lesson. Write weekly, from dictation, one or more paragraphs of some lesson previously read; copy from open book some reading lesson, to teach spelling, punctuation, use of capitals, and division into paragraphs. Willson's Primary Speller, to p. 67. Abbreviations of words commonly abbreviated, as they occur in the Reader.

Numbers .- Multiplication and division continued, mental and written combined. Easy lessons in frac- tions, common and decimal, and the tables of denom- inate numbers.

Geography .- Complete the text book; Monteith's Introduction; read the whole from open book; mem- orize the most important fourth.

Oral Lessons .- Animals from Willson's Chart, No. XVI; Plants, from No. XXII; Colors, from objects and charts; forms of Solids from box of models.

Vocal Music .- Daily practice from music charts, and songs and exercises by note from First Music Reader. Sharps and flats, and their use.

| Major Diatonic Scale, by its intervals. Mason's National Music Teacher, lessons 25-29, and 33. Time, at least ten minutes daily.

For promotion, pupils should write, at dictation, whole, half, quarter, and eighth notes and their corresponding rests; the staff and the G clef, in its proper place on the staff; also write, at dictation, upon the staff with the G clef, the notos representing the following sounds and pitches : g, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, a, b, c, d, e, f, g ; also, f sharp, f sharp, e sharp, b flat.

This grade finishes the Primary School work. Pu- pils who successfully complete it receive certificates ontitling them to a seat in any fourth-grade class in the city at the beginning of the next term.

Besides the studies already enumerated, about fifty special teachers in Drawing, French, and German have taught those studies for two years past, until January, 1874, when the Board of Education suddenly dismissed them, for reasons which appear elsewhere in this article.

GRAMMAR GRADES.

These form the second group of four grades in the ascending system of public teaching. They are pro- vided to teach the common branches of an English education to all who desire to learn. The studies of each grade are these:

FOURTH GRADE.

Language .- Name all the parts of speech from the reading lessons. Learn number and case of nouns; comparison of adjectives; declension of pro- nouns, and conjugation of verb "to be" in the in- dicative mood. Write composition fortnightly; ab- stracts of reading lessons, transpositions, letters; descriptions of vacations, visits, excursions, picnics, or travels.

Reading and Spelling .- Complete Fourth Reader; spell from Reader; learn English prefixes, and suf- fixes from word analysis.

Geography .- Through United States, especially California and local or home geography. Read and study the whole with open book; memorize the most important fourth as previously assigned by teacher in each advance lesson.

Arithmetic .- Addition, subtraction, and multipli- cation of common and decimal fractions with United States money. Particularly learn analysis of opera- tions; take mental arithmetic in connection with written, learning the same topic in both kinds at the same time.

Writing .- Payson, Dunton, and Scribner's system, as directed by the principal.

Drawing .- Bartholomew's system, under direction of special instructor.

Vocal Music .- Review work of fifth and sixth grades. Write scales of C, G, and F major upon staff with G clef, with proper signatures; name pitches of sounds composing those scales in order; read and sing, by note, simple exercises and melo- dies in the keys of C, G, and F. Mason's Second Series of Charts and Second Music Reader. Time, ten minutes daily. Lessons by special teacher, one half hour weekly.

THIRD GRADE.

Language .- Correct daily errors in speech; write abstracts of lessons in reading and geography, re- ports of oral lessons, letters, transpositions, or para phrases; conjugate verbs in indicative mood; parse and analyze easy sentences from Reader.

Reading and Spelling .- First half of Fifth Read- er; spell and define important words from reading lessons.

Word Analysis .- Learn common prefixes and suf- fixes, and define words formed with them.

Geography .- Complete the text-book, especially learning the geography of California and the Pacific Coast. Read the whole with open book; memorize not more than one fourth of the leading points as previously marked by teacher.

Arithmetic. - Review work of preceding grades; division of common and decimal fractions; United States money; compound numbers and reduction, omitting obsolete tables; specially learn analysis of operations; mental in connection with written, learn- ing the same topic in both kinds at the same time.

