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EN
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02522 5696
Gc 973.7406 G76ILI
ILLUSTRATED ROSTER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ILLINOIS
Illustrated Roster of the Department of Illinois Grand Army of the Republic.
Headquarters: G. A. R. Memorial Hall, Chicago, Il1.
DEPARTMENT OFFICERS FOR 1912-1913.
Department Commander, Thomas H. Ganlt. Post 5, Chicago
Senior Vice-Commander, R. M. Campbell. Post 62, Peoria
Junior Vice-Commander, Henry Lambe. Post 523, Chicago
Medical Director, W. M. Hanna Post 20, Aurora
Chaplain, Lewis Jones Post 150, Birds
MEMBERS OF COUNCIL OF ADMINISTRATION.
A. D. Cadwallader Post 182, Lincoln
William Andrews Post 1, Rockford
Charles H. McConnell Post 5, Chicago
James E. Wilson Post 91, Chicago
A. S. Wright Post 108, Woodstock
OFFICIAL STAFF. .
Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Henry C. Cooke
. Post 5, Memorial Hall, Chicago
Inspector, W. S. Kaufman. Post 28, Chicago Chief Mustering Officer, M. H. Peters Post 25, Watseka
Patriotic Instructor, W. H. Brydges Post 49, Elgin
Chief of Staff, James J. Healy Post 5, Chicago
Compiled by W.M. C. SHAW. Adjutant Geo. H. Thomas, Post No. 5. G. A. R., Memorial Hall, Chicago.
NINETEEN FOURTEEN.
1
Allen County Public Library 900 Webster Street PO Box 2270 Fort Wayne, IN 46801-2270
THIS BOOK and its
treasury of facts and faces of the days of the Civil War, is dedicated with patriotic affection to the surviving Comrades of the Department of Illinois, whom we will ever esteem, together with the great army of the Boys in Blue, living and dead, as the Saviors of the Union of States.
2
History of the Grand Army of the Republic in Illinois.
By Robert Mann Woods, First Adjt. General of the Grand Army.
The Grand Army of the Republic was instituted and organized at Springfield, Ill., by Major Benjamin F. Stephenson, former Surgeon 14th Ill. Inf. Regiment. His immediate associates are in- dicated in the first order issued, as follows :
General Orders
No. 1
Headquarters Department of Illinois Grand Army of the Republic Adjutant General's Office.
Springfield, Ill., April 1st, 1866.
The following named officers are hereby announced on duty at these headquarters :
Colonel Jules C. Webber, Aid-de-Camp and Chief of Staff.
Major Robert M. Woods, Adjutant General.
Colonel John M. Snyder, Quartermaster General.
Lieutenant John S. Phelps, Aid-de-Camp.
Captain John A. Lightfoot, Assistant Adjutant General. Robert M. Woods, Adjutant General.
By order of B. F. Stephenson, Commanding Department.
Dr. Stephenson wrote the Ritual of the Order and Lieutenant Phelps went to Decatur, where he knew of a printing office run entirely by old soldiers, and had it printed. During the printing Lieutenant Phelps interested many soldiers at Decatur in the work. These veterans applied for a Charter as Post No. 1, which was granted and the Post was mustered in April 6, 1866.
The Declaration of Principles and the Constiution and By-Laws were written by Adjutant General Woods, who also wrote the Charter, forms of reports, etc.
The declaration of principles, which sets forth the objects and aims of the order, was as follows :
Constitution of the Grand Army of the Republic.
ARTICLE I. Declaration of Principles.
SECTION I .- The soldiers of the Volunteer Army of the United States, during the rebellion of 1861-5, actuated by the impulses and convictions of patriotism and of eternal right, and combined in the strong bands of fellowship and unity by the toils, the dangers and the victories of a long and vigorously waged war, feel themselves called upon to declare in definite form of words and in deter- mined co-operative action, those principles and rules which should guide the earnest patriot, the en- lightened freeman and the Christian citizen in his course of action ; and to agree upon those plans and laws which should govern them in a united and systematic working method with which, in some measure, shall be effected the preservation of the grand results of the war, the fruits of their labor and toil, so as to benefit the deserving and worthy.
