USA > Massachusetts > Commonwealth history of Massachusetts, colony, province and state, volume 1 > Part 2
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414
ALLOTMENT OF LAND (1620-1680)
417
INDIVIDUAL HOLDINGS
419
COMMONS
420
LAND FROM INDIANS
421
AGRICULTURE
421
STOCK
422
OCCUPATIONS
424
HIGHER CLASSES
425
REGULATION OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY
426
PRICES AND MONOPOLIES
428
SUPERVISION OF PRIVATE EXPENDITURES 429
RESPECT FOR PROPERTY RIGHTS 430
WAGES
430
ROADS AND TRAVEL
431
CIRCULATING MEDIUM
433
PUBLIC REVENUE
435
IMPORT DUTIES
437
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
438
WEALTH AND PROSPERITY
439
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
441
CHAPTER XVI
TRADE AND SHIPPING (1630-1689),
By Halford Lancaster Hoskins 442
THE COMMERCIAL URGE IN MASSACHUSETTS (1630-1689) 442
THE BEGINNINGS OF TRADE (1630-1650) 444
THE RISE OF A MERCHANT MARINE (1630-1675) 446
EARLY GROWTH AND REGULATION OF COMMERCE (1630-1670)
448
THE ENGLISH NAVIGATION SYSTEM (1660-1675) 451
ATTEMPTS TO ENFORCE THE ACTS OF TRADE 454
CHARACTER OF THE ILLEGAL TRADE 457
TRADE EXPANSION AFTER 1675 460
THE PORTS AND PROSPERITY OF THE COLONY 463
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 467
CHAPTER XVII
CONTROVERSIES WITH ENGLAND (1640-1664), By J. Hunter Sedgwick 469
FORERUNNERS OF THE CONFLICT (1640-1660) 469
THE EPISCOPALIANS (1629-1684)
403
XX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTERCOLONIAL RELATIONS (1643-1660) 471
PROTECTORATE AND RESTORATION (1650-1661)
472
COMMERCIAL POLICY (1650-1660) 474
NAVIGATION ACTS (1650-1663)
475
MASSACHUSETTS THEORY OF GOVERNMENT (1660-1670) 477
THEOCRACY AND POWER (1630-1660) 479
STATUS OF NON-MEMBERS (1650-1664) 480
TREATMENT OF HERETICS (1650-1664)
481
THE QUAKER EPISODE (1656-1665)
482
THE ROYAL COMMISSION OF 1664 484
QUESTION OF JUDICIAL APPEAL (1660-1664) 486
EFFECTS OF THE INVESTIGATION
488
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
490
CHAPTER XVIII
EXTERNAL RELATIONS (1640-1689),
492
EARLY ISOLATION OF MASSACHUSETTS (1630-1650) 492
AIMS OF THE COLONISTS (1630-1689) 494
COMMERCIAL INTERESTS (1630-1689) 495
TERRITORIAL INTERESTS (1630-1689) 496
THE DECADE OF INACTION (1630-1640)
497
THE NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION IN EXTERNAL RELATIONS (1643-1650) ·
. 498
FRIENDLY RELATIONS WITH THE DUTCH (1635-1664)
498
HOSTILE RELATIONS WITH THE DUTCH (1652-1664) 500
CONQUEST OF NEW NETHERLANDS (1664) .
·
·
501
EARLY FRENCH RELATIONS-LA TOUR AND D'AULNAY (1632- 1643) . ·
502
NEGOTIATIONS WITH NEW FRANCE (1647-1651) .
505
RELATIONS WITH ACADIA DURING THE PERIOD OF
ENGLISH
507
RULE (1654-1670)
MASSACHUSETTS AND THE ANGLO-FRENCH WAR (1666-1667)
509
CONTINUED EXPANSION OF MASSACHUSSETS (1667-1675)
510
EFFECT OF KING PHILIP'S WAR ON EXTERNAL RELATIONS (1675-1684)
512
RELATIONS WITH ACADIA (1676-1681) ·
514
REVIVAL OF ACADIAN TROUBLES (1682-1686) 515
FRENCH RELATIONS IN ANDROS PERIOD (1684-1689) 516
RELATIONS WITH NEW YORK AND THE IROQUOIS (1680-1689) 517
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
520
CHAPTER XIX
EXPANSION AND KING PHILIP'S WAR (1630-1689),
By John Gould Curtis . 522
INTERIOR DEVELOPMENT 522
EARLIEST MOTHER TOWNS (1620-1628) 523
THE GREAT EMIGRATION (1630-1633)
524
OTHER DIRECT SETTLEMENTS (1634-1644)
525
GROWTH OF OFFSHOOTS (1620-1675)
527
STATE OF THE FRONTIER IN 1675
532
EARLY ENCOUNTERS WITH THE INDIANS (1614-1635) 533
THE PEQUOD WAR (1636-1637) 534
THE APOSTLE JOHN ELIOT (1646-1675) 535
PRAYING INDIANS (1670-1674) 538
By Arthur H. Buffinton
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xxi
MUTUAL FAILURE OF FAITH (1665-1674)
540
KING PHILIP'S POLICY (1675)
542
FRONTIER OUTRAGES AND RESISTANCE (1675-1676) . 546
ENGLISH DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS (1676)
550
DEATH OF KING PHILIP (1676) 551
COST OF THE WAR
552
END OF THE WAR (1678)
553
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
555
CHAPTER XX
GOVERNMENTAL CRISIS (1664-1686),
By Sherwin Lawrence Cook .
