USA > Louisiana > Historical collections of Louisiana : embracing translations of many rare and valuable documents relating to the natural, civil and political history of that state > Part 28
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The Illinois are well formed and very nimble. They are skill- ful with their bows and rifles, with which they are supplied by the Indians who trade with our Frenchmen. This makes them formidable to their enemies, who have no firearms. They make excursions to the west to capture slaves, which they barter with other nations for the commodities they want. Those nations are entirely ignorant of iron tools; their knives, axes, and other instruments, are made of flint and other sharp stones. When the Illinois go upon a war expedition, the whole village is notified by an outery at the door of their huts the morning and evening before they set out. Their chiefs are distin- guished from the soldiers, by red scarfs made of the hair of buffaloes, curiously wrought, which are taken only a few days' journey from their village. They live by hunting, and on Indian corn, of which they always have a plenty. They sow beans and melons, which are excellent, especially those whose seed is red. They dry them, and keep them till the winter and spring.
Their cabins are huge; they are covered and carpeted with rushes. Their dishes are of work, but their spoons are made with the bones of the buffalo, which they cut so as to make them very convenient to eat their sogamite with. They have physicians among them to whom, in
MARQUETTE AND JOLIET'S ACCOUNT. 289
!
cases of sickness, they are very liberal. Their clothing consists of the skins of wild animals, which serve to clothe their women, who dress very modestly, while the men go most of the year almost naked. Some of the Illinois and Nadonessians wear women's apparel, and when they put it on in their youth, they never leave it off. There must certainly be some mystery* in this. They never marry, but work in the cabins with the women, which the other men think it beneath them to do. They assist in all the juggleries and the solemn dance in honor of the calumet, but they are not permitted cither to dance or sing. They are called to their councils, and nothing is determined without their advice; for because of their extraordinary manner of living, they are looked upon as manitous or persons of consequence.
It now only remains for me to speak of the calumet, the most mys- terious thing in the world. The sceptres of our kings are not so much respected ; for the Indians have such a deference for it, that one may call it "The God of Peace and War, and the arbiter of life and, death." One with this calumet may venture amongst his enemies, and on the hottest battles they lay down their arms before this sacred pipe. The Illinois presented me with one of them, which was very useful to us in our voyage. Their Calumet of Peace is different from the Calumet of War; they make use of the former to seal their alli- ances and treaties, to travel with safety, and receive strangers ; and the other is to proclaim war. It is made of a red stone, and smooth as marble. The bead is like our common tobacco pipe, but larger, and fixed to a hollow reed, to hold it for smoking. They ornament it with the head and neck of different birds, to which they add large feathers of different colors, and call it The Calumet of the Sun, to whom they present it when they want fair weather, or rain, believing that this planet cannot have less respect for it than they themselves, and therefore they will obtain their wishes. They do not dare to wash themselves in the rivers in the beginning of summer, or eat new fruit, before they have danced the calumet.
This dance of the calumet is a solemn ceremony among the In- dimms, which they only perform on important occasions, such as to con- firm an alliance, or make peace with their neighbors. They also use it to entertain any nation that comes to visit them; and in this case we may consider it as their grand entertainment. They perform it in winter time in their cabins, and in the open field in summer. They
& See Hennepin's account of this custom in his "Voyage en un pays plus grand que L'Europe entre la mer glaciale and le nouveau Mexique."
20
w
. 290
HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF LOUISIANA.
choose for that purpose a place under the trees, to shelter themselves against the heat of the sun, and lay in the middle of it a large mat, to place the god of the chief of the company upon, who gives the en- tertainment. For every one has his peculiar god, whom they call manitoa. It is sometimes a stone, a bird, a serpent, or anything else that they dream of in their sleep. They believe that this manitoa will prosper their sports, of fishing, hunting, and other enterprises. To the right of their manitoa they place the calumet, their great - deity, making round about it a kind of trophy with their arms, namely, their clubs, axes, bows, quivers, and arrows .* Things being thus ar- ranged, and the hour for dancing having arrived, the men and women who are to sing take the most honorable seats under the trees or arbors. Every one, then, who comes in afterwards sits down, in a ring, as they arrive, having first saluted the manitoa, by puffing tobacco smoke upon it, which signifies as much as making it an offering of incense.
