USA > Indiana > Allen County > Fort Wayne > The pictorial history of Fort Wayne, Indiana : a review of two centuries of occupation of the region about the head of the Maumee River, Vol. I > Part 3
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His mission ?
To seek a refuge from civilization-to find a home among the savages-to remain a while; perchance to wed an Indian belle -to seek a new place of abode whenever he chose to think that the power of the law "away back there" in New France might seek to grasp him and return him for punishment for his misdeeds -to live the care-free life of the wilderness-to become a savage in all but color. He was of the type of the men who occupy an important place in the story of the frontier-the coureur de bois, or wood-ranger.
His name ?
What matters it? He was but one of many of his kind. But he was the first-the very first-and his coming marks the begin- ning of the narrative of the thousands of men and women whose lives make up the story of Fort Wayne. But, to gain the truth,
19
THE FIRST WHITE MAN OF THE MAUMEE
we must know something of the land to which The First White Man came, for, until we do, we can neither judge of his environ- ments nor account for his deeds.
NOTE ON CHAPTER I.
(1) The Kiskakons, the "Short-Tailed Bear" clan of the Ottawas, doubt- less had a village on the site of the present Lakeside (Fort Wayne) antedating the Miami occupation. Dr. Reuben G. Thwaite believes that the word Kekionga, by which the settlement was known at a later period, is a revision of the word Kiskakon, or Kichkagon, which means "to cut," referring, he believes, to the abbreviated tail of the bear for which the clan was named. (See "Jesuit Relations," vol. xxxiii, page 273; Fort Wayne Public Library). Jacob P. Dunn, the Indian historian, says: "Kis-ka-kon means 'clipped hair,' and was given to these Indians because they shaved the sides of the head and trimmed the remaining locks like the mane of a Roman horse."-"True Indian Stories," page 268, Fort Wayne Public Library. "Kiskakon signifies 'cut tails.' "-Pierre Margry.
CHAPTER II.
The Portage That Made Fort Wayne.
The importance of an understanding of the meaning of the word, "portage" -Its value to the discoverer-How the Maumee-Wabash portage joined the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico-Resume of the story of the development of the "carrying place"-The Fort Wayne rivers-The great glacier-Pre-glacial man-The mastodon-Extinct animal life-The Mound Builders in Allen county.
T HE STORY of the beginnings of the city of Fort Wayne is the record of the most famous portage in America.
Though the word portage has found no place in our pres- ent-day speech, it throbs with lively interest on the very in- ATLANTIC OCEAN stant we grasp its meaning; for the mere mention of it brings to our imagination the phantom pageant of the explorer and the adventurer, the black- 1 robed Jesuit Father and the SY. LAWRENCE blood thirsty savage, the RIVER
ELAKE ONTARIO
&T. JOSEPH R.
LAKE ERIE
SITE OF FORT WAYNE
MAUMEE
R.
LITTLE
R
ST.MARY'S R.
WABASH RIVER
RIVER
RIVER
OHIO
MISSISSIPPI
GULF OF MEXICO
THE MAUMEE-WABASH PORTAGE.
٦
The student of the history of Fort Wayne must thoroughly understand the point embodied in the accompanying diagrammatic map which shows the al- most continuous water route between the mouth of the St. Lawrence and the mouth of the Mississippi. The only in- terruption in this route is a stretch of land about eight miles in width, ex- tending westward from the present city of Fort Wayne and separating the waters of the St. Mary's river from those of the Little river and the Wa- bash. In the centuries past, when the rivers and lakes were the only routes of
general travel and trade, the site of Fort Wayne was, naturally, the great central point, for, across this piece of ground, or portage, were conveyed the canoes and the articles of trade belonging to the Indian, the French and the British.
20
21
THE PORTAGE THAT MADE FORT WAYNE
French and English soldier, and the trader and pioneer, who fade once again into the past as memory fails and we awaken to the reality of things as they are.
