USA > Louisiana > The province and the states, a history of the province of Louisiana under France and Spain, and of the territories and states of the United States formed therefrom, Vol. I > Part 1
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Gc 977 G62p v.1 1949951
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01715 3583
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center
http://www.archive.org/details/provincestateshi01good
4375
THE
Province and the States
A HISTORY OF THE PROVINCE OF LOUISIANA UNDER FRANCE AND SPAIN, AND OF THE TERRITORIES AND STATES OF THE UNITED STATES FORMED THEREFROM
IN SEVEN VOLUMES
ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS MAPS AND PORTRAITS
Public Library
AUG6
1964
Dallas, Texas
Weston Arthur Goodspeed, LL. B.
Editor-in-Chief
V.1
VOL. I
MADISON, WIS. THE WESTERN IHISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 1904.
ـد
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1949951
COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY THE WESTERN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION Madison, Wis.
Press of the Democrat Printing Co., Madison, WIs.
.
8977 2:55pm -
Table of Contents
CHAPTER I.
SPANISH EXPLORATION-Americus Vespucci-Francisco D'Garay- Cabeza D'Vaca-Hermando de Soto-Luis de Moscoso de Alvarado-Roger D'Estrange --- Diego de Guzman-Francisco Vasquez Coronado-Diego D'Peñalosa-Juan D'Oñate-Juan Dominguez 17-57
PAGES
CHAPTER II.
FRENCH EXPLORATION-Sir Robert Heath-Daniel Coxe-Colonel Wood-Captain Bolt-Hudson's Bay Company-Lord Sel- kirk-the Coureurs de Bois-Jean Nicolet-Nicholas Perrot- Duluth-Chouard and Esprit-James Marquette-Louis Joliet -Robert de la Salle-Henry de Tonty-Louis Hennepin- Michael Accault-Henry Joutel 58-IIO
CHAPTER III.
SETTLEMENTS BY D'IBERVILLE-Pierre le Moyne-Pensacola Bay- Mobile Bay-Mississippi River-Red River-Pontchartrain and Maurepas-D'Bienville-Fort Biloxi-M. Sagan-Site of New Orleans-English Turn-Pierre le Sueur-Natchitoches -L'Huillier-St. Denis-Fort Mobile-Fort Iberville-Con- cessions-Negroes Introduced III-133
CHAPTER IV.
THE GRANT TO CROZAT-Cadillac-Young Women Colonists- Commerce with Mexico-Marquis du Chatel-The Patent- Discordant Elements-Policy Wrong-Juchereau D'St. Denis -Donna Maria Villescas-Natchitoches-Indian Slaves-Min- ing-Indian Massacres-D'Bienville's Sacrifices-The Mis- souri Country-English Designs-Crozat's Failure-Suffer- ings of the Colonists-Knight of the Golden Calf 134-152
642144861
OK. 12
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER V.
WESTERN COMPANY-The Patent-Deception Practiced-Law's Mississippi Bubble-Mines Misrepresented-Company of the Indies-Agriculture Neglected-Many Concessions-Germans Purchased-Black Code-Indian Attacks-Many Negroes In- troduced-German Coast-La Harpe-Fort Rosalie-Charle- voix-Spanish Expedition-Dubois-Fort Chartres-Royal India Company-D'Renault-D'Bourgmont-D'Belisle-Cas- ket Girls-Father Poisson-Natchez Tribe Destroyed-Colo- nial Expenses 153-202
PAGES
CHAPTER VI.
LOUISIANA UNDER THE FRENCH CABINET-D'Perier-D'Bienville- Negro Insurrection-War on the Chickasaws-Expedition Against the Sacs and Foxes-Fort Beauharnais-Fort As- sumption-St. Genevieve-Illinois Prosperous-Ohio Valley- D'Kerlerec-Fort Orleans-New Fort Chartres-Population 1744-First Sugar Cane-Indian Massacres-Iroquois-Veren- dryc-Sea of Beaver-D'Vaudreuil-Fort Massac-St. Louis- Acadian Coast-Jesuits Expelled-Population 203-233
CHAPTER VII.