Then the Indians, one after the other, take the calumet, and, hold- ing it with both hands, dances with it, following the cadence of the songs, by making different attitudes, turning from side to side, and showing it to the whole assembly. This being over, he who is to be- gin the dance appears in the middle of the assembly, and having taken the columet, presents it to the sun, as if he would invite him to smoke. Then he places it in an infinite number of positions, some- times laying it near the ground, then stretching its wings, as if he wanted it to fly, and afterwards presents. it to the spectators, who smoke it, one after another, dancing all the time, as in the first scene of a ballet. The second scene is a combat, accompanied with vocal and in- strumental music, for they have a large drum which agrees pretty well with their voices. The person who dances with the calumet gives a signal to one of their warriors, who takes a bow and arrows from the mat, already mentioned, and fights the other, who defends himself with the calionet alone, both of them daneing all the while. This spectacle is very amusing, especially when it is done in time, for the one attacks, and the other defends ; the one thrusts, and the other parries ; the one runs, and the other pursues; which is all done so well, with measured steps, and at the regular sound of voices and drums, that it would easily pass for a French ballet.
The fight being over, the third scene consists of a speech made by him who holds the calumet, relating the battles he has been in, the
* These weapons ure still used in war by the Indians west of the Mississippi.
1
291
MARQUETTE AND JOLIET'S ACCOUNT.
victories he has won, and the scalps he has taken; and to reward him, the chief presents him with a buffalo robe, and, having received it, he then goes and presents the calumet to another, and this one to & third, and so on until they all make speeches, when the head chief presents it to the nation that has been invited to the feast as a mark. of their friendship, and a continuation of their alliance. There is a song they sing, to which they give a certain turn of expression which is extremely agreeable, and which begins thus :--
" Ninahani, Ninahani, Ninahani, Nane ango."
We took leave of our guides about the end of June, and embarked in presence of all the village, who admired our birch canoes, as they had never before seen anything like them. We descended the river, looking for another called Pekitanoni (the Missouri), which runs from the north-west into the Mississippi, of which I will speak more hereafter.
As we followed the banks, I observed on the rocks a medicinal plant which had a remarkable shape. Its root is like small turnips linked together by small fibres which had the taste of carrots. From the root springs a leaf as wide as the hand, about an inch thick, with spots in the middle, from whence shoot other leaves, each of them bearing five or six yellow flowers of a bell shape. We found a quantity of mulberries as large as those of France, and a small fruit which we took at first for olives, but it had the taste of an orange, and another as large as a hen's egg. We broke it in half, and found the inside was divided into two divisions, in each of which were eight or ten seeds shaped like an almond, and very good to eat when ripe; the tree nevertheless gives out a bad odor, and the leaves are shaped like that of the walnut tree .. . We saw also in the prairies a fruit like our filberts.
As we were descending the river we saw high rocks with hideous monsters painted on them, and upon which the bravest Indians dare not look. They are as large as a calf, with head and horns like a goat; their eyes red; beard like a tiger's; and a face like a man's. Their tails are 'so long that they pass over their heads and between their fore legs, under their belly, and ending like a fish's tail. They are painted red, green, and black. They are so well drawn that I cannot believe they were drawn by the Indians. And for what pur- pose they were made seems to me a great mystery. As we fell down the river, and while we were discoursing upon these monsters, we
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292
HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF LOUISIANA.
heard a great rushing and bubbling of waters, and small islands of floating trees coming from the mouth of the Pekitanoni (the Missouri), with such rapidity that we could not trust ourselves to go near it. The water of this river is so muddy that we could not drink it. It so discolors the Mississippi as to make the navigation of it dan- gerous. This river comes from the north-west, and empties into the Mississippi, and ou its banks are situated a number of Indian villages. We judged by the compass, that the Mississippi discharged itself. into the Gulf of Mexico. It would, however, have been more agree- able if it had discharged itself into the South Sea or Gulf of California.