. 557
THE ATTITUDE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN 1665 557
CONTINUANCE OF THEOCRACY (1665-1670) 559
THE RANDOLPH EPISODE (1675-1677) 561
PREPARATION TO WITHDRAW THE CHARTER (1671-1680)
563
THE QUO WARRANTO (1683-1688) 565
THE COLONIST POINT OF VIEW (1685) 566
PLAN OF CONSOLIDATION (1684-1686)
568
THEOCRACY AND BUSINESS (1684)
569
THE MODERATES (1684)
571
PRESIDENT DUDLEY (1685-1686)
572
THE COUNCIL (1685-1886)
573
REORGANIZATION (1684-1686) 575
ACTIVITIES OF THE TEMPORARY GOVERNMENT (1686) 575
BUSINESS MEN (1686-1688) 576
THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH (1686-1689)
577
KIRKE'S APPOINTMENT AS GOVERNOR
(1686) 579
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
581
CHAPTER XXI
THE REVOLUTION OF 1689 (1686-1689),
By Viola F. Barnes
EDMUND ANDROS (1687) 582
INAUGURATION OF THE DOMINION (1687) 583
ADJUSTMENT OF MAINE (1687)
584
THE GOVERNMENTAL CRISIS (1688)
585
THE LAND QUESTION (1687-1789)
586
QUIT RENTS (1687-1689)
587
PROTEST AGAINST QUIT RENTS (1687-1689)
589
FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE (1687-1689)
590
THE TAX CONTROVERSY (1688)
592
THE ESSEX RESULT (1688)
593
THE LEGAL SYSTEM (1687-1689) 594
595
DEFENSE CONTROVERSY (1687-1688)
596
UNPOPULARITY OF THE ADMINISTRATION (1688-1689) 597
599
REVOLUTION OF 1689 600
ANDROS AND HIS FRIENDS (1689-1690)
602
OUTCOME OF THE CONTEST
603
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 606
APPENDIX : OFFICERS OF PLYMOUTH AND MASSACHUSETTS BAY
607
COLONIES
REGULATION OF TRADE (1687-1689)
MATHER IN ENGLAND (1688-1689)
582
TIME TO STRIKE (1675) .
548
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Relief Map of New England
Governor John Winthrop
Front and Back Covers Frontispiece Facing page 6
King James the First
10
Records of the Council for New England
66
18
Types of New England Landscapes
30
Products of Early New England Iron Works
40
Towns of Massachusetts and Correlated English Places
Following page 58
Mourt's Relation
Facing page
68
The Pierce Patent of 1621
76
Governor Edward Winslow
82
A Share in the Massachusetts Bay Company Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company
94
Broadside of the "Capitall Lawes" of 1642
118
Indian Tribes and Villages of Massachusetts
130
Indian Dwellings and Utensils
154
Governor Winthrop's Estate of Ten Hills in 1687 Sir Henry Vane
174
Colonization Propaganda by Gorges
194
Extent of Colonization in 1660 ·
222
Governor Peter Stuyvesant of New Netherland
234
Progress of the Gospel in New England
66
264
Bond of an apprentice who served in Boston
66
284
Memorial to Anne Hutchinson
310
Anne Bradstreet's poems and her home
66
328
Earliest view of Harvard College
60
346
Record of the choosing of the Harvard seal Captain John Smith
362
The Bay Psalm Book
374
Reverend John Cotton
394
An early economic view
66
420
First Town House and a plan of Boston as of 1630 Sir John Leverett
478
Governor John Endecott
500
French views of the northern Indians
66
528
Indian title page of Eliot's New Testament
66
562
Lieutenant Governor William Stoughton
66
572
Edward Rawson, Secretary of the Colony
66
582
Sir Edmund Andros
66
600
Broadside news of 1689
60
320
First printed reference to John Harvard
354
384
Roger Williams in controversy
414
William Pynchon, Connecticut valley pioneer
464
Dutch view of colonial boundaries in 1659
66
484
512
Frontier at the outbreak of King Philip's War
538
President Joseph Dudley
576
xxiii
248
The Hartwell Farm in Lincoln
102
166
The Coast in 1631
CHAPTER I
WESTERN WORLD MOVEMENT (1500-1600)
BY WILBUR CORTEZ ABBOTT Professor of History, Harvard University
PRE-COLONIAL ENGLAND
The pre-colonial background of the settlement of Massachu- setts, in common with that of the whole western hemisphere, is that extraordinary burst of discovery, exploitation and colonization in which all the western nations of Europe shared during the sixteenth century. Beginning with Columbus's discovery, in turn Spain, Portugal, France, England, Holland, and even Sweden, set themselves to take advantage of this vast addition to the resources and the opportunities of the Old World. In this great enterprise each people revealed its own peculiar conditions and its character; yet of these na- tions, though it might have been expected she would have been the first to move, England was slow to take advantage of the situation thus created. Henry VII, busy consolidating the power he had won at the battle of Bosworth Field and securing the throne to his descendants of the Tudor line, did little more than allow John Cabot in 1497 a grant from Bris- tol customs for his discovery of Newfoundland.