Writing .- P. D. & S.'s system as directed by prin-

The I cipal.

FARNSWORTH & CLARK, Gen'l Fire and Marine Insurance Agency; office 230 Cal. St.

O P. VAN SCHAACK & CO., 708, 712, 714, and 716 Kearny St., Importers and Jobbera

GENERAL REVIEW.

Drawing .- Architectural (for boys), draw from ob- jects, doors, windows, tables, plans of rooms, etc., from actual measurement; half an hour weekly. For girls, as directed by the teacher of drawing.

Vocal Music .- Major and relative minor scales, with major and minor intervals. Sing by note in the clef of C. G, D, A, B flat and E flat. Mason's sec- ond series of charts and second music reader. Ten minutes daily. One half hour weekly by special music teacher.

SECOND GRADE.

Language .- Correct daily errors in common speech. review conjugation of verbs; analyze and parse easier simple, complex and compound sentences from read- ing lessons; learn the coarse print of text-book; read aloud in class the important notes and exceptions; read rules of syntax, and correct examples of false syntax. Compositions fortnightly upon same topics as hereinafter specified for the First Grade.

Reading and Spelling .- Complete the Fifth Read- er. Write paragraphs dictated from the Reader at least once a week. Spell, both orally and in writing, the most important words of every lesson, to culti- vate the habit of observing the orthography of words.

Word Analysis - Prefixes, suffixes and roots of words, illustrated by analysis and synthesis of com- posite words and by formation of sentences includ- ing words previously analyzed.

Geography .- Part second of text-book. Califor- nia and Nevada. Teach the most important fourth of the map questions. In Descriptive Geography memorize only important facts.

History .- Discoveries, colonial settlements, and wars, and the Revolution-in U. S. History. Read and discuss the whole in class, but memorize only leading facts.

Arithmetic .- Common and decimal fractions; com- pound numbers and reduction, omitting duodecimals and obsolete tables. Review work of preceding grades, especially attending to explanation of prin- ciples and analysis of operations, particularly in fractions. Carry mental arithmetic along with writ- ten, teaching the same topic in both kinds at the same time.

Writing .- P. D. & S.'s National System, and other exercises as directed by the principal.

Drawing .- Architectural drawing, linear drawing, plans and perspective (for boys). For girls, linear perspective as applied to drawing from objects, chairs, tables, rooms and buildings; landscape and flowers in pencil or crayon. One lesson of one hour, weekly. Vocal Music .- Review of lessons and exercises in first part of "Song Echo," singly and in concert. Chromatic scales and intervals. Simple exercises in the usual keys, at sight. Songs for two voices, so- prano and alto. Mason's Third Series of Charts and Third Reader. Time, ten minutes daily. Lessons by the special music teacher, half an hour weekly.

FIRST GRADE.

Language .- General review of text-book in Gram- mar. Systematical parsing and analysis of sentences from the reading lesson. Weekly compositions; ab- stracts of reading lessons, turning poetry to prose; abstracts of lessons in geography and history; reports of oral lessons, letter writing, and miscellaneous sub- jects.

Word Analysis .- Prefixes, suffixes, and root words, illustrated by analysis and synthesis of composite words, and formation of sentences including words thus previously studied.

Reading. - Complete Fifth Reader; read aloud from history and geography.

Spelling .- Oral and written spelling of more im- portant words from reading lessons and from the reg- ular lessons in any of the text-books. Oral reports of oral lessons given by principal.

Geography .- Part I of text-book in physical ge- ography; Pacific Coast. Read the whole; learn im- portant points as designated by teacher

History .- Complete text-book. Outline review of Second Grade work, Constitution of the United States read with conversational lessons.

Arithmetic .- Interest, simple and compound; par- tial payments by U. S. rule; commission and broker- age; stocks; profit and loss; discount and banking; ratio and proportion; square root; mensuration and the metric system. Review with special attention to

ations. Take mental arithmetic with written, teach- ing the same topic in both kinds at the same time.

