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PREPARED AT CLARK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY BY G.H. BURNHAM
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COMMONWEALTH HISTORY 1 of
MASSACHUSETTS
COLONY, PROVINCE AND STATE
EDITED BY
ALBERT BUSHNELL HART
WITH THE COOPERATION OF AN ADVISORY BOARD . OF FORTY-TWO LEARNED BODIES
IN FIVE VOLUMES
NEW YORK THE STATES HISTORY COMPANY (1927-1928)
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019
https://archive.org/details/commonwealthhist01hart
COMMONWEALTH HISTORY of
MASSACHUSETTS
EDITED BY ALBERT BUSHNELL HART
A. B., LITT. D., LL. D., PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF GOVERNMENT, HARVARD UNIVERSITY ; MEMBER OF MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY; HISTORIAN OF THE UNITED STATES GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENARY COMMISSION ; DESCENDANT OF STEPHEN HART, FREEMAN OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY IN 1632
VOLUME FIRST
COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY [1605-1689]
THE STATES HISTORY COMPANY 156 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK 1927
COPYRIGHT, 1927, BY THE STATES HISTORY COMPANY
Printed in the United States of America
447379
LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS
REPRESENTED ON THE ADVISORY BOARD
1. AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, Albert Bushnell Hart.
2. AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, Waldo Lincoln and Clarence S. Brigham.
3. AMHERST COLLEGE,
George A. Plimpton, Trustee.
4. BOSTON COLLEGE, Rev. Martin P. Harney.
5. BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY,
Charles F. D. Belden, Director.
6. BOSTON UNIVERSITY, Professor Frederick A. Cleveland.
Professor George H. Blakeslee.
7. CLARK UNIVERSITY, Acteur 2,00 8. COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS, Rev. John F. X. Murphy.
9. COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS, Professor Samuel E. Morison.
10. CONCORD ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, Allen French.
11. CONNECTICUT VALLEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Henry A. Booth.
12. DANVERS HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
Charles H. Preston.
13. DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, Mrs. James C. Peabody.
14. FRAMINGHAM HISTORICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, John W. Merriam.
15. HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY, W. C. Lane, Librarian.
16. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Professor Arthur N. Holcombe.
17. LEXINGTON HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Dr. Fred S. Piper.
18. MAINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Dr. Alfred Johnson.
19. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Edward M. Lewis, President.
V
DEC 2 6 1940
vi
LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS
20. MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Lawrence Shaw Mayo.
21. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Professor Davis R. Dewey.
22. MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOCIETY, Dr. Walter L. Burrage.
23. MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY OF SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVO- LUTION, Frederick G. Bauer.
24. MASSACHUSETTS STATE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, Samuel H. Thompson, President.
25. MASSACHUSETTS STATE LIBRARY, E. H. Redstone, Librarian.
26. MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION, George O. S. Perkins.
27. MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE, Mary E. Wooley, President.
28. NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY, Henry Edwards Scott.
29. OLD SOUTH ASSOCIATION, G. I. Wolkins.
30. RADCLIFFE COLLEGE, Dean Bernice V. Brown.
31. SIMMONS COLLEGE, Professor Harry M. Varrell.
32. SMITH COLLEGE, Professor Harold U. Faulkner.
33. SOCIETY OF COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA, Mrs. Ernest W. Bowditch.
34. SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS, Walter K. Watkins.
35. SOCIETY OF MAYFLOWER DESCENDANTS, W. B. H. Dowse.
36. SOCIETY OF THE WAR OF 1812, H. F. Wallace.
37. SONS OF THE REVOLUTION, Wellington Wells.
38. TUFTS COLLEGE, Professor Halford L. Hoskins.
39. WELLESLEY COLLEGE, Ellen F. Pendleton, President.
40. WILLIAMS COLLEGE, Professor Arthur H. Buffinton.
41. WORCESTER FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY, Robert K. Shaw, Librarian.
42. WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Professor George H. Haynes.
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION
To produce a history of Massachusetts is a great responsi- bility. No state in the Union has had a richer and more varied experience ; none but Virginia has enjoyed so long a history; none certainly has been the subject of such varied and detailed accounts of particular areas and of selected periods. The titles of the published books relating to Massachusetts and its subdivisions-counties, cities and towns-in general and local histories, in biographies, topographical works, accounts of special epochs or activities, etc .- taken together they count up to thousands.
