USA > Washington DC > Centennial history of the city of Washington, D. C. With full outline of the natural advantages, accounts of the Indian tribes, selection of the site, founding of the city to the present time > Part 1
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M. L .:
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02263 5277
11
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1
CENTENNIAL HISTORY
OF THE CITY OF
WASHINGTON, D.C.
WITH FULL OUTLINE
OF THE
NATURAL ADVANTAGES, ACCOUNTS OF THE INDIAN TRIBES, SELECTION OF THE SITE FOUNDING OF THE CITY, PIONEER LIFE, MUNICIPAL, MILITARY, MERCAN- TILE, MANUFACTURING, AND TRANSPORTATION INTERESTS, THE PRESS, SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, SOCIETIES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, ETC., ETC., TO THE PRESENT TIME.
ILLUSTRATED.
DAYTON, OHIO: PUBLISHED FOR H. W. CREW BY THE UNITED BRETHREN PUBLISHING HOUSE, W. J. SHUEY, PUBLISHER. 1892.
COPYRIGHTED, 1892,
BY
H. W. CREW.
Stores feel - 15,00 7
1254261
PREFACE.
Tins CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF WASHINGTON has been written almost exclusively by Hon. William B. Webb, of Washington, District of Columbia, and J. Wooldridge, of Cleveland, Ohio, although assistance has been received by each writer from numerons individuals in Washington who have taken an interest in the work. The chapters written by Mr. Webb are Chapter III., " Washington Becomes the Capital"; Chapter IV., "Permanent Capital Site Selected"; Chapter V., "Pioneer Life"; Chapter VII., "Growth and Improvement of the ('ity"; and Chapter XXII., "The Bench and Bar." Ile also rendered valuable assistance in connection with Chapter XXIII., "The Proscention of Claims Against the Government. ' The other chapters in the work were written by Mr. Wooldridge, assisted to some extent, especially in Chapter XIV. and Chapter XVL, by a gentleman of considerable experience is this kind of writing. But in all of his other chap- ters, as well as in these, he was assisted in many ways by nmacrons citizens of Washing- ton, who, from their relations to certain institutions or enterprises, or special features of the history of the city, were better qualified than others to supply the data necessary to write these particular portions of the history. This was also, & a greater or less extent, the case with Mr. Webb. No one can write even a local history without numerous consultations with many of the citizens of the place. And it has been the e perience of both writers of this HISTORY OF WASHINGTON that the great majority of those whom it was necessary to call upon for assistance in this way were more than usually courteons and obliging, and perfectly willing to aid to any extent in their power in the preparation of a work which they hoped would be at least creditable to those con- cerned in its compilation and its publication, as well as to the city of Washington itself. And inasmuch as the individuals who have given assistance in the ways referred to in the above sentences have been so numerous, it is believed that they will be satisfied if only the smallest possible number are named in this preface. Of those whom it would be impossible to omit with any degree of justice, the first is Dr. J. M. Toner, whose advice and assistance were always cheerfully and freely given, and always as freely and cheerfully accepted. The only regret in this connection, on the part of
iii
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PREFACE.
either of the writers, is that it was found impracticable, on account of the peculiar exigencies of the enterprise, to consult with him as fully with reference to several of the chapters as it was earnestly desired to do; and it is also proper to say that wherever such omission was nnavoidable, the work has suffered to that extent. The other gentle- man whom it is also not only a duty, but at the same time a pleasure, to recognize in this way, is Mr. David Hutcheson, assistant librarian in the Congressional Library. Mr. Hutcheson was, during the whole time of the writer's labors in that library, always courteous and obliging, going beyond the requirements of his position in making valu- able suggestions and referring to newspapers and books containing necessary informa- tion; his extensive knowledge of the contents of the library peculiarly qualifying him for the performance of these acceptable services.
That the work is without mistakes is not to be expected. Even Mr. Bancroft's great " History of the United States" is sometimes referred to as "merely an exhibition of the idiosynerasies of its author"; and if such a criticism can be passed upon the greatest of American historians, how can the least hope to escape, even when writing under the most favorable auspices, which was far from being the case in the preparation of this work? But it is not designed or desired to dwell upon this particular, further than to say that a great deal of matter of greater or less value was prepared which was necessarily excluded from the work in order to avoid the production of an exceedingly unwieldly volume. But even as it is, it is believed to possess some merit; how much, must be left to the kind and considerate judgment of the reader.