D'ULLOA AND O'REILLY-Profligacy of the French Court-Result . of the Seven Years' War-Treaty of Fontainebleau-Louisi- ana Ceded to Spain-Protests from the French Residents- Their Final Revolution-Debate of the Spanish Cabinet- D'Ulloa sent out-His Trials and Expulsion-O'Reilly's Fleet -Arrest and Execution of the Leading Revolutionists-Was O'Reilly Justified ?
234-272
CHAPTER VIII.
LOUISIANA UNDER THE SPANISH CABINET-The Cabildo-Laws In- troduced by O'Reilly-Upper Louisiana Quiet-Trade Regula- tions-Ecclesiastical Changes-Black Code Re-ordained-The Militia Organized-Education Neglected-The Inquisition Shut Out-D'Unzaga-Bernardo de Galvez-His Wonderful Suc- cess-George Rogers Clark-West Florida Captured -- Im- mense Trade after 1783-Miro's Administration-Natchez Dis- trict-Contraband-The Western People-New Madrid-Gen- eral Wilkinson-Louisiana Threatened-Sugar Cane-Treaty of 1795 -- Commercial Exclusion
273-300
*
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IX.
EXPEDITION OF LEWIS AND CLARK-Jefferson's Plan-Meriwether Lewis-William Clark-The Personnel-The Matériel-Leave St. Louis-Fort Mandan-Treaties-Buffaloes-Grizzly Bears -Christmas-War Party-Sacajaweah - Mosquitoes - The Forks-The Falls-Beauty of the Country-Rocky Mount- ains Crossed-Down the Columbia-The Return-John Colter-Lewis Kills an Indian-Party Reunited-Lewis Ac- cidentally Wounded-Results
PAGES
301-331
CHAPTER X.
EXPEDITIONS OF LIEUTENANT PIKE-First Expedition-Leaves St. Louis-De Moyen Rapids-River de Roche-Julien Dubuque -St. Peter's River-Lake Pepin-St. Anthony's Falls-Their Fort-Pike Visits the British Posts-Treaties with the Sioux and Chippewas-Indian Trade Regulated-Sites Selected for Posts-Two Traets of Land Bought-Indians Play Ball- Results-Second Expedition-Leaves St. Louis-Reaches the Osages-Buffaloes-Choutean-The Pawnees-Attack Threat- ened-Journey Resumed-Lieutenant Wilkinson's Party- Pike Reaches the Mountains-Terrible Hardships-Reaches the Rio Grande-Is Captured by the Spanish-Is Sent Back . to the United States-Observations 332-362
CHAPTER XI.
FUR TRADERS, SANTA FE COMMERCE, ETC .- Hudson's Bay Com- pany-Private Trappers-Coureurs de Bois-French Canadi- ans-Northwest Company-X Y Company-Their Rivalries- Hardihood of the Trappers -- American Fur Company-Mis- souri Fur Company -- Southwestern Fur Company-Mackinaw Company-Mallet Brothers-Jonathan Carver-St. Louis Fur Company-Posts Established-Conflicts with the Savages- Colter-Trapping Expeditions-Astoria-The Mountains- Beaver Packs-Buffaloes-Battle of Arickaree-Rocky Mount- ain Fur Company-The Forts-Expeditions to Santa Fe- The Pony Express
363-390
CHAPTER XII.
EXPLORATIONS HY THE UNITED STATES-John Sibley-Dunbar and Hunter-Captain Sparks-Henry Leavenworth-Henry Atkin- son-S. 11. Long- Benjamin O'Fallon-Western Engineer- John R. Bell-Lewis Cass-Henry Schoolcraft-Thomas
1
1 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGES
Nuttall-Hugh Glenn-B. E. Bonneville-Henry Dodge-I. N. Nicollet-James Allen-John C. Fremont-J. W. Abert- S. W. Kearney-W. H. Emory-Mormons-R. B. Marcy- L. Sitgreaves-Howard Stansbury-James Bridger-Samuel Woods-T. A. Culbertson-Colonel Loring-I. I. Stevens- J. W. Gunnison-A. W. Whipple-W. S. Harney-E. F. Beale-W. F. Raynolds-M. Crawford-J. L. Fisk-H. H. Sibley-J. A. Sawyer-J. N. Macomb-H. D. Washburn. .... 391-427
CHAPTER XIII.