As for historical writers, has not Massachusetts been for years the most fruitful garden of American historiography? The hundred writers of the Commonwealth History have par- taken of the historical training which began with Bradford's Plimouth, Winthrop's New England, Hutchinson's Massachu- setts, Cotton Mather's Magnalia, Bancroft's United States, Parkman's works on French relations, Motley's Dutch Repub- lic, Prescott's Ferdinand and Isabella, Barry's Massachusetts, James Truslow Adams's Founding of New England, Palfrey's New England, Prince's Chronology, Neal's New England, Sparks's biographical series, Felt's Ecclesiastical History, Lodge's Colonies and Washington, Channing's History of the United States, and many others.
In truth, Massachusetts is at the same time affluent and indigent in historical literature. Of the great names mentioned above, some have chosen fields entirely outside of America; most of them have dealt with American history in the large; and the few who have undertaken to write the history of Massachusetts specifically, have paused in their task at a date a hundred years before their pens took to paper. A great part of the remaining historical fervor has gone into local histories and into biography. So with the large number of active historical societies in Massachusetts, several of which
vii
viii
HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS
are noted throughout the world; they deal with the source materials or with limited periods and phases of Massachusetts history. When collections are examined and catalogues are scanned, the fact is realized that there is not now and never has been a work on Massachusetts history embracing the whole field of the experience of the state, either chronologically or topically.
This does not diminish the service of the four principal works on Massachusetts history. Governor Thomas Hutchin- son was the first writer on American history in any field whose work may be called genuinely scientific, that is, based on re- search, on documents, and on a comparison of materials. John G. Palfrey's New England is to a large degree an account of Massachusetts people and Massachusetts issues, but he stops at the year 1775. Barry laboriously carried his work through the Revolution with considerable critical spirit, but he then ceased action. Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America is particularly rich on Massachusetts events and biblio- graphy, but is not a consecutive history.
Aside from those four writers no history of Massachusetts has ever been written which is long enough and accurate enough and readable enough to be of service to the present generation. None even of these works, on a scale deserving the name of History of Massachusetts, has dealt in detail with the Commonwealth since the end of the Revolution, near a century and a half ago.
Existing Massachusetts history is also defective because the growth of material and of historical training has of late years called for rewriting. A modern school of history has arisen which rightfully looks upon the Americans, early, revolution- ary and later, as men of much the same character, confronting much the same problems as ourselves. Notwithstanding the vast changes brought about by occupation of the frontier, im- provement in transportation, and the use of machinery, the political problems of the twentieth century are not so different from those of the seventeenth. Immigration, conservation, combination among controllers of natural resources, distri- bution of land, employment of unearned increment, control of labor and of wages, the suffrage, the place of the educated
ix
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION
and the rich in political life,-all those problems arose in Mass- achusetts before 1689 and in every period since.
Hence the experience of three hundred years can be used to make clear the controversies completed three hundred years ago. We have ceased to look upon the earliest colonists as wholly virtuous and disinterested and wise. For instance, we are aware that our forbears in Massachusetts and elsewhere were not at first united in their opposition to Great Britain; and that the Revolution was not free from tumults and irregu- larities such as have troubled other times and countries in revolution. Hence there is room for a new history of Massa- chusetts built upon the materials and following out the gen- eral historical progress of earlier writers; but consciously de- parting from most of the previous histories of Massachusetts in the following respects.