The Indians told us that by ascending the Peketanoni, about six days' journey from its mouth, we would find a beautiful prairie twenty or thirty leagues broad, at the end of which, to the north-west, is a small river, which is not difficult to navigate. This river runs towards the South- west for ten or fifteen leagues, after which it enters a small lake, which is the source of another deep river, running to the West, where it empties into the Fra. I do not doubt that this is the Vermilion sea, and hope I shall have, one time or other, the opportunity of under- taking its discovery, and instructing the poor Indian who has been so long groping his way in heathen darkness. But leaving this digres- sion, and now having escaped the dangers of being swamped by the current and floating timber of this rapid river, I return to the subject of our voyage. After having gone about twenty leagues to the South, and a little less to the South-east, we met another river called Oug- bouskigou (the Ohio), which runs into the Mississippi in the latitude of 36º N. But before we arrived there, we passed through a most for- midable passage to the Indians, who believe that a manitoa or demon resides there, to devour travelers, and which the Indians told us of to make us abandon our voyage.
This demon is only a bluf of rocks, twenty feet high, against which the river runs with great violence, and being thrown back by the rocks and island near it, the water makes a great noise and flows with great rapidity through a narrow channel, which is certainly dangerous to canoes. The Gusto uskigou (the Ohio) comes from the East. The Chounous (the Shormese) live on its banks, and are so numerous that I have been is formed there are thirty-eight villages of that nation situated on this river : they are a very harmless people. The Iroquois are constantly making war upon them, without any provocation, be- cause they have no firearms, and carrying them into captivity. At a little distance above the mouth of this river, our men discovered some
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MARQUETTE AND JOLIET'S ACCOUNT. 293
banks of iron ore, of which they brought several specimens into our canoc. There is also here a kind of fat earth, of three different colors, purple, red, and yellow, which turns the water of the river into a deep- blood color. We also discovered a red sand which is very heavy. I put some of it upon my oar, which dyed it red. We had seen no reeds, or canes, but they now began to make their appearance, and grew so thick that cattle could not make their way through them. They are of an agreeable green color, and grow very high. Their tops are crowned with long and sharp leaves.
Up to the present time we had not seen any mosquitoes, but they now began to be very troublesome. The Indians who live in this part of the country, in order to protect themselves from the mosquitoes, are obliged to build their huts differently from other Indians. They drive into the ground long poles, very near one another, which sup- port a large hurdle, upon which they lie, instead of a floor, and under which they make a fire. The smoke passes through it, and drives. away the mosquitoes. The roof of the hurdle is covered with skins and bark, which protects them from rain, and the insupportable heat of their summers. For the same reason we were also obliged to make an awning over our canoes with our sails. As we were gliding along with the force of the current we perceived Indians on land armed with guns, waiting for us to come ashore. Our men prepared them- selves to fight, and it was resolved to let them fire first. As we came near, I spoke to them in the language of the Hurons, and showed them my calumet of peace; but they would not answer me, which we took for a declaration of war.
We resolved, however, to pass them, and as we came nearer, they desired us, in a friendly manner, to come ashore. We therefore dis- embarked, and went to their village. They entertained us with buffa- lo and bear's meat, and white plums, which were excellent. We ob- served they had guns, knives, axes, shovels, glass beads, and bottles in which they put their powder. They wear their hair long as the Iroquois, and their women are dressed as the Hurons. They told us that they were only within ten days' journey of the sea; that they bought their goods from the Europeans, who live towards the cast, that they had images and chaplets, and played upon musical instru- ments. "That they were clothed as I was, and were very kind to them. However, I did not see anything about them that could persuade me that they had received any instructions about our holy religion. 1. endeavoured to give them a general idea of it, and presented them
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291
HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF LOUISIANA.