Let us all, then, know the meaning of the word, that we may. read the story with a common interest-the story of the land over which the stars and stripes have supplanted forever the colors of France and England and where the hum of the wheels of industry and the voices of happy children have taken the place of the clash of arms and the war-whoop of the painted savage.
A portage, or "carrying place," is a pathway between two rivers coursing in generally opposite directions.
In the days when the inland lakes and the rivers formed the highways of travel between dis- tant points, it was a most for- tunate discovery to find a carry place where the voyager could draw his canoe ashore, LAKE ERIE lift it to his shoulders and take IN'RIVER it to a near-by stream, there to RIVER launch it and continue his way. JOSEPH RI AUGLAIZE The Shaded Portion FORT WAYNE MAUMEE RIVE Indicates the General Area of the Glacial Lake The Indian tribe which con- trolled such a carrying place held a strong claim over its enemies in war and trade. The savages understood this and HOW THE RIVERS WERE MADE. contended for it just as the The outline map Indicates the gener- al area of the great glacial lake which, as it subsided, left at its borders the deposits of earth and stone (moraines) which determined the courses of the rivers and made the site of Fort Wayne in succeeding centuries the battle ground of nations who struggled to possess it because of its commanding position. whites who came upon the scene fought and struggled for a century to control the port- age which marks the site of Fort Wayne.
It is easy to picture the earliest white traveler as he accidentally enters the mouth of the Maumee,1 after coursing from the east- ward along the southern shore of Lake Erie. Continuing on up the stream, his observation of the shore lines tells him he has entered a river, but this does not turn him from his determination to explore the region. Day after day, he pushes forward, until, finally, he reaches a point where two rivers-which we now know to be the St. Mary's and St. Joseph-join to form the river which has brought him on his way. And here he finds an Indian strong- hold, the ancient village of the Kiskakons, on the site of Fort Wayne. The savages point out to him the pathway which leads from the St. Mary's across the woodland and prairie to a smaller stream, called in later years Rivere Petite or Little river. He carries his
22
THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF FORT WAYNE
canoe across the six or seven miles of the portage, launches it, and finds that he is borne out into the Wabash, thence into the Ohio, and finally upon the broad waters of the Mississippi. It is natural to picture such a 1 3 traveler-French, of course,- returning to the centers of civil- ization in New France (Canada) to tell of his discovery and to spread the news of the great 4 abundance of fur-bearing ani- mals in the Maumee-Wabash valleys. This first adventurer, his identity undetermined, dis- 2 covered the shortest route of travel between the mouth of the St. Lawrence and the mouth of the Mississippi. Some give the honor to Robert Cavalier, Sieur de LaSalle.
RELICS OF PREHISTORIC MAN IN ALLEN COUNTY.
The above selections from the widely- famed private museum of Indian and historic relics of L. W. Hills, of Fort Wayne, are specimens of the handiwork of races antedating the Indians. Nos. 1 and 2 (a "bird" and a "tube") were found in a gravel pit near Maysville, Indiana, by John Zimmer. No. 3, a "bird," formerly owned by John Bic- hart, was found in the same locality. No. 4, of similar form, was unearthed on the Emerick farm. All are made of stone.
The present history aims to indicate to a satisfactory de- gree the growth of interest in this particular portage, but it would seem to be helpful to suggest the main points of the coming chapters as they deal with this most important path- way of pioneer commerce.
Here, during the ages beyond the memory of the whites, existed the strongest Indian settlement of the middle west.
Here the earliest French explorers and traders estab- lished fortified trading posts which they controlled until the coming of the English.
Here the savages over- threw the English and entered upon the years of frontier war- fare which continued from the days of Pontiac until the build- ing of Wayne's American fort.
Here flourished an im- mense fur trade, the conten-
L
THE MASTODON.
Remains of the mastodon have been found in several portions of Allen county.
23
THE PORTAGE THAT MADE FORT WAYNE
tion for the control of which precipitated the French and Indian war.
Here, in vision, Washington saw an important point for the United States to establish its strongest western post, for the accom- plishment of which purpose he sent Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne.