This is a cooperative history. The subject is too vast and various for a single historian in one lifetime-and that is why no historian of the Commonwealth except Hutchinson has ever brought his narrative down to his own times. To be com- pleted in any reasonable time, the work must be subdivided among many minds. The editor feels just pride and satisfac- tion in the cooperation of twenty writers in Volume First, who all unite in the spirit of cooperation which makes a composite history possible.
The process of bringing together into a sustained narrative so many different contributors has been difficult. Throughout the work the editor has been under deep indebtedness first of all to the members of the Advisory Board whose suggestions as to the organization and point of view of the Commonwealth History have been so valuable. Along with them have stood the writers who have always been ready to make and to ac- cept suggestions in their fields.
On the general task of editing the work the editor desires to record his obligation to the publishers and particularly to Mr. Gurth Williams who has been most closely in touch with the enterprise, for his cordial willingness to do all that a pub- lisher can do to make the book attractive and, if possible, a standard.
The twenty-one chapters in the first volume could not have been put through the press but for the literary interest and the
x
HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS
experience in cooperative publications of Mr. John Gould Cur- tis, who has acted as the right hand man and coadjutor of the editor, and has borne special responsibility for the maps and illustrations.
This is a complete history in the sense of including the whole chronological reach of Massachusetts. It begins where the Commonwealth began, in the England of the Elizabethan and Stuart period, and especially in Puritan England. It extends to events and personalities of the year 1928-almost reaching the tercentenary year of 1930.
This is a comprehensive history, which recognizes from the start the political, constitutional and religious history of Massa- chusetts in its first century was far from being the whole story. The Table of Contents reveals the editor's purpose to deal with "all sorts and conditions of men"; and the great variety of topics brings in not only narrative but criticism and comment on social, economic and religious life, as well as political mat- ters. Throughout the work the physical geographic basis is emphasized : thus placing in relief the unity of Massachusetts as chartered, as first settled, as expanded, as reduced to the present boundary. Social life is described and connected with political events in many chapters, covering the origins of the settlers, women's life and work, education and literature. Eco- nomic and commercial chapters discuss the Puritan's skill and success in business. The constitutional development of a self- governing commonwealth goes alongside the narrative. The relations with other colonies and with other cities is also dis- entangled. So in each of the later four volumes, alongside the frame and exercise of the colonial or state government ap- pear discussions of Massachusetts political philosophy, of public opinion, of town life, of business, of military affairs, of education, art, journalism; of the notable epochs in Massa- chusetts history. In the Revolution, in the nineteenth cen- tury, in the twentieth century-the intent is to tell the whole story, including all social classes and describing all types of enterprise that have aroused men's minds.
This is a history about the people who made history. Hence, besides the study of groups and classes, in each volume one man has been carefully selected who may be considered the most representative of his community in his time. Thus, John
xi
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION
Winthrop, Cotton Mather, John Adams, Daniel Webster and Charles William Eliot, stand out each as spokesman for his fellow Massachusetts men and women in his own period.
This is a people's history of Massachusetts and hence it has been made available for people interested in this state, whether accustomed or unaccustomed to read history. After each chap- ter is printed a brief list of books useful on that subject, with a few words of comment. At the end of the whole work, will appear a chronology of Massachusetts and a select biblio- graphy. The reader is thus enabled, if he so desires, to con- firm or to refute the writer of each chapter.
This is an educative history which keeps in mind the in- tellectual interests and advancement of young and old, of the average man and woman, of those eminent in the community, and also of the students and writers of Massachusetts history. The long and honorable experience of the colony and state in self-government necessitates chapters dealing with the philoso- phy of popular government, and with the laws made from period to period to frame and carry on legislatures and execu- tive departments and courts and town meetings. These chap- ters are, however, written in plain common terms, avoiding abstractions and technicalities.