INDIAN TRIBES-Earliest Found Here-Tribes to be Removed West-License System-English Intrigues-Factory System- Private Traders-Reservations Set Apart-Whisky-Peace Treaties-Exchanges of Land Made-Agents-Factory Sys- tem Abandoned-Western Territory-Tribes in 1825-The In- dians Unwisely Treated-Separate Indian Country-Solemn Pledges of the Government-Indians Enumerated-Attached to the Interior Department-Wars-Massacres-Blanket In- dians-Confederate Indians-Losses-Change in Indian Pol- icy-Wards-Grant's Policy-Squawmen-Cattle-Allotment in Severalty-Schools-Courts-Tribal Laws Abandoned. ... 428-469
Illustrations
PAGE
D'GARAY'S MAP, 1521
25
D'SOTO'S MAP, 1543
32
EARLIEST MAPS OF FLORIDA AND THE GULF COAST, 1502-1513 . ·
48
JOLIET'S MAP, 1673 80
MARQUETTE'S MAP, 1673
128
JESUIT MAP, PARKMAN, 1673
176.
LAW'S MAP OF LOUISIANA, 1721
192
HENNEPIN'S MAP, 1698
240
FRANQUELIN'S MAP, 1684
288
LA HONTAN'S LONG RIVER
.
336
The Province and the States
CHAPTER I
Spanish Explorations and Discoveries
T 'HE discovery of America by Columbus opened to Spain an opportunity such as never again fell to the lot of that ignor-
. ant and expiring nation. She had passed the summit of her glory, had sanctioned the barbarities of innumerable conquests, and had witnessed the moth-like delight of her fawning nobles; but with fatuous blindness had wholly disregarded the call of the scythe and the grateful peans of the plow. . Her civilization had sprung from the gospel of the Inquisition, from the creak of the lack, from the expulsion of learning, from the death chants of burning heretics, and from the nightmare of a distorted, brutal and barbarous Christianity. The husbandman and his family were classed with the swine that root in the ground. He was kicked, cowed, cursed and robbed by court and church, by state and supernumerary. The glory of Spain had become the exile and degradation of labor and the enthronement and deification of caste, ignorance and priest-craft. The blasting stupidity of the priests perverted the religion established by the Almighty and proclaimed to all mankind by Jesus of Nazareth. The priestly orders gave their consent to murderous conquest, crime for gold and the unprincipled splendors of church and state. The wealth of the nation in rippling fields of grain, homes of intelligent and happy children, the reign of liberty's beneficent laws, the nobility of labor, and the piety of perpetual peace, was undreamed of and unknown to the swaggering grandees, who thronged the fair I-2
OK 18
THE PROVINCE AND THE STATES. .
Spanish cities and jeered at the laborer rooting in the adjacent soil. The nation that took delight in the hideous spectacle of the Spanish bull-fights could not be expected to emblazon "Kind- ness" on its bloody banner. A people who regarded all persons other than Catholics as heretics fit only for the rack or the stake, found an easy excuse for the deliberate slaughter of the Indian heretics in the New World. In the name of God-Jesus-Mary the glittering Toledo blades of De Soto's grandees and Cor- onado's cavaliers drank the blood of the natives with the sanction of the priests, just as the Inquisition destroyed other unbelievers in Old Spain. The religion of Castile and Aragon was the mur- der of heretics ; and murderous conquest was the Spanish colonial policy. So the golden opportunity of adding to this miserable civilization a splendid realm of domestic happiness and industrial wealth was wholly unappreciated by the priests and the nobility who dominated the Spanish court. She passed blunderingly by a magnificent empire, which later shone in the West like a" star, inviting the wise men of the East to come here to worship at the shrine of domestic happiness and a just Christianity. But her wise men were wanting. They had overridden their camels of conquest and were lost in the desert of their own crimes. She was doomed to decadence from the inherited evil festering in her own cruel and ignorant heart. But listen to the cruel story .*
So far as known Americus Vespucci and his companions were the first persons to view the coast of what is now Louisiana. His numerous business reverses in early life caused him to join the large class of discontented explorers and adventurers then abounding in Spain ; and having heard, of course, of the discov- ery by Columbus of a land to the westward filled with gold and other treasures, he determined to sail at the first opportunity that should offer satisfactory advantages. He accordingly applied to King Ferdinand for service in one of the expeditions destined by the crown for the New World. The Spanish monarchs had previously granted a monopoly of exploration in the west to Columbus ; but in April, 1495, this order was revoked and free- dom of navigation was opened to all "merchant-adventurers." Four ships were accordingly sent out May 10, 1497, upon one of which stood the man, who, wholly unknown to himself, was thus embarked on the voyage which was destined to perpetuate his name so long as the human race should exist.