with some medals to remind them of it. The account the Indians gave us of the sea was very encouraging, and therefore we applied our oars with great vigor, in hopes of seeing it very soon. The banks of the river began to be covered with high trees, which hindered us from observing the country as we had done all along. The elm, cotton, and cypress trees are beautiful on account of their size and height. We judged, from the bellowing of the buffaloes, that some prairies were near. We saw quails, and shot a parrot which had half of his head red, the neck yellow, and the rest of the body green. We soon de- scended to latitude 33º north, and found ourselves at a village on the river side called Mitchigamea .*
The Indians made a great noise, and appeared in arms, dividing themselves into three parties, one of which stood on the shore, while the others went into their canoes to intercept our retreat, and prevent our escape. They were armed with bows and arrows, clubs, axes, and bucklers, and commenced attacking us. Notwithstanding these pre- parations we invoked our patroness, the Holy Virgin, and rowed directly for the shore. As we came near, two young men threw themselves into the water to board my canoe, which they would have done had not the rapidity of the current prevented them ; so they returned to the shore and threw their clubs at us, which passed over our heads. It was in vain I showed them the caluniet, and made signs to them that we had not come to fight; they continued to sur- round us, and were about to pierce us on all sides with their arrows, when God suddenly touched their hearts, and the old men who stood upon the bank stopped the ardor of their young men, and made signs of peace, and came down to the shore, and throwing their bows and arrows into our canoes, made signs for us to come ashore, which we did, not, however, without some suspicions on our part.
I spoke to them in six different languages, but they did not under- stand any one of them. At last they brought to us an old man who spoke the Illinois, when we told that we wished to go as far as the sea, and then made them some preseuts. They understood what I meant, but I am not sure they understood what I said to them of God, and things concerning their salvation. It was, however, seed thrown on ground which would in the become fruitful. They told us that at the next great village, called Arkansas, eight or ten leagues farther down the river, we could learn all about the sea. They feasted us
* An Indian village on the Mississippi, and supposed to be the site of the present town of Helena
295
MARQUETTE AND JOLIET'S ACCOUNT.
with sagamite and fish, and we passed the night with them, not, however, without some uneasiness. We embarked early next morning with our interpreters and ten Indians, who went before us in a canoe. Having arrived about half a league from Arkansea, we saw two canoes coming towards us. The captain of one was standing up holding the calumet in his hand, with which he made signs, according to the custom of the country. He afterwards joined us, inviting us to smoke, and singing pleasantly. He then gave us some sagamite and Indian bread to cat, and going before made signs for us to follow him, which we did, but at some distance. They had in the meantime pre- pared a kind of scaffold to receive us, adorned with fine mats, upon which we sat down with the old men and warriors. We fortunately found among them a young man who spoke Illinois much better than the interpreter whom we brought with us from Mitchigamea .* We made them some small presents, which they received with great civility, and seemed to admire what I told them about God, the creation of the world, and the mysteries of our holy faith, telling us, by the in- terpreter, that they wished us to remain with them for the purpose of instructing them.
We then asked them what they knew of the sea, and they said we were within ten days' journey of it, but we might perform it in five. That they were unacquainted with the nations below, because their enemies had prevented them from visiting them. That the hatchet, knives and beads had been sold to them by the nations of the East, and were in part brought by the Ulinois, who live four days' jour- ney to the West. That the Indians whom we had met with guns were their enemies, who hindered them from trading with the Euro- peans, and if we persisted in going any farther, we would expose ourselves to other nations who were their enemies. During this con- versation they continued all day to feast us with sagamite, dog meat, and roasted corn out of large wooden dishes. These Indians are very courteous, and give freely of what they have, but their provisions are but indifferent, because they are afraid to go a hunting on account of their enemies. They make three crops of Indian corn a-year. They roast and boil it in Jorge earthen pots very curiously made. They have also large baked carthen plates, which they use for different pur- poses. The men go naked and wear their hair short. They pierce their noses and cars, and wear rings of glass beads in them.
" This name is still applied to a. lake a little to the north of the river St. Francis.
296
HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF LOUISIANA.
The women cover themselves with skins, and divide their hair into two tresses, which they wear behind their back without any ornament. Their feasts are without any ceremony, they serve their meats in large dishes, and every one cats as much as he pleases. Their language is extremely difficult, and although I tried, I never could pronounce a word of it. Their cabins are made with the bark of trees, and are generally very wide and long. They lie at both ends on mats raised on a platform two feet higher than the floor. They keep their corn in panniers made of rushes. They have no beavers, and all their com- modities are buffalo hides. It never snows in this country, and they have no other winter than continued heavy rains, which makes the difference between their summer and winter. They have no other fruit but watermelons, though their soil might produce any other, if they knew how to cultivate it. In the evening the chiefs held a secret council, wherein some proposed to kill us; but the great chief opposed this base design, and sent for us to dance the calumet, which he pre- sented us with to scal our common friendship. M. Joliet and I held a council, to deliberate upon what we should do-whether to proceed further, or return to Canada, content with the discoveries we had made.