While upon this subject of value, it may not be inappropriate to call attention to a few of the errors in standard works corrected in this work; for it is well known to all intelligent readers of history that even standard histories contain numerous errors, and that one of the objects of a careful writer is to correct the errors of his predecessors. In Barnes's "School History of the United States" it is stated that the first publie messages sent over the telegraph wires between Washington and Baltimore in 1844 were in reference to the nomination of James K. Polk for the Presidency. On page 466 of this work this is shown to be an error, the first publie messages passing on the 25th of May, 1844, while the announcement of the nomination of Mr. Polk for the Presidency was not made until the 29th of that month. In "The Story of Washing- ton," by Charles Burr Todd, it is stated on page 38 that "This account is taken from the Washington letters in the State Department, and settles the much controverted point as to the authorship of the plan of the Capitol." By this, Mr. Todd means that in the text of his work he has established the fact that Mr. Hallett's plan of the Capitol was selected instead of Dr. Thornton's. In this supposition Mr. Todd is in error, and his assumption proves that he did not read all the correspondence on file in the State Department between President Washington and the commissioners, for that correspondence shows that while at one stage thereof it was thought best to adopt Mr. Hallett's plan, yet, after further consideration, Dr. Thornton's plan was in the
PREFACE.
main adopted, but modified somewhat by Mr. Hallett's ideas. Other papers and doc- nments established the same point. Accordingly, in the chapter on "Government Buildings," this fact is so stated. To what extent, if to any extent, Dr. Thornton appropriated Mr. Hallett's ideas, is not discussed, that part of the controversy between those two architects being left to some future historian. These two instances are men- tioned merely as illustrations of the effort made to write with accuracy.
H. W. CREW,
PUBLISHER.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
WASHINGTON, GEORGE,
Frontispiece
BRITTON, ALEXANDER T.,
Facing 401
CLARK, WILLIAM E., Facing 398
CLARKE, DANIEL B.,
Facing 391 EMERY, MATTHEW G.,
Facing 394
GLOVER, CHARLES C., -
Facing 389
HALL, JAMES C.,
Facing 601
JOHNSTON, WILLIAM P.,
Facing 603
LINCOLN, NATHAN S.,
Facing 608
MCILHENNY, GEORGE A.,
Facing 433
MATTINGLY, WILLIAM F.,
Facing 753
MORGAN, JAMES E.,
Facing 605
NORMENT, SAMUEL,
Facing 397
NOYES, CROSBY S.,
Facing 459
PARKER, MYRON M.,
Facing 705
PRENTISS, DANIEL W., -
Facing 612
Ross, JOHN W.,
Facing 159
SHEPHERD, ALEXANDER R., -
Facing 199
TALLMADGE, THEODORE W.,
Facing 758
THOMAS, AMMI A.,
Facing 436
THOMPSON, JOHN W.,
Facing 356
TONER, JOSEPHI M.,
Facing 609
WEBB, WILLIAM B.,
Facing 751
WILSON, JESSE B.,
Facing 402
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
NATURAL ADVANTAGES.
Situation and Natural Surroundings of the City -The District of Columbia - Prime Meridians of the World-Design of Making and Attempts to Make the Merid- ian of Washington a Prime Meridian -History of the Efforts to Determine the Latitude and Longitude of Washington - Efforts to Establish an Astronomical Observatory at Washington - William Lambert's Work - Andrew Ellicott's Work - Errors in Mr. Lambert's Work -- R. T. Paine's Work-Sears C. Walker's Work - Latitude and Longitude of the Four Corners of the District of Columbia, of the Washington Monument, and of the Naval Observatory -Ellicott's Azimuth Mark -- Other Original Landmarks -- The Center Stone-The Center of the District of Columbia -The Climate of Washington -Thermometrical and Barometrical Eleva- tions-The Potomac River-Jefferson's Description of the Confluence of the Poto- mac and Shenandoah Rivers -The Great Falls - Captain John Smith's Exploration of the Potomac-The Potomac Fisheries-Theoretic Geology of the Vicinity of Wash- ington - Economic Geology -The Botany of the District of Columbia .... 17-55
CHAPTER II.