It should be said that the monopoly of exploration in the West
* Don Bartholomew de las Casas, bishop of Chiapa, states that the: Spaniards destroyed forty millions of people in the Americas.
19
SPANISH EXPLORATIONS.
was renewed to Columbus in June, 1497, but too late to stay the sailing of the fleet of Vespucci. It is not known what position in the fleet was assigned to him; but it is known that he pos- sessed a considerable degree of freedom and authority. He was qualified for the duties of astronomer, pilot and navigator and for ship or fleet supercargo, and probably officiated in one of these responsible positions. Although not certainly known, it is pre- sumed on good grounds that Vincente Yañez Pinzon, who had formerly seen service in one of the western expeditions under Columbus, and Juan Diaz de Solis were the chief commanders of the fleet. There is no surviving account of the expedition by either of the above captians, there is but a partial one by Ves- pucci. Attempts often and even yet made to besmirch the good name of Vecpucci have given place in recent years to the dis- covery that this expedition passed entirely round the Gulf of Mexico, examining in many places the coast, and occasionally landing where the shore and weather conditions were propitious, instead of passing southward along the coast of South America, as has been so persistently urged by many historians, particularly the Spanish. Varnhagen was the first to show that the expedi- tion of 1497 should not be confounded with any other, and that the whole Gulf coast was traversed and partially explored by this expedition. It cannot be shown that Vespucci was dishon- est or that he ever tried to deprive Columbus of any discovery to which he was entitled. On the contrary, his name, which he placed on the maps of the New World made by him, was applied by others to the newly discovered continent. Columbus himself, in a letter to his son Diego Columbus, dated February 5, 1505, said of him: "I spoke with Amerigo Vespucci, the bearer hereof, who is going yonder on business of navigation. He has ever had a desire to do me pleasure; he is a very worthy man ; fortune has been adverse to him as to many others; his labors have not profited him so much as justice would require. * * He
goes resolved to do for me everything that shall be possible to him. See yonder in what he can be benefited, and exert yourself for him." Inasmuch as the narratives of Vespucci were already in circulation and had unquestionably been seen by Columbus, it must be admitted that the latter made no complaint, and hence had suffered no wrong by act of the former. The old charge of fraud should, therefore, be withdrawn. The text of the Lettura of Vespucci recently published shows all the features of orig- inality-faults of grammar and style, errors of location, the blend- ing of coarse words, the narration of indelicate incidents, which
.
20
THE PROVINCE AND THE STATES.
----
would never have appeared in a letter intentionally prepared to deceive.
There is no doubt that an account of the first voyage of Ves- pucci was promptly published in Spain, but like thousands of other records of that time it has since disappeared. The positive fact that the account of the first voyage, though circulated both by the participants and by the press, was not disputed with last- ing emphasis from a dozen sources, is convincing evidence that the voyage was actually made. Neither Columbus nor his rela- tives ever denied that the expedition was accomplished in 1497-8. "But upon one point, it is to be observed, there is no difference among them; the voyage of 1501-the first from Portugal-is always the third of the four voyages of Vespucci. This dis- poses, as Humboldt points out, of the charge that Vespucci waited till after the death of Columbus, in 1506, before he ven- tured to assert publicly that he had made two voyages by order of the King of Spain prior to entering the service of the King of Portugal." * Thus it is positively known that before the death of Columbus in 1506, Vespucci publicly asserted that he had made four voyages, and that the assertion was not challenged by Columbus, nor after his death by his relatives. Neither was Vespucci such a nonentity as is claimed by some. In 1508 he was appointed major pilot of the kingdom of Spain by King Ferdinand, and probably still occupied the office at the time of his death February 22, 1512.