SEC. 2 .- The results which are designed to be accomplished by this organization are as fol- lows :
First-The preservation of those kind and fraternal feelings which have bound together with the strong cords of love and affection the comrades in arms of many battles, sieges and marches. Second-To makes these ties available in works and results of kindness, of favor and material aid to those in need of assistance.
Third-To make provision, where it is not already done, for the support, care and education of soldiers' orphans, and for the maintenance of the widows of deceased soldiers.
Fourth-For the protection and assistance of disabled soldiers, whether disabled by wounds. sickness, old age or misfortune.
Fifth-For the establishment and defense of the late soldiery of the United States, morally, socially and politically with a view to inculcate a proper appreciation of their services to the coun- try and a recognition of such services and claims by the American people.
To this section was added afterward: "But this Association does not design to make nomina- tions for office or use its influence as a secret organization for partizan purposes."
3
The Indianapolis Convention added the word "sailors" where omitted in the Springfield Con- stitution and added a new section from the Constitution of the Loyal Legion, as follows:
Sixth-The maintenance of true allegiance to the United States of America, based upon para- mount respect for and fidelity to the National Constitution and Laws, manifested by the discounten- ancing of whatever may tend to weaken loyalty, incite to insurrection, treason or rebellion, or in any manner impair the efficiency and permanency of our free institutions, together with a defense of universal liberty, equal rights and justice to all men.
The ideas upon which the order is founded, and which gave its wonderful success and stability differed from those held by the many other soldiers and sailors societies then springing up, in many ways; some of which are as follows:
First-It maintained the old army organization and names, such as Commander, Adjutant, Quartermaster, etc., forms familiar and dear to the veterans of long service.
Second-The prerequisite for admission was an honorable discharge from service, proof that the veteran had been convicted of no crime, thus making the membership a roll of honor.
Third-It obliterated all distinctions of rank in the army, navy or marine corps, making each member a comrade of equal rank.
Fourth-The moral, social and financial welfare of each comrade is guarded by the order, He is attended in sickness and old age by his comrades, and at last the Post gives every comrade an honorable burial.
Fifth-His grave is kept green, and at every recurring Memorial Day his grave is strewn with flowers and decorated with the flag of his country.
Sixth-His widow and orphans become the immediate care of the order and their welfare guarded and assured.
During the month of April, 1886, eight posts were organized and as they began practical work it was found that more Post officers were needed.
The following order provided for this deficiency :
General Orders
No. 2.
Headquarters Department of Illinois. Grand Army of the Republic. Springfield, Ill., May 1, 1866.
1. For the purpose of the further organization of this army the following named officers will be appointed, under Section 9, Article 3, of the Constitution and their names reported to these head- quarters, viz .:
Assistant Post Commander. Post Surgeon. Post Chaplain. Officer of the Day. Officer of the Guard.
II. The duties of the Assistant Post Commander are those of a vice-president.
III. It will be the duty of a Post Surgeon to examine and report on all cases presented for charity and assistance from the Post.
IV. The Post Chaplain will be present at all assemblies of the command and officiate in the proper duties of his office.
Official :
Robert M. Woods, Adjutant General.
By order of B. F. Stephenson, Commanding Department.
By May 15 the Constitution and By-Laws were printed and sent to the different Posts, and from that time the organization proceeded rapidly. July 12, 1866, a "Convention" of the Grand Army of the Republic and Illinois soldiers and sailors was held in Springfield to further perfect the organization and secure recruits. The order then had sixty posts chartered in the Department. In this convention nearly every county in the State Was represented and a permanent organization was effected by the election of the following Department officers:
John M. Palmer, Department Commander.
John Cook, Assistant Department Commander.
John C. Webber, Adjutant General.
John A. Lightfoot, Assistant Adjutant General. John M. Snyder, Quartermaster General.
These officers vigorously prosecuted the work of organization and soon had posts in nearly every county in the State.
4
This left Commander-in-Chief Stephenson and Adjutant General Woods free to proceed with the organization of the other Departments. The Adjutant General was despatched to other States where he rapidly formed Departments and got them into working order.
Captain H. E. Howe was commissioned to organize Posts and Districts at Detroit, Mich.
Colonel Lloyd Wheaton was commissioned to organize Posts and Districts at Kalamazoo and other places in Michigan.