INDIAN HISTORY.
First Exploration of Chesapeake Bay and its Tributaries-Tribes of Indians upon the Bay - The Powhatans, the Manahoacs, and the Monacons-The Moyaones, the Nacotchtants, and the Toags-The Shawanese -The Susquehannocks, the Tock- wocks, and the Nanticokes-The Delawares -Indian Fishing Ground - Indian Tradition as to Greenleaf's Point -Formation of the Indian Names of Rivers - Fate of the Delaware Indians- Resemblance between Indians of Maryland and Virginia - Massacres of and by Indians -- Marriage of Pocahontas- The All-Con- quering Iroquois- The Changing Fortunes of the Aborigines-The Descendants of the Powhatans Embrace Mormonism 56-63
CHAPTER III.
WASHINGTON BECOMES THE CAPITAL.
The First American Congress-Circular Letter to the Colonies-The Spirit of Inde- pendence-The Necessity of a Permanent Seat of Government-The Attack upon Congress in Philadelphia- Its Effect-Offers from States for a Site for a Perma- nent Residence- Views of Individuals-Discussions on the Subject in Congress-
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x
CONTENTS.
The Plan of Two Federal Towns-The Convention of 1787-The Nature of Control over the Seat of Government Sought by Congress-History of the Movement to Settle the Question of a Permanent Seat of Government - The Question Finally Set at Rest-The Act of July, 1790, Authorizing the President to Locate the Federal District -The Removal of the Federal Offices to the City of
Washington 64-86
CHAPTER IV.
PERMANENT CAPITAL SITE SELECTED.
The Act of Congress Approved July 16, 1790-Appointment of Commissioners - Presi- dent Washington's Proclamation - Location and Surroundings of the District Chosen under Above Act- Description of the Site by John Cotton Smith- Extract from the Herald-Carrollsburgh and Hamburgh - The Agreement with the Proprietors -The Act of Maryland-Conveyance of Lands to Trustees- Major Pierre Charles L'Enfant Selected to Prepare a Plan of the City -His Plan Approved -Thomas Jefferson's Part in This Matter-The Name, "City of Washington," Conferred -The Plan of the City Discussed - Major L'Enfant's Dismissal - Act of Congress Compensating L'Enfant for His Services- Andrew Ellicott Succeeds L'Enfant - Completes the Survey of the District of Columbia-Close of the Rule of the Commissioners - Difficulties with the Original Proprietors - Washington's Letter in Reference Thereto- David Burns Still Obstinate - Finally Yields - Extraets from New York Daily Adrertiser- Estimate of the Value of the Work of Those Who Selected the Site of the National Capital. 87-107
CHAPTER V.
PIONEER LIFE.
The Early Settlers of the District of Columbia-Daniel Carroll, of Duddington - David Burns- Marcia Burns-John P. Van Ness-Notley Young- Benjamin Oden - Robert Peter -- The Removal of the Government to Washington -Officers Who Came Here at That Time-Samuel Meredith-Thomas Tudor Tucker-Joseph Nourse - Richard Harrison -Peter Hagner-John Steele-Gabriel Duval - William Simmons-Thomas Turner- Abraham Bradley, Jr .- Thomas Munroe-Roger C. Weightman-Stephen L. Hallett- Dr. William Thornton -George Hadfield - Ben- jamin Henry Latrobe-Pierre Charles L'Enfant -Samuel Harrison Smith - Andrew Ellicott -- Benjamin Bannecker. 108-121
CHAPTER VI.
MUNICIPAL.
The Municipal Government of the City of Washington -The Acts of Maryland and Virginia Ceding Territory -The Connection of the Location of the Capital with the State Debt Question-Thomas Jefferson Quoted -- The Amended Act Relating to the District-President Washington's Letters and Proclamations-The First Commissioners- The Setting of the Corner Stone of the District -- Difficulties with the Proprietors -The Agreement with Them - Major L'Enfant's Instructions - His
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xi
CONTENTS.