Having satisfied ourselves that the Gulf of Mexico was in latitude 31° 40', and that we could reach it in three or four days' journey from the Alanson (Arkansas River), and that the Mississippi discharged itself into it, and not to the eastward of the Cape of Florida, nor into the California Sea, we resolved to return home. We considered that the advantage of our travels would be altogether lost to our nation if we fell into the hands of the Spaniards, from whom we could expect no other treatment than death or slavery; besides, we saw that we were not prepared to resist the Indians, the allies of the Europeans, who continually infested the lower part of this river; we therefore came to the conclusion to return, and make a report to those who had sent us. So that having rested another day, we left the village of the Akansea, on the seventeenth of July, 1673, having followed the Mississippi from the latitle of 42° to 34º, and preached the Gospel to the utmost of my power, to the nations we visited. We then ascended the Mississippi with great difficulty against the current, and left it in the latitude of US north, to enter another river (Illinois), which took us to the lake of the Illinois (Michigan), which is a much shorter way than through the River Mescousin (Wiscousin), by which we entered the Mississippi.
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MARQUETTE AND JOLIET'S ACCOUNT. 297
I never saw a more beautiful country than we found on this river. The prairies are covered with buffaloes, stags, goats, and the rivers and Jakes with swans, ducks, geese, parrots, and beavers. The river upon which we sailed was wide, deep and placid for sixty- five leagues, and navigable most all the year round. There is a portage of only half a league into the lake of the Illinois (Michigan). We found on the banks of this river, a village called Kuilka, consist- ing of seventy-four cabins. They received us very kindly, and we promised to return to instruct them. The chief, with most of the youth of this village, accompanied us to the lake, from whence we returned to the Bay of Puans (Green Bay), about the end of Septem- ber .* If my perilous journey had been attended with no other advan- tage than the salvation of one soul, I would think my perils sufficiently rewarded. I preached the Gospel to the Illinois of Perouacca for three days together. My instructions made such an impression upon this poor people, that as soon as we were about to depart they brought to me a dying child to baptize, which I did, about half an hour before he died, and which, by a special providence, God was pleased to save.
* The following table of distances offer the best means of forming some idea of the whole distance passed over by Marquette and Joliet in this tour.
MILES,
From Green Bay (Puans) up Fox River to the portage, 175
From the portage down the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, 175.
From the mouth of the Wisconsin to the mouth of the Arkansas, 1087
From the Arkansas to the Illinois River, 547
From the month of the Illinois to Chicago, . 305
From Chicago to Green Bay by the lake shore, 260
2549
298
HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF LOUISIANA.
TABLE NO. 1.
OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS OF THE MISSISSIPPI* AND MISSOURI, AS ASCERTAINED BY LONG, NICOLLET AND OTHERS.
Mississippi River at low water.
Places of observation.
From the Gulf of
Mexico.
Altitudes
above the
Gulf of Mexico.t
North lati- tude.
Longitudes in arc.
Miles.
Feet.
0
1
11
O
1
11
New Orleans Cathedral, and level of its front pavement
104
10.5
29
57
23
89
59
4
Red River, north end of the is- land, opposite the mouth
310
76
31
2
25
91
41
15
Natchez, light-house
406
86
31
33
37
91
28
22.5
Yazoo River, the mouth .
534
32
28
0
90
59
30
White River, Montgomery's Landing, one mile above the mouth -
754
202
33
57
20
90
26
45
New Madrid, Missouri .