General W. Q. Gresham was commissioned to organize the Department of Indiana. He turned the work over to Colonel A. J. Hawhe who made some progress, but the Department was finally organized by General R. S. Foster and Major O. M. Wilson, who came to Springfield and got the work directly from Dr. Stephenson.
Colonel Add. H. Sanders and General Joseph D. Leake and others organized the Department of Iowa.
-
Colonel John M. Snyder, after organizing the Chicago Posts, went to St. Paul, Minn., and organized that Department, appointing General John B. Sanborn, Department Commander.
Adjutant General Woods went to Columbus and organized the Department of Ohio, appoint- ing General Benj. F. Potts, Department Commander.
ment He visited Madison, Wis., and organized there, appointing General James K. Proudfit, Depart- Commander.
He also went to St. Louis, organizing the Department of Missouri, appointing General Thomas C. Fletcher, Department Commander. Governor Fletcher subsequently designated General John McNeil to take his place.
The organization of Departments proceeded so rapidly and successfully that by the 31st of October it was decided to proceed to perfect the National Organization. Commander-in-Chief Ste- phenson therefore issued a call for a National Convention to convene at Indianapolis, Ind., November 20th, 1866.
In this Convention ten Departments were represented and the organization received such an impetus that during the next year nearly every northern state organized a Department.
The following National Officers were elected:
Stephen A. Hurlbut, Illinois, Commander-in-Chief.
J. B. McKean, New York, Senior Vice-Commander-in-Chief.
R. S. Foster, Indiana, Junior Vice-Commander-in-Chief.
B. F. Stephenson, Illinois, Adjutant General.
Aug. Millich, Indiana, Quartermaster General.
D. C. McNeil, Iowa, Surgeon General.
Wm. A. Pile, Missouri, Chaplain-in-Chief.
From this date the Grand Army of the Republic became a National Organization, soon secur- ing a membership of half a million veterans.
The membership of the order in Illinois reached its high water mark in 1889 with a member- ship of 36.824. Since that time the mortality has steadily decreased its numbers and on December 31, 1912, it numbered 14,328.
The Department Commanders in the Department of Illinois from the beginning to date are as follows :
Benjamin F. Stephenson, 1866.
Guy T. Gould, Chicago, 1873.
Wm. H. Powell, Belleville, 1895.
Hiram Hilliard, 1874-5-6.
Wm. G. Cochran, Sullivan, 1896.
Joseph S. Reynolds, Chicago, 1877.
Albert L. Schimpff, Peoria, 1897.
Thomas B. Coulter, Aurora, 1878.
John C. Black, Chicago, 1898.
Edgar D. Swain, Chicago, 1879-80.
John B. Inman, Springfield, 1899.
J. W. Burst, Sycamore, 1881.
Joel M. Longenecker, Chicago, 1900.
Thomas G. Lawler, Rockford, 1882.
Napoleon B. Thistlewood, Cairo, 1901.
Samuel A. Harper, Elmwood, 1883.
Harvey M. Trimble, Princeton, 1902.
Livingston T. Dickason, Chicago, 1884.
Benson Wood, Effingham 1903.
William W. Berry, Quincy, 1885.
Robert Mann Woods, Chicago, 1904.
Philip S. Post, Galesburg, 1886. John C. Smith, Chicago, 1905.
Albert C. Sweetser, Bloomington, 1887.
Edwin H. Buck, Rock Island, 1906.
James A. Sexton, Chicago, 1888. James S. Martin, Salem, 1889.
Joseph Rosenbaum, Chicago, 1908. .
William L. Distin, Quincy, 1890.
Philip C. Hayes, Joliet, 1909.
Horace S. Clark, Mattoon, 1891.
James A. Connolly, Springfield, 1910.
Edwin Harlan, Marshall. 1892.
Christopher C. Duffy, Ottawa, 1911.
Thomas H. Gault, Chicago, 1912.
Edward A. Blodgett, Chicago, 1893.
Henry H. McDowell, Pontiac, 1894.
Asa C. Matthews, Pittsfield, 1907.
Of these Benjamin F. Stephenson, Thomas G. Lawler, James A. Sexton, John C. Black and Harvey M. Trimble have been Commanders-in-Chief.