Agreement with John Gibson - He Demolishies Daniel Carroll's House - Ilis Course Approved by a Portion of the Proprietors-The First Commissioners in Full -The First Charter of Washington -The First Election under It -- Subsequent Elections -Incidents in the Political History of the City-The Charter of 1820-The Mayors of the City-Congressional Legislation as Affecting the District- Indig- nation of the Citizens-Congress Comes Near Abolishing Slavery in Washington - Election Riots in 1857-Know-Nothingism - Mayor Berret Arrested - Richard Wallach Becomes Mayor-M. G. Emery Elected Mayor-The Territorial Govern- ment- Alexander R. Shepherd's Work - The Government by Commissioners -The Police Department-Soldiers on the Force-The Water Department and Great Aqueduct-The Fire Department-The City Post Office. 122-179
CHAPTER VII.
GROWTH AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE CITY.
The Grandeur of the Plan of the Capital-Early Inhabitants - Early Attempts to Improve the City -- Locality of First Improvements - Noted Residences in Wash- ington - Quotation from Benjamin O. Tayloe-John Sessford's Statistics - About the Removal of the Capital - Work under the Charter of 1820 -Improvement on Pennsylvania Avenue-Senator Southard's Report- W. W. Seaton's Report -- Statistics of Buildings Erected in Recent Years-Census and Debt of the District - Progress Since the War-Change in Form of Government -The $4,000,000 Loan - Sewerage Built -Street Improvements-Governor Shepherd's Work - Area of 180-201 Public Parks- Extent of Paved Streets.
CHAPTER VIII.
MILITARY HISTORY.
The Causes of the War of 1812-15-The Embargoes-Tammany Society of Washington to President Jefferson -War in Prospect -President Madison Convenes Congress - Congress Declares War-Recruiting in Washington - Reorganization of the Militia of the District - Military Organizations - British Ships in the Potomac- Excitement in Washington - General Winder Arrives in Washington-The Battle of St. Leonard's - The Battle of Bladensburg - President Madison's Proclamation - Peace through the Treaty of Ghent -The War with Mexico-Annexation of Texas by Treaty or Joint Resolution - Organization of Troops for the War - Peace with Mexico -The War of the Rebellion - Brief Statement of its Causes-The Insurrection at Harper's Ferry - Ratification Meetings - Attack on the Republican Headquarters - Meeting of Southern Senators to Further the Secession of Their States-The Peace Convention- Mr. Lincoln's Arrival in Washington -His Inauguration - Military Companies - Proclamation Calling for Seventy-five Thousand Men - First Troops to Arrive in Washington -- Military Department Created - Militia Officers Commissioned- Battalions Organized -Crossing the Potomac - Colonel Ellsworth Killed - Fortifications Around the City -First War Dispatch from a Balloon - Battle of Bull Run -The Army Bakery -Troops in Defense of Washington -War Meeting in the Capitol -Second Battle of Bull Run- Battle of Antietam - Hos- pitals in Washington - Proclamation of Emancipation - Drafts in the District - Ladies' Relief Association -General Early Attacks Washington -Surrender of
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CONTENTS.
Richmond - Lee's Surrender -Assassination of President Lincoln - Confiscation of Property -The Grand Review - Abolition of Slavery in the District of Col-
202-284 umbia.
CHAPTER IX.
TRANSPORTATION.
The First Exploration of the Potomae River-The Potomac Company - The Chesa- peake and Ohio Canal Company-The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company - The Metropolitan Railroad Company-The Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Company - The Washington and Alexandria Railroad Company -The Washing- ton and Potomac Railroad Company- The Washington and Chesapeake Railroad Company -The First Bridge across Rock Creek -The Chain Bridge-The Long Bridge-The Washington and Georgetown Railroad Company -The Metropolitan Railroad Company-The Columbia Railroad Company-The Anacostia and Poto- mac Railroad Company -The Capitol, North O Street, and South Washington Railroad Company-The Rock Creek Railroad Company -The Eckington and Soldiers' Home Railroad Company- The Georgetown and Tennallytown Railroad Company -The Norfolk and Washington Steamboat Company - The Mount Ver- non and Marshall Hall Steamboat Company- Other Steamboat Companies 285-350
CHAPTER X. HISTORY OF BANKING.