With the New World and all relating to it on everybody's lip, with the first voyage of Vespucci made public in print, by maps and by the eager tongues of participants, it is preposterous now, in the absence of strong and positive proof, to attempt to show that Vespucci did not make his first voyage substantially as claimed by him at the time and not disputed. If the claim had been false, it would have been known to be so by scores then liv- ing ; yet there is no record to show that any protest against it was then registered, in face of the fact that the claim was publicly and widely heralded. On the contrary, almost from the start, car- tographers, or map-makers, began to apply the name "America" to their representations of the mainland of the New World. There was no cry then of the great injustice done Columbus. The strong fact remains that the continent was named America within ten or fifteen years after its discovery and while scores of men were yet living in Spain who were familiar with all the
.
* Narrative and Critical History of America, Vol. II, p. 146.
J
21
SPANISH EXPLORATIONS.
circumstances of the voyages. If a wrong was done, why did they not publicly proclaim the fact, as they would certainly have done with emphasis? Were there no other facts to sustain the rights of Vespucci, it would be sufficient to state that his claims, though published within ten years after the close of the voyage, remained undisputed and uncontroverted until all the participants were in their graves.
'There does not appear any good reason for supposing that from 1492 to 1521 the northern coast of the Gulf was not trav- ersed and partially explored. This was a long period-nearly thirty years .¿ The white inhabitants of the West Indies had become numerous, and were all a sea-faring people. It is more than probable that the coast of Florida and of the country still farther to the west, probably as far as the coast of Louisiana, was explored by clandestine expeditions or others, even though no general attempt was made to penetrate the interior nor to form colonies. That the coast had been traversed prior to the pub- lication of the map of 1521, is pretty conclusively shown by sev- eral maps printed at an earlier date, notably that of 1513,* which gives generally the peninsula of Florida, and shows the Gulf coast with a considerable degree of accuracy, and a large river with several mouths farther to the westward, embracing many features of that of the Mississippi.
There no longer can be any doubt that the first white men to explore thoroughly the present coast of Louisiana and the mouth of the mighty Mississippi, were those who accompanied the fleet commanded by Alonso Alvarez de Pineda from Jamaica to the northwest in the year 1519 .; This exploration was made under the direction and at the expense of Francisco D'Garay, governor of the island of Jamaica, a man of no little wealth, prestige and ambition, who was mainly influenced to do so by the reports received from Cordova and Grijalva of the immense wealth of what is now Mexico, from which land they had but recently returned, laden with gold ornaments of immense value and with tales of the still greater wonders of the country .** These tales were too alluring for D'Garay to resist; therefore, having secured from the sovereign of Spain permission to prosecute dis- coveries to the west and northwest or elsewhere, and having
1 Henry Harrisse states that between 1492 and 1504 no less than sixty-six expe- ditions were made to the New World. See Discovery of North America, 1892. Harrisse.
'* The Geography of Ptolomeus, printed at Venice in 1513.
t Peter Martyr.
** They brought back gold to the value of $37,000.
town
22
THE PROVINCE AND THE STATES.