1,115
36
34
30
89
97
15
Ohio River, north side of the mouth
1,216
324
37
0
25
89
2
30
Cape Girardeau
1,257
-
37
18
39
89
17
0
St. Genevieve, Catholic church, and level of its pavement
1,330
372
37
59
47
90
11
10
St. Louis, garden of the cathe- dral
1,390
382
3S
37
2S
90
15
39
Moingonan River (Des Moines! River), a small island at the! mouth -
1,594
414
40
21
43
91 32
30
Montrose, or old Fort Des
. Moines, the mouth of the creek -
1,609
470
40
30
34
91 31
0
. Flint River, the mouth above Burlington
1,639
486
40
52
56
-
Maskudeng, the middle mouth of the slough
1,678
550
41
14
47
91
21
30
Rock Island, a quarter of a mile
above Davenport's residence -
1,722
528
41. 31
50
-
Head of the Upper Rapids, belos Port Byron and Parkhurst
1,737
554
41
36
S
90
29
0
Prairie du Chien (Kipi-saging;, American Fur Company's house
1,932
642
43
3
6
91
9 19.5
Upper Iowa River, island at the month -
1,97S
-
43
29
26
91
10
0
Sappah River, or Black River, opposite to the old mouth -1 2,035
6S3
13
57
14
91
2.4
0
-
-
38
58
12
-
.
* The Mississippi rises from lakes in a champaign country. The Missouri River rises in a mountainous country, dows with a rapid current, and is very turbid and muddy. Since it has been known to the whites, it has risen three or four times forty feet above the usual high water mark.
t The numbers in this column refer to the surface of the water in the Mis- sissippi at the point imentioned, except when otherwise especially expressed.
.- 4
Summit of bluff on the eastern side of Prairie du Chien
-
1,010
-
-
Illinois River, the mouth -
1,426
-
West of Green- wich.
299
DISTANCES, ELEVATION AND LATITUDE.
Places of observation.
From the Gulf of
Mexico.
Altitudes
above the
Gulf of Mexico.
North lati- tude.
Longitudes in arc.
Top of mountain on right bank, opposite the old mouth
Dividing ridge between Sap- pal River and Prairie à la Crosse River, six miles east of Mississippi 1
-
1,103
-
-
Mountain island, or Montague qui trempe à l'Eau of the French - -
2,042
4.1 1 7
44
12
36
91
51
15
Reminicha (Montagne
la
Grange of the French) upper end of Lake Pepin
2,115
714 1,036
44
33
30
92
31
0
Top of Reminicha
Lahontan River, the mouth- (Cannon River of the Ameri- cans, Canoe River of the French)
2,118
44 34 44 45
0
92
32
0
St. Peters, the month
2,192
7-14
44
52. 46
93
4 54
General Level of the plateau on which Fort Snelling and the Indian agency stand Pilot Knob, the top
Falls of St. Anthony, U. S. cot- tage 1
2,200
S56
44 58
40
93
10
30
Ishkode-wabo River, or Rum River, the mouth -
2,219
-
45
15
0
-
Karishon River (Sioux), or Undeg River (Chippeways), Crow River of the Americans
2,229
-
45
16
0
-
Wabezi, or Swan River, a half mile above the mouth -
2,341
1,098
45
54
30
94 22
0
Kagi-wigwan River, the mouth (Aile de Corbeau River of the French -- Crowing River of the Americans)
2,381
1,130
46
16
50
91
22
45
Kabikons, or Little Falls, the head of the falls -
2,627
1,340
47
14 50
93
26 45
Wanomon River, or Vermilion River, the month -
2,648
-
47
11
4
-
-
47 47
1.4
0
93 93
39
0
93
43
0
2,755
1,402
47
25
23
01
3.1
0
2,500
1,456 1,575
47
13
35
.95
2
=
2,590
the entrance of the Mississippi Itasca Lake, Schoolcraft's island Utmost sources of the Missis- sippi, at the summit of the Hauteurs de Terre, or Divid- ing-ridge, between the Missis- sippi and Red River of the horth .
Miles.
Feet.
0 1 11
0
1
11
-
2,896
1,6SO
-
-
-
850
1,006
-
-
-
-
St. Croix River, the mouth -
2,150
729
30
92
45
0
Eagle Nest Savannah (Marais aux Nids d'Aigle' of thic French)
2,664 2,675
1,35G
18
10
32
30
Leech Lake River, the mouth - Lake Cass, the old trading-house on : tongue of land near the entrance of the Mississippi - Pemidji Lake or Lake Travers,
28
46
9.1
50
30
-
1,214
-
91 30 30
Miniskah River, or White-water River
2,069
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
West of Geeen- wich.
"٥٤١٠٩٨٢٧
SM-
300
HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF LOUISIANA.
TABLE NO. 2. Missouri River at low water.