Here, with the restoration of peace, arose the city of Fort Wayne, inspired to greatness by the building of the Wabash and Erie canal, which paralleled the portage and supplanted it, only to give way in later years to the steam railroad and the electric interurban line.
And now let us speak for a moment of the rivers-these first highways of travel, without which there could have been no portage.
The courses of these historic streams were determined in the glacial age of the world's physical history .? When the great mass of ice, moving southwesterly from the region of Hudson's bay, finally became converted into a vast lake which slowly passed away and
NOBLE
CO
2
CEDAR CREEK
EEL RIVER'
PERRY
051371IHM
WASHING- TON
NOS
ST. JOSEPH
LAKE
3
FORT
WAYNE
MAUMEE R
ABOITE
WAYNE
ADAMS
A PORTION OF ALLEN COUNTY
WHERE THE MASTODON ROAMED IN ALLEN COUNTY.
Remains found in the vicinity of Fort Wayne indicate that the region was a favorite habitat of prehistoric animals. Henry Rudisill found in Spy Run (1) the tooth of an extinct animal, the American elephant. In 1867 the skele- tons of three mastodons were found in the soft earth in Perry township (2); these were placed in the Chicago Aca- demy of Sciences and were destroyed in the great fire of 1871. The tusk of an-
other specimen, found in Lake township (3) measured eleven feet in length and nine inches in diameter. Remains of another mastodon were found in Cedar Creek township (4). The most recent discovery, in 1912, was that of the skeleton of a mastodon on the S. R. Alden farm, a portion of the Richard- ville reservation (5), immediately southwest of Fort Wayne.
EEL RIVER
PERRY
SPRINGFIELD; SCIPIO
A
EN
LAKE
WASH- INGTON
Y JOSEPH - MILAN
MAUMEE
FORT
MAUMGE
WAYNE
ABOUT
WAYNE
ADAMS
JEFFERSON
JACKSON
COUNTY
LAFAYETTE
PLEASANT
MARION
MADISON
MONROE
WHERE THE MOUND BUILDERS LIVED IN ALLEN COUNTY.
1. Four mounds in Perry township, two on a line north and south about forty feet apart; two others about the same distance apart, extending east and west. Excavators found human bones, arrowheads, copper ornaments and charcoal.
2. Four miles south of the above, on the Coldwater road, is an oblong mound in which were found a perforated sec- tion of slate, and a stratum of baked earth.
3. At Cedarville are located three mounds 100 feet apart, running nearly parallel to the St. Joseph river.
4. A circular mound containing frag- ments of pottery, stone implements and flint.
5. A semi-circular mound with ends at the river bank; arc, 20 feet. Large trees falling in decay, exposed pottery. flint and other articles.
6. At the mouth of Cedar creek is the most southerly of the mounds in Al- len county.
311.2
ST. MARY'S
24
THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF FORT WAYNE
left a deposit of its earthy elements, the rivers, as we see them today, were left to tell of the ancient visit of the glacier.
There are reasons to be- lieve that the region was in- habited by human beings pre- vious to the coming of the glacier-at least, men lived in portions of the present Ohio before the sea of ice spread its destructive elements over the region to the eastward.3 Cer- tain it is that the mighty mas- todon4 roamed the region about the site of Fort Wayne, and here, too, were other forms of animal life, now extinct. That ancient, mysterious race of men whom we call the Mound Build- ers, chose to live in this vicin- ity, and the relics of their dwellings are a mute testimony of their mysterious presence.5
.
REMAINS OF EXTINCT PECCARY FOUND IN FORT WAYNE.
In 1912, the remains of an extinct ani- mal known as the platygonus compres- sus, of the peccary family, were un- earthed by workmen in a gravel pit near Swinney park. The specimen came into the possession of George A. Jacobs, 1302 Washington boulevard west, and was submitted by the writer to the National Museum for identifica- tion. The skull is shown herewith. The full skeleton is that of an almost iden- tical specimen, the platygonus leptor- hinus, reproduced from the article, "The Pleistocene Period and Its Vertebrata," by Oliver P. Hay, in the 1911 report of the Indian Department of Geology and Natural Resources;" Fort Wayne Pub- lic Library.