learned all that was possible from discoveries already made in that section of the world, particularly of the coast in the vicinity of what is now Panuco, Mexico, where the natives were reported immensely rich, he fitted out a fleet of four caravels, having on board two hundred and forty men, including a detachment of cavalry, and many cross-bowmen and musketeers, and in 1519 set sail in the direction of the Florida coast. The sovereign of Spain had graciously appointed him adelantado and governor of the provinces through which ran the river San Pedro and San Pablo (in Mexico) and of any other lands which he should be so fortunate as to discover. The supreme command of the fleet was committed to the distinguished navigator, Alonso Alvarez de Pineda .* They sailed directly to the coast of Florida (then called Bimini), which at that time was thought to be an island by many persons, because they believed that they could more easily conquer an island than a portion of the mainland of equal size and strength. In due time they landed on the Florida coast ; but the natives were so savage and such terrible fighters and wounded so many of them, that they boarded their vessels again and continued along the coast to the westward, passing the region called Amichel, the first term applied by Europeans to Louisiana, landing often, communicating with the natives and learning all they could concerning the wealth of the country. They finally came to the river Panuco, about five hundred leagues to the westward of Florida. At no place had they found the natives friendly ; all had shown the most intense hostility, and had bitterly opposed any attempt to land, but notwithstanding this opposition they often went ashore and took possession of the adja- cent country in the name of the king of Spain. Many of the Spaniards were killed at the landing near the mouth of the river Panuco, on what is now the coast of Mexico. The natives were cannibals, eating all who fell into their hands and hanging their skins in their temples to commemorate the victories.
"They sailed eight or nine months. * * * Among other lands low and barren which they discovered, they came across the country of Florida found by Ponce de Leon ; and having sighted and noticed the same, endeavored to range it, so as to advance further. But they were unable to do so, on account of the land which barred the way in extending eastwardly. For that reason, and owing to constant head winds and strong currents, they were
* Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espana: Diaz. 'The memoirs of the conquistador: Lockhart."
# Tratado, que compos e nobre & notanel capitao Antonio Caluao.
23
SPANISH EXPLORATIONS.
compelled to alter the course of the ships, and followed the coast towards the west, examining carefully the country, harbours, rivers, inhabitants, and all that which deserved to be noted on the said coast. They thus continued sailing until they met with Fernando Cortes and the Spaniards who were in the same locality. When there, they marked the limit of the country which they had discovered; and wherever they made discoveries and coasted, which extended over more than three hundred leagues, they took possession in our name. They then turned back with the said ships, and entered a river which was found to be very large and deep, at the mouth of which they said they found an extensive town, where they remained forty days and careened their vessels. The natives treated our men in a friendly manner, trading with them, and giving what they possessed. The Spaniards ascended a distance of six leagues up the river, and saw on its banks, right and left, forty villages." * This is the description of the voyage of 1519, written on the letters patent to D'Garay.
"Francisco D'Garay appeared and said that with the authoriza- tion of His Majesty, and at his own cost, he sent four ships to discover new countries for the service of the Crown; which were found and discovered by the grace of God our Lord, who showed the way. Nor was a landing effected in any land or part already found or disclosed by any one else at any time. This was from the Rio del Espiritu Santo ( Mississippi) over a great extent of country, further below in the direction of the north (sic) towards the river called San Pedro e San Pablo, where the ships arrived."t The authorities unite in locating the San Pedro and
* Nuvarette. The original Spanish of this account is as follows: "Anduvieron oclio 6 nueve meses * entre ofra tierra baja esteril que descubrieron toparon * la tierra Florida. * y reconocida y vista quisieron la costear para pasar adelante, è no pudieron, porque le salia la tierra por la proas en derecho donde nace el sol, y por esto y por el viento que res fué siempre contrario, y por la mucha corriente que ansí mismo hallaron, fueles forzado volver costeando la tierra hacia el poniente, por la cual costa fueron muy bien mirando la tierra, puertos, érios è gente della, è todo lo demas que se debia miror, é tanto andovreron hasta que loparon con Hernando Cortés e. los españoles que con el estaban en la misma costa, é llegados allí amojon aron el término hasta donde habian descubierto, é en todo lo que descubieron e costearon, que fueron mas de tres cientas leguas, se tomo posesion ien nuestro nomore, é fecho todo esto, se tornaron con los dichos navios håcias otras, y entraron por un rio que hallaron muy grande y muy cauda- losa, á la entrada del cual diz que hallaron un grande pueblo, y estovieron en él mas de cuarenta diaslos navios dando carena, e la gente de la tierra muy pacilica con los españoles que en la dicha armada idan, tratando con ellos y candoles de la que tenian en término de seis leguas que entraron por el dicho rio arriba. Los dichos navios hallaron cuarenta pueblos de una parte y de otra."
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