The Bank of Columbia -The Bank of the United States -Office of Discount and De- posit in Washington -"The Produce Bank of the Potomac" -The Bank of the Metropolis- The National Metropolitan Bank -The Bank of Washington -The National Bank of Washington-The Union Bank of Georgetown - The Central Bank of Georgetown and Washington -The Farmers and Mechanics' Bank - The Patriotic Bank -Confusion of the Finances-The Second National Bank - John (. Calhoun on the National Bank - Directors of the Branch Bank in Washington -President Jackson's Animosity to the National Bank-Suspension of Specie Payments-Extension of Charters of the District Banks -Troubles with the Cur- reney- President Tyler's Vetoes -- The Banks of the District Practically Extin- guished -The Freedman's Saving and Trust Company - Riggs & Company - First National Bank - Merchants' National Bank -National Bank of the Republic - National Savings Bank -National Safe Deposit Company - National Capital Bank of Washington -Second National Bank -Citizens' National Bank - Washington Safe Deposit Company -Columbia National Bank - Washington Loan and Trust Company - American Security and Trust Company - Lincoln National Bank - West End National Bank - Traders' National Bank - Ohio National Bank - Private Banking Institutions. 351-405
CHAPTER XI.
MERCANTILE HISTORY.
Early Business Firms -- Prices of Nails- A Commercial Company Established - Business Firms in 1803 --- A Fair in Washington - Regulations for Making Bread - Piano- fortes First Imported-The City in 1816-The Coal Trade in 1854- Merchants'
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CONTENTS.
Exchange Organized -Timber Shipments -- Steamship Companies - - Another Mer- chants' Exchange - Changed to a Board of Trade- The Present Board of Trade - The Markets-The Columbian Exposition. -106-421
CHAPTER XII.
MANUFACTURING.
Early Establishments - A Nail Factory -- A Hat Factory -The Steam Engine -Thresh- ing Machine-The Columbia Manufacturing Company - Foxall's Foundry - Manu- factory of Fire Engines-The Columbia Rolling Mills -- Paper Mills- Pope's Threshing Machine - Bomford's Flouring Mill-George Page, Shipbuilder - Steam Marble and Brown Stone Works-George Hill, Jr.'s Paper Mill - William Stick- ney's Envelope Mannfactory -The Washington Gas Light Company -The United States Electric Lighting Company -Summary of Manufacturing Establishments in Existence at the Present Time 422-439
CHAPTER XIII.
HISTORY OF THE PRESS.
The Washington Gazette -The National Intelligencer-The Washington Daily Gazette- The Washington Federalist -The Washington Republican -The Weekly Messenger -The Washington Mirror - The United States Telegraph -The Globe -The Mudi- sonian-The Native American- The Columbian Star- The Columbian Gacette- The Washington Union - The Repubhe --- The Spectator -The National Era - The Federat Republican -The American Telegraph -The Washington Sentinel- The Constitutional Union -The American Organ -The Sunday Morning Chronicle - The National Repub- lican -The Daily Patriot-The Erening Star -The Washington Post -The Wash- ington Critic -The Capital - The Public Service -The Home Magazine-The Sunday Herald-The Republic-The Washington Sentinel- The National Tribune- The National View-The American Farmer-The American Anthropologist -The Vedette - Kate Field's Washington - Public Opinion-The Congressional Record - Other Papers- The Electric Telegraph - Press Agencies 440-468
CHAPTER XIV.
EDUCATIONAL HISTORY.
Early Schools -John McLeod - Lancasterian School -Private Schools -Colored Schools - Public Schools of Washington- Georgetown College - Columbian University - Howard University -National University - The Catholic University of America - American University -Gonzaga College-Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb - St. John's College -The Academy of the Holy Cross-St. Cecilia's Acad- emy-The Spencerian Business College -Glen Echo Chautauqua -- National Bureau of Education - Norwood Institute - Wood's Commercial College = Wayland Semi- nary -The Ivy Institute - Mount Vernon Seminary - Columbia College of Com- merce - Libraries in Washington. 469-518
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER AV.
LITERATURE AND ART.