But it is not with the Mound Builder and the masto- don that our story deals. The real actors in the drama, ap- pearing, at the first, with the same surroundings of scenery which formed the settings for the unknown comedies and tragedies of the past, shift upon the stage of action new backgrounds of hope, aspiration, defeat, tri- umph, and progress. And the close of this book is but the begin- ning, for the greater actors, we doubt not, are to come in a day which is not ours.
NOTES ON CHAPTER II.
(1) The Miami names of the Fort Wayne rivers are: St. Joseph, Ko- chis-ah-se-pe, or Bean river; St. Mary's, Mah-may-i-wah-se-pe-way, or Strugeon creek, because of the large number of sturgeon that formerly abounded there in the spawning sea- son; the name Maumee is a form of Miami. See Dunn's "True Indian Stories," Fort Wayne Public Library.
(2) See "Maumee River Basin," Dr. Charles E. Slocum, vol. i, page 6; Fort Wayne Public Library; also Annual Report of the Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 1905.
(3) See Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society's Publications, vol. i, page 257; Fort Wayne Public Li- brary.
(4) See article on the mastodon in Helm's History of Allen County, by the late Col. R. S. Robertson; Fort Wayne Public Library.
(5) See article on Prehistoric Re- mains, Helm's History of Allen Coun- ty, by the late Col. R. S. Robertson; Fort Wayne Public Library.
CHAPTER III-1614-1682.
Savage, Adventurer, Explorer and Priest.
Ancient French records of the Maumee-Wabash development gives us the story of the early days of exploration and struggles between the French, English and Indians-Value of the records of the Jesuits-The Miamis and their allies in Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin-Kiskakons and Ottawas on Fort Wayne site-Iroquois, from the east, procure firearms and wage war of extermination upon the Miamis and western tribes- Are forced back-Twightwees at Kekionga-Characteristics of the Miamis-Allegiance to the French and latterly to the English-The coureur de bois-The Jesuits-Samuel de Champlain on the Maumee ?- The earliest maps-LaSalle and the never-ending dispute.
F OR MANY YEARS, a veil of seemingly impenetrable mystery hid from view all certain knowledge of the movements of the earliest whites in the Maumee-Wabash valleys, due to a large extent to the fact that during the entire period of the French occupa- tion, all documents relating to governmental affairs were forwarded first to Quebec and Montreal, in the province of Canada, and from thence to the mother country. Here they were deposited by a gener- ation passed away, and not, without pressure, to be unearthed by the Frenchman of today who cares not to revive the memory of a faded vision of western empire.
It is only through the great personal sacrifice of patriotic men and women of America that the truth has come to us of the present day. In the expenditure of fortunes, the scattered papers in the archives of France, England and Canada, as well as in the colonial records of America, have been made available, and their work of arrangement, annotation and translation, has given us the treasures from which we build our story.
The first accounts of conditions in the middle western portions of America are given to the world through the records of the stal- wart Jesuit Fathers, who, though they thwarted some of the greatest attempts to explore and settle the western lands discovered by LaSalle and his contemporaries, worked with grim determination to make of the savages a great Christian nation which should purify the world.1 From the records of their movements, we gain our best knowledge of the Indians in Indiana at the time of the appearance of the first whites.