5
The Song: "ILLINOIS"
By thy rivers, gently flowing, Illinois, Illinois, O'er thy prairies, verdant growing, Illinois, Illinois,
Comes an echo on the breeze,
Rustling through the leafy trees,
And its mellow tones are these, Illinois, Illinois, And its mellow tones are these, Illinois.
From a wilderness of prairies, Illinois, Illinois, Straight thy way and never varies, Illinois, Illinois, Till upon the inland Sea,
Stands thy great commercial tree
Turning all the world to Thee, Illinois, Illinois, Turning all the world to Thee, Illinois.
When you heard your country calling, Illinois, Illinois,
Where the shot and shell were falling, Illinois, Illinois, When the Southern Host withdrew,
Pitting gray against the blue,
There were none more brave than you, Illinois, Illinois, There were none more brave than you, Illinois.
Not without thy wondrous story, Illinois, Illinois, Can be writ the Nation's glory, Illinois, Illinois, On the record of thy years, Abr'am Lincoln's name appears, Grant, and Logan, and our tears, Illinois, Illinois, Grant, and Logan, and our tears, Illinois.
6
The American Order Of Nobility.
The Grand Army of the Republic is a unique or- ganization. In the words of a Past Commander-in- Chief: "No child can be born into it; no proclamation of President, edict of King or Czar can command ad- mission; no university or institution of learning can issue a diploma authorizing its holder to enter; no act of Congress or of Parliament secures recognition; the wealth of a Vanderbilt cannot purchase the position; its doors swing open only upon presentation of the bit of paper, torn, worn, begrimed it may be, which certifies to an honorable discharge from the armies or navies of the Nation during the war against Rebel- lion." And, unlike any other association, no "new blood" can come in," there are no growing ranks from which recruits can be drawn into the Grand Army of the Republic. With the consumation of peace through victory, its rolls were closed forever. Its lines are steadily and swiftly growing thinner, and the ceaseless tramp of its columns is with ever-lessening tread; the gaps in the picket line grow wider; day by day details are made from the reserve, summoned into the shadowy regions to return to touch elbows no more; until by-and-by, only a solitary sentinel shall stand guard, waiting till the bugle call from beyond shall muster out the last comrade of the Grand Army of the Republic.
7
LINCOLN MONUMENT, Springfield.
8
GRANT MONUMENT. Lincoln Park. Chicago.
LOGAN MONUMENT, Grant Park, Chicago.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN STEPHENSON conceived the ideas upon which was formed the Grand Army of the Republic, the largest, most successful and most beneficial soldiers' society ever organized. Born in Wayne Co., Ill., Oct. 30, 1822. Became a Doctor of Medicine, graduated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1850. Was appointed Asst. Surg. 14th Ill. Inf. May 25, 1861. Promoted Surgeon April 7, 1862, at Pittsburg Landing. Mustered out June 24, 1864. After the Army was mustered out Dr. Stephenson conceived the idea of forming the returned soldiers into a society for mutual protection and improvement, and to care for the widows and children of their comrades. He wrote a ritual for muster in purposes, and for the work of the organiza- tion. Arranged for a National, State, County and Town organizations, pre- scribing the method, constituency and officers of each. His first requirement was that each comrade must have an honorable discharge from the service; next, that all rank must be abolished in the meetings of the Order. He then arranged for the care of the comrades and their wives, widows and children, and, finally, that each comrade should have an honorable burial. He organized first, the Dept. of Ill., on April 1, 1866, and signed himself, Commanding Dept." He had his chosen friend, Gen'i John M. Paimer, elected Dept. Com'd'r at that Encampment. He then proceeded, as Com'd'r-in-Chief, organizing the other Depts., and called the first Nat'l Encampment of the Order to meet at Indianapolis, Ind., Nov. 20, 1866. Dr. Sephenson was urged to take the office of Com'd'r-in-Chief at this Encampment, but refused it, because, being a poor man, he could not afford to. but asked for the Adjt .- Generalship because that was to be a salaried position. During the year of Dr. Stephenson's incumbency as Adjt .- Gen'i, the entire receipts of the office were only $1,637.56, and the expenditures nearly double that amount, so that on the election of Gen'l Logan as Com'd'r-in-Chief at Philadelphia, and the removal of Headquarters to Washington, D. C., Dr. Stephenson decided to remain in Springfield and practice medicine. Died at Rock Creek, Menard Co., Aug. 30, 1871, in his 49th year, and is buried in the soldiers' section of the cemetery at Petersburg, where the Grand Army has erected a suitable monument.