This is a diversified history. The subdivision into one hun- dred and eight chapters for the complete work is intended to meet the needs of the average reader from the high school age onward. Most of the chapters are interesting in them- selves, to any citizen and lover of Massachusetts. The sub- division into sections is an aid to the understanding of the course of description and argument. Many of those subtopics will make excellent subjects for elementary research work in high schools and more elaborate treatment by college students. For that purpose the chapter bibliographies will be found very helpful, since the titles are intended to be the best and most useful on their particular subjects. The extended bibliography at the end of the fifth volume will be helpful to all the libraries in the state as a check list of the most important publications on Massachusetts history.
This is a truthful history, which believes in Massachusetts and aims to develop its early struggles and successes, yet con- ceals no significant movement or epoch in which Massachusetts
x11
HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS
has been interested. For Massachusetts is a great community with a notable history, the mother of other states, a common- wealth which has welcomed many race elements, and is re- nowned throughout the Union for preserving its individuality. The more vivid the searchlight of historical truth, the clearer is it revealed that this Commonwealth, though sometimes harsh, sometimes slow, and perhaps sometimes unjust, has al- ways looked up to the star of democracy, the star of justice, the star of education, the star of public service and the star of truth.
THE WIDENER LIBRARY,
CAMBRIDGE,
June the tenth, 1927.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
WESTERN WORLD MOVEMENT (1500-1600)
By Wilbur Cortez Abbott
1
PRE-COLONIAL ENGLAND
1
ENGLAND IN THE COLONIAL FIELD (1578-1598) 2
THE COMPANY ERA (1599-1608)
4
ENGLISH COLONIAL BEGINNINGS (1606-1619)
5
ENGLISH RELIGIOUS CONTROVERSIES (1540-1557)
6
THE CHURCH AND ELIZABETH (1557-1602)
7
KING JAMES AND THE PURITANS (1602-1625)
9
INFLUENCE OF SANDYS (1602-1619)
11
THE PILGRIMS IN HOLLAND (1607-1616)
12
PLANS OF PURITAN EMIGRATION (1617-1620)
13
THE PILGRIM SETTLEMENT (1620)
(1008-1627)
16
COUNCIL FOR NEW ENGLAND (1620-1628)
18
THE MASSACHUSETTS CHARACTER (1620)
19
EDUCATION
21
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
23
CHAPTER II
THE GEOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND (1630-1689),
By John Gould Curtis
25
GEOGRAPHY DEFINED
25
GEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
26
COASTLINE
27
EROSION HISTORY
27
GLACIATION
28
LANDSCAPE
31
CLIMATE
31
HANDICAPPED AGRICULTURE
33
THE COMMERCIAL TREND
35
FISHING AND WHALING
37
SHIPBUILDING
39
IRON
40
FOREST PRODUCTS
42
MINERAL RESOURCES
43
TRADE
45
SUMMARY
46
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
48
Xiii
29
ALLUREMENTS TO COLONISTS
34
CORDAGE AND SAILCLOTH
41
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
15
OTHER SETTLEMENTS PRECEDING MASSACHUSETTS
xiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER III
SOCIAL AND GEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS OF THE FOUND- ERS OF MASSACHUSETTS,
By G. Andrews Moriarty .