Writing .- P. D. & S.'s National System, exercises as directed by the principal.

Drawing .- For boys, architectural drawing; lin- ear drawing, plans and elevations of buildings. One lesson of one hour weekly, under special teacher.

Vocal Music .- Review lessons and exercises in first part of text-book-Song Echo; take chromatic scales and intervals; sing in concert and singly; sim- ple exercises in the usual keys, at sight. Two-part songs, for soprano and alto. Mason's Third Series of Charts and Third Music Reader. Time, ten min- utes daily. Regular lesson by special teacher half an hour weekly.

AVERAGE AGE AND TIME IN SCHOOL.

The average age of pupils in the Grammar grades is fourteen years. Excluding recesses and intermis- sions, they are in the school room and regularly en- gaged in their duties less than twenty-four hours a week. Their regular school time is from nine A.M. to three P.M., that is, six hours. Of this time the morning recess occupies fifteen minutes, from half- past ten to quarter to eleven ; the noon intermission one hour, from twelve to one, and the afternoon re- cess fifteen minutes, from two to quarter past two. Thus, the two recesses and the intermission occupy one hour and a half of the six hours prescribed by the State Law, leaving but four hours and a half of actual school each day. The number of school days in each week is five. Four hours and a half each day for five days gives twenty-two hours and one half as the total time actually spent in the school room at school work in each week by the girls and boys of the Grammar grades, and the same, or very nearly the same, is also true of the High Schools, whose pupils have an average age of seventeen years.

In view of these facts it is idle, and worse than idle, to charge the Public Schools with breaking down the health of their pupils by over-confinement and over-work. There is hardly one girl in a thousand, or a boy in ten thousand, who could not, and who can- not, regularly enter upon and thoroughly complete the entire Primary, Grammar, High, and Normal School courses of public instruction as at present ar- ranged and conducted in this city, not only with posi- tive safety, but with actual physical improvement during the whole period, were it not for other and wholly outside influences, which none more fully un- derstand and more deeply regret than faithful teach- ers themselves, but which, unfortunately, they cannot control except in a very indirect manner and to an ex- tremely limited degree.

COMPARATIVE HEALTH OF BOYS AND GIRLS.

The boy's health seldom or never fails. His spon- taneous activity and irrepressible playfulness uncon- sciously impel him to the very out door exercises which become his physical salvation. Until twelve or thirteen, that is, up to the time which usually finds her in the fourth or the third grade, the girl runs, hops, skips, jumps, climbs, and romps nearly as much as the boy, though in different ways, and until that time she is absolutely almost, and relatively quite, the equal of the boy in physical health, and she might remain so but for the slavery of fashion. About that time, however, the fond but foolish mamma, and the proud but prudish papa, in unconscious slavery to social folly, deliberately commence the gradual killing of their girls. Their days of youthful, health- ful freedom suddenly begin to depart. They must no longer run races, play tag, drive hoop, jump rope, toss balls, swing on gates, scale fences, and climb trees, because all that makes them " too much like a boy." So there their ways divide and thence their equality ceases. The boy, hand in hand with vigorous, shout- ing, out-door exercise, tanned by the sunshine and browned by the breezes, sweeps forward from strength to strength and enters with bounding pulse and throbbing health upon the worthier achieve- ment of robust and stalwart young manhood and the glorious physical freedom of masculine independ- ence-

" A heritage, it seems to me, Worth being male to hold in fee."

But the poor girl may no longer run at the top of her speed, shout at the top of her voice, or play with all her might, lest she become a romp, a hoyden, or the discussion of principles and the analysis of oper- | a Tom-boy. She must walk softly and slowly, speak

PACIFIC COAST BUSINESS DIRECTORY, 1874-6, H. G. Langley, Pub'r, S. F. Price $5.

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The San Francisco Directory, 1874, Part 10

Author: Publication date: 1874 Publisher: San Francisco : Langley, Henry G. Number of Pages: 1128

Author:
Publication date: 1874
Publisher: San Francisco : Langley, Henry G.
Number of Pages: 1128