11
STEPHEN A. HURLBUT, Major Gen'l U. S. Vols. Born at Charleston, S. C., Nov. 29, 1815. Raised the first company in the state of Illinois for the reg- ular U. S. service, which afterwards became Co. B, 15th Regt. Ill. Vol. Inf. Was appointed Brig .- Gen'l of Vols. June, 1861, to rank from May, 1861. Com- manded the 4th Div. at Pittsburg Landing and had the credit of forming the best line of battle and saving the Union Army at Shiloh, and for that occasion was promoted Maj .- Gen'l in Sept., 1862. Was assigned to the command of the 16th Army Corps at Memphis, and to the Command of the Dept. of the Gulf in 1864-'65. Honorably mustered out in July, 1865. Was the first Nat'l Commander of the Grand Army in 1867. Died suddenly of heart trouble at his post of duty March 28, 1882, at Lima, Peru.
13
GENERAL JOHN A. LOGAN.
GENERAL JOHN A. LOGAN. Rebellion of 1861-1866. Served as a private In
2d Mleh, Vols. at the Battle of Bull Run, Va., July 21, 1861. Col. 31st Iii. Vols. Aug, 16, 1861. 1st Brig., 1st Div. Army of the Tennessee, Oct. 14, 1861. Belmont. Mo., Nov. 7. Capture of Ft. Henry, Tenn., Feb. 6. 1862. Fort Don-
elson. Feb. 13-15. Wounded twice. Brig .- Gen. U. S. Vols. Mareh 15. In
command of 1st Brig .. 1st Div .. Reserve Army of Tenn, April 1862. Siege of Corinth, Miss. April 30, May 30. In command of Post at Jackson, Tenn., June- Nov., 1862. Yocnanatanfa Expedition, Dee. 5-22, 1862. In command of 3rd Div., Right Wing, Army of Tenn., Nov. 1. 1862. Promoted to Maj .- Gen'l U. S. Vols. Nov. 23d. and given command of 3d Div., 17th Corps, Army of the Tenn. Jan. 11. 1863, which he commanded during operations on Lake Provi- dence Canal March to April. 1863. Passage of the Mississippi River, taking Port Gibson May 1. 1863. Operations on Bayou Pierre May 2, Ingram Heights May 3. Raymond May 12. Jackson May 14.
Champion Hllis May 16. Siegc
of Vickshurg May 19. Assault May 19-22. Began mining Fort Hill June 25th. forcing fall of Fort Hill and surrender of Vicksburg, marching through crater
of Fort Hill, his command hoisting flag on the State House In the city of
Vicksburg July 4, 1863. Military Gov. of Vicksburg from July to Nov., 1863. Transferred to command of 15th Corps Dec. 11, 1863, commanding that Corps in ali its engagements from that date until Sept. 23, 1864. Jan. 28. 1864, he again assumed command of the 15th Corps and commanded it in the following
Snake Creek Gap May 8. engagements: Roeky Faced Ridge, Ga., May 5-9.
Sugar Valley May 10. Camp Creek Hilis May 13-14. Battle of Resaea May
13-15. Battles around Dallas May 28-June 4. Wounded May 28. Big Kene- saw Mt. June 15. Little Kenesaw Mt. June 15. Wounded June 20. Nlcajack Creek and capture of Marietta July 4. Before Atlanta July 21-22 (Hood's first sortie). Commanding Army and Army of Tenn., July 22. Ezra Chapei
July 28 (Hood's 2d sortie). Siege of Atlanta, Ga., July 28, Sept. 2. I'toy
Jonesboro Aug. 31, Sept. 1. Fall of Atlanta Sept. 2. Cam-
-
Creek Aug. 5-6.
paign of the Carolinas Jan. to May, 1865. Combahee River, S. C., Jan. 25. Passage of the Salkahatchie Feb. 3-9. Congaree River Feb. 15. Columbia, S. C .. Feb. 16-17. Lynch and Black Creek Great Pedee River, Mar. 5-6. Battle of Bentonville. N. C., Mar. 19-21. Passage of the Neuse River April 10. Surrender of Johnston April 26. In command of the Army of the Ten-
nessee May 19. Grand Review, Washington, D. C .. May 24. Resigned Aug.