49
ENGLISH SOCIAL CLASSES (1620-1650) 49
ARISTOCRACY AND DEMOCRACY (1500-1630)
51
SOCIAL CLASSES AMONG EMIGRANTS (1620-1650)
52
GENERAL CHARACTER OF EMIGRATION (1620-1650)
54
PARENT TOWNS AND SECTIONS (1620-1650)
56
SOURCES OF COLONIAL TOWNS (1628-1650)
57
PLYMOUTH TOWNS (1620-1650)
60
SLACKENING OF EMIGRATION (1642-1689)
61
OTHER RACE ELEMENTS (1650-1689)
62
NUMBERS OF EMIGRANTS (1628-1642)
63
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
64
CHAPTER IV
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION (1617-1660)
By Theodore E. Busfield
66
PRELIMINARIES (1617-1620)
66
THE AGREEMENT (1620) 67
THE VOYAGE AND THE COMPACT
(1620) 68
69
FOUNDATIONS (1620-1621)
70
THE INDIANS (1621-1623)
73
THE TURN OF THE TIDE (1625-1630)
76
THE PILGRIM CHURCH (1620)
79
THE PLYMOUTH GOVERNMENT (1620-1640) 82
NEIGHBORS OF PLYMOUTH (1620-1643) 84
ECONOMICS AND LIFE 87
THE GREAT ACHIEVEMENT
89
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
91
CHAPTER V
THE MASSACHUSETTS CHARTER AND THE BAY COL- ONY (1628-1660),
By John Dickinson
93
ORIGINS
93
THE ENGLISH TRADING COMPANIES (1553-1648)
94
MASSACHUSETTS CHARTER IN ENGLAND (1629)
96
THE DORCHESTER ADVENTURE (1623-1627)
97
THE MASSACHUSSETS COMPANY (1628-1629)
98
THE CHARTER IN MASSACHUSSETS (1629-1630)
100
ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT (1630)
102
EARLY LEGISLATION (1630)
103
CONTROVERSY OVER SUFFRAGE (1631-1660)
104
CONTROVERSY OVER DEPUTIES (1630-1634)
106
REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT (1634-1660) 108
THE NEGATIVE VOICE (1630-1660) 110
THE ARISTOCRATIC CONSTITUTION (1634-1660) 112
POWER OF THE CLERGY (1630-1660) 114
THE COLONIAL JUDICIARY (1630-1664)
114
THE LANDING (Dec. 21, 1620)
TROUBLESOME FELLOW COUNTRYMEN (1622-1624) 75
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
BODY OF LIBERTIES (1632-1641)
GENERAL LAWS OF 1649
116
MAGISTERIAL POWER (1644)
118
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
120
TOWN SUFFRAGE (1630-1647)
121
RULE BY CHURCH MEMBERS (1630-1648)
122
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
124
CHAPTER VI
THE WILDERNESS AND THE INDIAN,
By Charles C. Willoughby
127
FIRST ACQUAINTANCE (1605-1635)
127
INDIAN TRIBES (1620-1675)
130
INDIAN SOCIETY (1620-1675)
131
TRIBES AND CHIEFS (1620-1675)
132
VILLAGES (1630)
134
FORTS (1620-1675)
134
HABITATIONS (1620-1675)
136
INTERIORS (1620-1675) .
138
INDIAN PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
(1524-1630)
140
INDIAN APPAREL (1630-1675)
142
IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS
(1620-1675)
144
BEADS AND WAMPUM (1620-1675)
145
GARDENS AND FIELDS (1620-1675)
146
AGRICULTURE (1620-1675)
147
FOOD IN GENERAL (1620-1675)
149
HUNTING, TRAPPING AND FISHING
151
WEAPONS (1620-1675)
152
CANOES (1620-1675)
153
UTENSILS (1620-1675)
154
GAMES (1620-1675)
157
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
158
CHAPTER VII
JOHN WINTHROP, COMMONWEALTH BUILDER (1588- 1649),
By Albert Bushnell Hart
159
THE WINTHROP HERITAGE 159
THE ENGLISHMAN (1600-1628)
160
THE PURITAN 162
WINTHROP'S JOURNAL (1630-1649) .
164
PRIVATE LIFE IN MASSACHUSSETS (1630-1649) 165
THE CHARTER (1628-1684)
168
THE FREEMAN QUESTION (1630-1649)
168
THE SUFFRAGE (1631-1649) (1630-1636)
170
MAGISTRACY AND GOVERNOR
171
THE GENERAL COURT .