Places of observation.
From the Gulf of
Mexico.
Altitudes
above the
Gulf of Mexico.
North lati- tude.
Longitudes in arc.
Miles.
Feet.
0 - 11
0
1
11
Mouth of Missouri River, the south bank, eighteen miles above St. Louis
1,408
3SS
38
50
50
90
13
45
Goebel's residence, near New- port, Franklin county, Mis- souri
-
3S
33
5S
91
7
9
Gasconade River, the month
1,513
38
41
40
1
-
38
42
57
91 40
15
Osage River, the mouth
1,543
38
35
0
Nashville, Boone county, left bank
1,579
38. 47
7
92
49
30
Boonville, Cooper county, right bank
1,604
530
38
57
18
92
41
30
Grand River, southwest of the mouth -
1,670
-
39
19
0
-
-
39
9
33
Lower Liberty landing
1,770
39
11
43
94
20
15
Kansas River, the mouth
1,790
39
5
25
Fort Leavenworth, the landing place -
1,820
746
39 39
25
5
Sand-bar, eighteen miles above Fort Leavenworth-above the Old Cut-off
1,83S
39
29 42 23
95 94
1
0
'Black Snake hill, the landing Antelope Island
1,924
40
4
23
95
19
30
Nishinabatona River, opposite the mouth
1,945
40
16 50
95
25
0
Bald Island, lower end, and western side -
1,977
-
40
34
0
93
34
30
Five-Barrel Islands
2,008
972
40
49
95
42
0
Jill on the right bank at Five. Barrel Islands -
1,152
Platte River, north side of the mouth -
2,026
Engineer Cantonment
-
-
41 41
3 25
95
43
52.5
Island three miles below Council Bluff's by water
2,081
1,023
41
28
20
95
45
30
Inyan-yanke River (latte Sons River), three miles below the mouth:
2,159
-
11
47
0
54 0
Wood's Hills, old trading-bou e
2,197
-
42
0
49
95 96
-1
0
Floyd's Grave, top of the nver! bank -
2,203
1,253
-
-
... ... 4
Huppan-kutey Prairie, Jeff bank, one mile above American Fur Company's trading- house
2,328
1,217
42
41 25
96
41 51
Hills on the night bank, two miles below the preceding elation .
-
1,540
-
-
1
-
-
-
Cow Island
1,829
-
-
- 797
39
44
-
-
-
-
-
-
24
-
Old Fort Osage, right bank
1,748
-
-
-
22
10
94 44
0
1,576
47 30
Portland, Callaway county, Mis- souri, left bank of Missouri River
1,523
-
West of Green- wich.
301
DISTANCES, ELEVATION AND LATITUDE.
Places of observation.
From the Gulf of
Mexico.
Altitudes
above the
Gulf of Mexico.
North lati- tude.
Longitudes iu arc.
Ponkah River, one mile below the mouth, left bank of Mis- souri River -
2,426
-
42
50
0
-
Nawizi River, near the mouth
2,431
42
51
40
-
Wicha-pahah, or Scalp Mountain Creek, two miles above the mouth - -
2,476
-
43
8 33
98 37
0
Rantesha-wita, or Red Cedar Is- land, lower end, opposite Bad Creek -
2,490
1,296
43
14 24
98
47 45
Hills on the right bank of Red Cedar Island-
First range - Second range Third range -
-
1,522
1,876
Sailor Island, one mile below
2,526
1,314
43
38
4
99
S
0
Hills on the left bank, between Sailor Island and White River, viz :
Top of the Black Zone (pseudo volcano) - Top of the upland, or Biyou's Hills -
1,532
-
-
Mankizita, or White River, the mouth -
2,537
43
41
0
99
12
0
Lower Island, or beginning of the Great Bend
2,582
-
44
9
0
99
20
0
Dry Wood River, one mile below the entrance -
2,616
-
44
7 31
99
31
30
Fort Pierre Chouteau. on the right bank - -
2,661 -
1,456
44
23
28
100
12
30
Highest point, north-east, two miles from Fort Pierre, on the opposite bank -
-
1,960
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,738
-
-
-
-
0 1 11
0
1
11
Miles.
Feet.
West of Green- wich.
-
2,033
=976.31
0
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