17, 1865. After General Logan's return to Carbondale, Ill., he received a communication from Chaplain Rutledge and also from Maj. B. F. Stephenson. who wished him to come to Springfield. Ill., to take part in a conference which was to be held in that city to formulate a ritual that would serve the high and noble purposes they had in mind for the organization of the Grand Army of the Republie. In Mareh, 1866, this conference was held, and Gen. logan, in company with such men as Col. J. M. Snyder, Dr. James Hamii- ton, Maj. Robert M. Woods, Maj. Robert Allen. Col. Martin Flood. Col. Danlel Grass, Col. Edward Price. Capt. S. Phelps, Capt. John A. Lightfoot. Col. B. F. Smith, Maj. A. F. North, Capt. Henry F, Howe, and Lieut. B. F. Hawks (since Colonel), helped in perfecting the ritual, charter and by-laws for the
order. On the 6th of April. 1866. Major Stephenson, by virtue of his authority as Departmental Com'd'r of Ill .. having been so elected at the first meeting in Springfield, went to Decatur and, assisted by C'apt. Phelps, organized the first Post of the Grand Army of the Republic, the charter members being Capt. M. F. Kana. Maj. G. R. Steele, Capt. Geo. H. Cunning, Gen. Isaac C. Pugh. Maj. John H. Hale, Capt. J. T. Bishop, Capt. Christian Riebsame, Dr. J. W. Routh, Dr. B. F. Sibley, Isaae N. Coltrin, Sergt. J. M. Prior and Lieut. Aquilia Toland, ali of whom had been in the service of their country and keenly alive to the importance of the orders by the Declaration of Principles expressed in the Constitution of the Grand Army of the Republie. The first National Encampment was held in Indianapolls, Nov. 20, 1866, when Gen. S. A. Hurlbut was elected Commander-in-Chief. At the encampment which was held in Philadelphia. Jan. 15, 1868, Gen. Logan was elected Commander-in- Chlef, which office he held for three terms. and no office of his whole life was more satisfactory than that given in behalf of his comrades at arms While holding this office, Gen. Logan eoncelved the idea of setting aside the 30th of May as a day on which to commemorate the noble deeds of the defenders of the Nation during the War of the Rebellion. His idea was per- fected in the General Order issued to the different Posts of the Grand Army of the Republic, throughout the United States, May 5, 1868, and later while a member of Congress from Illinois, he that day made a National Holiday. in all this great work, to the very date of his death, Gen. Logan's whole heart and every energy was enlisted in behalf of the ex-soldiers. No soldler. his widow or orphan, ever appealed to him in vain, and Gen. Logan probably placed more ex-l'nion soldiers in positions where they could support them- selves and familles than any other member of the Grand Army of the Repub- iic. On the 26th of Dec., 1886, he folded his weary arms and laid down to peaceful slumbers, after more than forty years' devotion to the affairs of hls country.
Know ye not, that there is a prince and a great man fallen this day in Israel" II Samuel, III, 38.
Died in Rockford, Ill., Feb. 3, 1908.
COL. THOMAS G. LAWLER, G. L. Nevins Post No. 1, Rockford. Col. Lawler was a native of England. born in Liverpool, April 7, 1844. His family settled in Rockford, Winnebago Co., Ill., where he grew to manhood. The pervasive patriotism of the period led him to enlist in Co. E. 19th Ill. Vol. Inf., in which he served throughout the Civil War. He participated in most of the engagements of the Army of the West and was placed on the Roll of Honor by Gen. Wm. S. Rosecranz, which contained the names of soldiers who dis- tinguished themselves by personal bravery and soldierly conduct. He was in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge and through the Atlanta Campaign to the Sea, including all the battles, skirmishes and reconnoisances of those memorable campaigns. He was once slightly wounded, though his clothing was many times pierced by the enemy's bullets. The military impulse to loyalty and service he received in the Civil War fol- lowed him through his later life. He was Drill Master for the first Militia Company organized in Rockford, early became Col. of the 3d Regt. Ill. Inf. and brought both Company and Regiment to a degree of proficiency in drill and demeanor that attracted nation-wide interest and emulation. Every-
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