173
SUFFRAGE QUESTION REVIEWED (1645)
175
TOLERATION AND INTOLERANCE (1631-1640)
178
GOVERNMENT BY ECCLESIASTICS (1630-1649)
180
SOCIAL CONTROL BY THE COLONY (1630-1649)
183
DEMOCRACY AND LIBERTY
184
SERVICE OF JOHN WINTHROP (1630-1649)
187
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
189
POLITICAL CONTROVERSIES (1630-1649) 173
THE ANTINOMIANS (1633-1637) ·
176
(1620-1675)
119
xvi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER VIII
SISTER NEW ENGLAND SETTLEMENTS (1620-1660),
By Abner L. Braley
POLITICAL DIVISIONS TO 1689 191
THE GORGES GRANT (1620-1625) 193
LEVETT'S GRANT IN MAINE (1632-1639) 195
196
GORGES IN MAINE (1635-1649)
197
MAINE IN RELATION TO MASSACHUSSETS (1652-1659) 200
MASSACHUSSETS IN CONTROL IN MAINE (1653-1658)
201
FOUNDATIONS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE (1621-1640)
202
THE MASON COLONY (1631-1640)
203
ANNEXATION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE TO MASSACHUSETTS 1644)
205
ROGER WILLIAMS IN THE NARRAGANSETT COUNTRY (1631-1644)
207
GORTON EPISODE (1640-1652) .
.
209
CHARTER DIFFICULTIES OF RHODE ISLAND
211
THE HEGIRA TO CONNECTICUT (1632-1639)
214
EARLIEST CONNECTICUT (1631-1636)
216
CONNECTICUT IN RELATION TO MASSACHUSETTS
218
NEW HAVEN COLONY (1637-1664)
221
COLONIAL BOUNDARIES IN 1660
222
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
223
CHAPTER IX
NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION,
By Constance Mclaughlin Green
226
PRELIMINARIES (1637-1642)
226
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (1643) 228
MACHINERY OF THE CONFEDERATION
230
RELATIONS WITH THE INDIANS (1643-1653)
231
EXTERNAL RELATIONS ·
233
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS BETTERMENT
236
ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
IMPOST CONTROVERSY (1646-1650)
INTERPRETATION OF THE ARTICLES (1645-1658)
240
CONCLUSION OF DUTCH AFFAIRS (1653-1664)
245
INDIAN WARS (1654-1658)
246
CIVILIZING THE INDIANS (1643-1664)
246
QUAKER CONTROVERSY (1660-1667)
249
BOUNDARY QUESTIONS (1657-1667)
250
THE REVISED CONSTITUTION (1665-1672)
251
REVIVAL OF ACTIVITY (1673-1691)
252
END OF CONFEDERATION
255
THE SERVICES OF THE CONFEDERATION
(1643-1686)
255
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
258
CHAPTER X
SOCIAL LIFE (1630-1689), By James Ford 260
POPULATION 260
237
238
NULLIFICATION CONTROVERSY (1653-1654)
241
(1636-
191
LACONIA, LYGONIA AND OTHER GRANTS (1629-1636)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xvii
STANDARDS OF LIVING
262
ECONOMIC BASIS OF SOCIAL LIFE
264
LABOR PROBLEMS
266
SLAVERY
268
WAGES
270
LUXURY AND FASHION
271
RELIGION AND CULTURE
273
STRONG DRINK
274
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
275
MARRIAGE
278
MARRIAGE LAWS
278
PROTECTION OF WOMEN
280
MORALS
281
CHILD LIFE
281
EDUCATION
284
THE POOR
285
SETTLEMENT RIGHTS
286
OUTSTANDING VALUES
288
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
290
CHAPTER XI
WOMEN OF MASSACHUSETTS (1620-1689),
By Harriet Sylvester Tapley
293
HOUSING
293
DRESS