Gabriel Dreuillettes, stationed at the mission of St. Michael on the west shore of Lake Michigan, reported as early as 1658 that a colony of 24,000 Miamis occupied a portion of the southwest
25
26
THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF FORT WAYNE
corner of the present state of Michigan and northwestern Indiana. The invasion of the region by the Iroquois about 1670, with firearms provided by the Dutch of New Amsterdam, was the beginning of a long period of years of warfare between the Iroquois and the various branches of the Miami nation. The region of Green Bay, in Wisconsin formed the center of later settlements of the latter tribes. It appears that at this time-1682-the site of Fort Wayne was occupied by the Kiskakons and the Ottawas, branches of the Miamis, for it was in this year that Jean de Lamberville, writing to Count de Frontenac, governor of Canada, expressed the fear that an Iroquois army of 12,000 would completely annihilate "the Miamis and their neighbors the Siskakon [Kiskakon] and Ottawa tribes on the headwaters of the Maumee."2 By the year 1700, the Miamis
SUPERIOR
PORTAGE
GREEN BAY
GEORGIAN ,
RIVER
FOX R
3
PORTAGE
LAKE ONTARIOE
SITE OF
DETROIT
RIVER
PORTAGE
JOSEPH
SITE OF
CHICAGO
ADSEPH A
NORTH
LAKE = ERIE
PORTAGE-
UMEE
PORTAGE
"SITE OF THE
dd
- FORT WAYNE
ILLIN
In
MI
RIVER
THE THREE WATER ROUTES :
THE THREE MAIN WATER ROUTES OF THE FRENCH PERIOD.
Before the days of the canal and the railroad, the rivers were the great highways of travel between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi. The map shows the three routes most largely used.
PORTAGE
WISCONS!
LAKE MICHIGAN
PORTAGE_
A OF THE
RIVER
CITY OF
KLAKE HURONS
BAY
TAKE
27
1614 1682
SAVAGE, ADVENTURER, EXPLORER AND PRIEST
had obtained firearms from the French, and there is a tradition that they met and vanquished their foes near the site of the present Terre Haute.
In 1765, long after the French had settled in the Maumee- Wabash valleys, the confederacy of the families of the Miami tribe was composed of two hundred and fifty Twightwees (Twightwighs or Twixtwees, as written by the English), situated at Kekionga; a settlement of three hundred Ouiatanons on the Wabash, near the present Lafayette, Indiana ; and three hundred Piankeshaws, on the Vermillion river.
All students of the Indians pay tribute to the high char- acter of the Miamis, especially during those periods in which they were free from the con- tamination of the habits of their more enlightened white broth- ers. Father Claude Allouez refers to them as gentle, affa- ble and sedate, with a language in harmony with their dignity.
During the time of the dis- puted possession of the Mau- SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN. mee-Wabash valleys by the Champlain was the governor of New France (Canada) and founder of Que- bec. His name is the first of the line of daring explorers to be connected with the Maumee region. He is be- lieved to have seen the Maumee in 1614 or 1615. When Great Britain compelled his surrender in 1629, he was carried a captive to England; he returned to Canada and died there in 1635. The portrait is after an old print. French, the Miamis were friends of the French and foes of the English; but when the American colonists threw off the yoke of the government of the mother country, they trans- ferred their support to the English who convinced them that the United States sought to rob them of their lands and their freedom and to bring upon them degradation and extermination. They fought against a fear of ultimate ruin, and the fierceness of their opposition reveals the intensity of their effort to discourage and terrify the American invader and cause him to abandon his desire to inhabit the west.3
The "action" of the story begins with the relation of the deeds of the first men to arrive upon the scene-men whose names are a matter of record. We doubt not that the care-free coureur de bois4 was the earliest to come, bringing an influence which was far from uplifting, and making hard the purifying service of the Jesuit Father who soon followed him.
28
THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF FORT WAYNE
What name, then, shall we attach to the first known man who saw the Maumee ?
One eminent historian is bold enough to say that Samuel de Champlain, who had already discovered a water route between the St. Lawrence river and Georgian Bay, by way of the Nipissing river, and whose knowledge of the coasts of these regions is given to the world in the earliest maps of the Great Lakes, "probably"
MAP'E
1632
Grand Lac
Mer douce (LAKE HURON)
MAP G 1656
Lac
L. ERIE).
Superieur
3 Lac de Puans
Karegnondi
4
Ontario au Lande St
? [cape Cod] Malaberre
Canada ou Nouv. France S
osse
C.Raze
Nouvelle
Angleterre
56
1
MAP H 1674-
Lac Superieur
1
8
0
Lac Frontenac
Lac des
14
Illinois 7
RIV DE MI
LA COLBERTIE
ou
Amerique Occidentale
1
Divine
R
15
9
de 10
8
Riviere our au
EARLIEST MAPS SHOWING THE FORT WAYNE RIVERS.