Warden's and Elhott's Works Other Authors -Literary Writers of Washington (. A. Townsend- Ben: Perley Poore Mrs. Southworth -Professor Baird -- Cien- eral H. V. Boynton Dr. J. M. Toner-George Bancroft - Mrs. Burnett -Seien- titie Writers William B. Webb -J. W. Powell W. J. Medice Architects- Hallett - - Hadfield Hoban - Latrobe Bulfinch Mills Walter Clark Cluss Schulze Mullett - Hill - Page - Poindexter - Frazier Corcoran Gallery of Art 519 583 -Artists
CHAPTER XVI.
CHURCH HISTORY.
Trinity Catholic Church-St. Patrick's Church -- St. Peter's Church -St. Matthew's Church - St. Mary's Church-St. Dominic's Church-St. Moysins' Church - Other Catholic Churches-St. Paul's Episcopal Church - Christ Church - St. John's Church, Georgetown-St. John's Church, Washington -- Other Episcopal Churches - Dunbarton Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, Georgetown - Fourth Street Church = Foundry Church - Wesley Chapel Ryland Chapel - Other Meth- odist Episcopal Churches- Methodist Protestant Churches- West Street Presby- terian Church, Georgetown - First Church -- F Street Church -Second Church New York Avenue Church - Fourth Church -Other Presbyterian Churches =Congregational Churches - First Baptist Church -Second Church -- E Street Church -Other Baptist Churches- German Evangelical Lutheran Church -- St. Paul's English Lutheran Church -Trinity Church St. John's (Johannes') Church Other Lutheran Churches - The Reformed Churches - United Brethren Church - U'nitarian Churches - Vermont Avenue Christian Church Ninth Street Church - The Washington Hebrew Congregation -The Adams Israel Congregation - The Church of the Holy City, 534-588
CHAPTER XVII.
MEDICAL HISTORY.
Introduction of Vaccination in the District of Columbia Early Physicians - Healthin !- ness of Washington Board of Health - Cholera Epidemic - Its Prevention by the Board of Health Deaths from Cholera -Sketches of Physicians Medical Societies
CHAPTER XVIH.
PUBLIC AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.
The Smithsonian Institution - United States Naval Observatory - The Congressional Library - The Navy Yard - The Soldiers' Home-National Asylum for the In- same Providence Hospital - Columbia Hospital - Washington Orphan Asylum - St. Vincent's Female Orphan Asylum Garfield Memorial Hospital Other Public and Charitable Institutions 118-1:57
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIX.
GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC MONUMENTS.
The Capitol -The President's Mansion-The City Hall -The Treasury Department - The Patent Office - Department of Agriculture -- Pension Building - The Bureau of Engraving and Printing-The. State, War, and Navy Department Building -The New Congressional Library Building- Washington National Monument -Green- ough's Statue of Washington -The Jackson Statue-Mill's Statue of Washington - Mrs. Hoxie's Statue of Farragut -The Lincoln Statue-The Scott Statue - The Rawlins Statue- The "Emancipation " Statue -The Statue of Peace -The Me- Pherson Statue-The Greene Statue -The Thomas Statue - The Franklin Statue -The Marshall Statue-The Garfield Statue -The Henry Statue-The Dupont Statue -The Luther Statue -The Lafayette Statue. 658-695
CHAPTER XX.
CEMETERIES.
First Burying Ground-Congressional Cemetery-Oak Hill Cemetery-Rock Creek Cen- etery-Glenwood Cemetery - Arlington Cemetery -Other Cemeteries. 696-701
CHAPTER XXI. SOCIETIES.
Masonry - Its Introduction into the United States-In Georgetown -- Federal City Lodge, No. 15-Potomac Lodge, No. 43, and No. 5-Lorenzo Dow and Masonry - Masonie Hall in Georgetown - Masonic Hall Association in Washington - Masonie Temple - Grand Masters of the District of Columbia - Masonic Lodges - Knights Templar- Other Organizations- Odd Fellowship Introduced into the United States-First Lodge in Washington -Grand Lodge in the District of Col- umbia --- Odd Fellows' Hall- Lodges in Washington -- Grand United Order of Odd Fellows - Knights of Pythias - Washington Library Company - Washington Bible Society - Young Men's Christian Association - Women's Christian Association - Patriotic Orders-Scientifie Associations 702-715
CHAPTER XXII.
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