294
FAMILY LIFE
296
FAMILY TROUBLES
298
FAMILY AFFECTION
300
COURTSHIP AND WEDDED LIFE
301
MARRIAGE
303
CHILDREN AND CHILD LIFE
304
SCHOOLS
305
CHILD RELIGION
307
STATUS OF WOMEN IN THE
CHURCH
309
ANNE HUTCHINSON
311
PUNISHMENT OF INDEPENDENT WOMEN
312
WOMEN IN CHURCH
313
QUAKER WOMEN
313
THE SCARLET LETTER
315
EDUCATED WOMEN
316
WOMEN WORKERS
317
LITERARY WOMEN
319
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
323
CHAPTER XII
HARVARD COLLEGE (1636-1660),
325
By Arthur O. Norton
ENGLISH ORIGINS OF NEW ENGLAND SCHOOLS 325
JOHN HARVARD'S PARENTS
327
JOHN HARVARD'S SCHOOL LIFE
328
INFLUENCE OF THE BIBLE 329
330
CAMBRIDGE : COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITY
JOHN HARVARD ENTERS EMMANUEL COLLEGE (1627)
333
307
CHILD OFFENSES
310
DEBORAH MOODY
xviii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACADEMIC EXERCISES AT EMMANUEL
334
RECREATION AT EMMANUEL
336
DEGREE REQUIREMENTS AT EMMANUEL
337
EDUCATIONAL BEGINNINGS IN NEW ENGLAND
(1635)
339
PURPOSES OF EDUCATION
340
FIRST SCHOOLS (1635-1650)
340
BEGINNING OF HARVARD COLLEGE (1629-1636)
342
NEWETOWNE (CAMBRIDGE) IN 1636
345
THE FIRST HARVARD HALL 349
349
NEW ENGLAND'S FIRST FRUITS (1642)
351
REQUIREMENTS FOR DEGREES .
355
SUMMARY OF EARLY HISTORY
357
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
358
CHAPTER XIII
MASSACHUSETTS IN LITERATURE : THE 17TH CEN-
TURY,
By F. J. Stimson
360
LITERATURE OF SOUL-SAVING
360
TRAVEL
361
JOHN SMITH
362
WILLIAM BRADFORD
365
DESCRIPTIVE WORKS
366
NATHANIEL WARD
367
THEOLOGICAL AND SERMONS
369
VERSE
370
DIARIES
370
NARRATIVE AND HISTORICAL
370
CENSORSHIP
372
HISTORY
372
SCIENCE
374
THE MATHERS
374
MILITARY HISTORY
376
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS
378
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
379
CHAPTER XIV
QUESTIONS OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM (1630-1689),
By Edward Caldwell Moore
382
TOLERATION
BASIS OF PURITAN RELIGIOUS CONTROL
383
POWER OF THE SCRIPTURES
384
AUTHORITY FOR THE COLONIES
385
LEADERS IN THE COMMUNITY
387
THE CHARTER AND THE FREEMEN
388
FAITH OF THE LATER COLONISTS
390
RELIGIOUS LIBERTY OF THE TIME
391
FAITH OF ROGER WILLIAMS (1632-1635)
392
FAITH OF ANNE HUTCHINSON (1634-1643)
395
HENRY DUNSTER ON BAPTISM (1640-1654)
397
THE BAPTISTS (1654-1680)
399
THE QUAKER DOCTRINE (1648-1689)
400
EDUCATED EMIGRANTS (1630-1650)
337
JOHN HARVARD IN MASSACHUSETTS (1637-1638)
346
DUNSTER AND CHAUNCY (1640-1672)
382
TABLE OF CONTENTS xix
QUAKERS IN MASSACHUSETTS (1656-1681)
402
EPISCOPALIAN WORSHIP ESTABLISHED (1686-1693) 404
THE ISSUE OF TOLERATION SUMMARIZED
405
OTHER BELIEFS
406
THE OUTCOME
407
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
409
CHAPTER XV
ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION (1620-1689),
By Davis Rich Dewey
410
FINANCIAL BASIS OF PLYMOUTH (1620-1630) 410
FINANCIAL BASIS OF MASSACHUSSETS (1628-1630) 412
DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION (1620-1689)
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