All of the above maps are traced from the pages of Vol. IV of Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America," published by the Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, by whose permission they are here presented. The reader who desires further information on the subject is referred to the above work, obtainable from the Fort Wayne Public Library.
Map E .- Samuel de Champlain's map (1632), of which this is a small por- tion of the central part, shows: 1-Maumee river; 2-St. Mary's river; 3-St. Joseph river. It probably is the earliest recorded map of the Fort Wayne streams.
Map F .- The Covens and Mortier map (probably 1654) shows: 1-Maumee river; 2-Lake Huron; 3-Lake Erie; 4-Lake Ontario; 5-St. Lawrence river; 6-Cape Cod; 7-Long Island.
Map G .- The Nicolas Sanson map (1656) shows: 1-Maumee river; 2-Site of Fort Wayne; 3-Lake Michigan; 4-Lake Huron; 5-St. Lawrence river; 6- Long Island; 7-Cape Cod; 8-Chesapeake bay.
Map H .- Louis Joliet's map (1674) shows: 1-Site of Fort Wayne; 2-Mau- mee river; 3-St. Joseph river; 4-St. Mary's river; 5-Ohio (or Wabash) river; 6-Lake Ontario; 7-Lake Michigan; 8-Mississippi river; 9-Missouri river; 10-Lake Huron; 11-Georgian bay; 12-St. Lawrence river; 13-Green bay; 14-Wisconsin river; 15-Illinois river.
1
MAP F 1654
.
COLBERT Clique dans Le
SKUNSING
Lac Erie
-Te Mexique
descendit le Sieu
29
1614 1682 SAVAGE, ADVENTURER, EXPLORER AND PRIEST
saw the placid waters of the Maumee as early as 1614 or 1615.5 Champlain was the founder of Quebec and the first governor of New France (Canada). Certain it is that Champlain's map of 1632 indicates the Maumee, the St. Mary's and the St. Joseph rivers, and certain also is it that "he passed by places he has de- scribed in his book which are no other than Detroit and Lake Erie."6
Encouraged by the accom- plishments of Champlain and the Jesuits who did valiantserv- ice in reporting the condition of the newly-discovered countries to the westward, the home gov- ernment of France supported other expeditions the success of which is shown by the maps of the Great Lakes region bear- ing dates of the seventeenth ROBERT CAVALIER, SIEUR DE LA- SALLE. century and forming fascinat- That this foremost of all French ex- plorers of North America traversed the site of Fort Wayne in his journeys be- tween Lake Erie and the Mississippi is the belief of many students of the early French period of the Maumee- Wabash valleys. ing objects of study today. Among those of greatest inter- est to us, for they include the Fort Wayne site, with its rivers, are the maps of Nicolas Sanson (1656), Pere du Crexius (1680) and Louis Joliet (1672-1674).
LASALLE AND THE PORTAGE.
The ancient dispute concerning the movements of Robert Cav- alier, Sieur de LaSalle, must receive its share of attention at this turn of the story, because the future searcher for the truth may find that LaSalle really trod upon the soil on which the city of Fort Wayne arose. There are likely reasons for the belief that the explorer's journal, which was lost in the wreck of his sailing vessel, the Griffon, on Lake Michigan, contained positive proof that LaSalle not only traversed the Maumee-Wabash valleys and their portage, but that it was a common route of travel of the explorer and his companions. In a communication of 1680, LaSalle reported to the Canadian governor that "there is at the head of Lake Erie ten leagues below the strait [Detroit river?] a river [Maumee ?] by which we could shorten the route to the Illinois very much."7 Two years later, he wrote, at a time when the oppo- sition of the Jesuits had reached a distressing point, that his enemies doubtless were aiding in prolonging the war of the Iroquois
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