His successor, Henry VIII, (1509) busied in many other affairs, political, religious, diplomatic and matrimonial, did still less; and by the close of his reign, (1547) while Spain and Portugal had consolidated their position in the southern hemisphere, and France had secured a claim on the St. Law- rence by the discoveries of Jacques Cartier, England's foot- hold in North America consisted of little more than what- ever title Cabot's discovery gave her to the northern coast; and even that was disputable by Spain and Portugal as well as by the French.
The real beginning of England's entry into colonial affairs,
1
-
2
THE WORLD MOVEMENT
then, lies toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when she was brought within the circle of the great Reformation movement and the no less important rivalry for extra-Euro- pean trade by which the Protestant Revolution in Europe was accompanied and intensified. In that movement, so far as colonization was concerned, she was again anticipated by the French. Admiral Coligni's efforts to find in the new world a refuge for his fellow-Huguenots, (1555-60) though they were blocked by Spain, pointed the way to new developments. For the moment that way was not followed by the English. The discovery of men like John Hawkins that negro slaves could be bought cheaply in west Africa and sold dearly in Spanish America, began a very different sort of struggle be- tween England and Spain than Coligni's colonizing experi- ments, but one of no less violence; and it was not for years that the English adopted the French ideas of colonization, and then adapted and enlarged the process.
ENGLAND IN THE COLONIAL FIELD (1578-1598)
As the sixteenth century advanced and France plunged into the horrors of her religious wars Elizabeth, who ascended the English throne, finally looked with favor on the importunities of Sir Humphrey Gilbert for a charter or patent to colonize America. In 1578, in the first English charter to Gilbert, he was permitted to take possession of "any remote, barbarous and heathen lands not possessed by any Christian prince and people." Here begins a new chapter of English-American history. Gilbert's effort to plant a colony at St. John's, New- foundland, was, indeed, as futile as his earlier effort to find the Northwest Passage. But it became an inspiration to his fellow-countrymen, especially to his half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, who shared his colonizing enterprise, and presently followed his example by three successive efforts to establish a colony on the coast of a region known to later generations as North Carolina.
Those attempts failed; and with them what may be called the endeavor of the Elizabethan adventurers to secure Amer- ica for England came to an end. Their energies were diverted to the more immediate armed conflict with Spain, which came
3
THE COLONIAL FIELD
partly as a cause and partly as a result of the activities of the Spanish King Philip II. Filled with the crusading spirit of his ancestors; threatened by the developments in the world of ecclesiastical affairs which produced the rise of Protestant- ism in the dominions of his father, Charles V, and spread into his own; roused by the progress of the new religious com- munion in his Dutch Netherlands and by the aggressions of the English and the Dutch on his colonial preserves; he set himself to protect his faith and his inheritance.
The theological successors of Calvin and Luther had be- gun to conquer the lands once owing allegiance to the Papal See; the successors of Hawkins had begun to invade the Spanish colonial monopoly; and against each he gathered his resources. The Revolt of the Netherlands in 1576 at first ab- sorbed his energies. This support of his rebellious subjects by the English, at first in sentiment, then in arms, combined with his failure, despite his marriage with the English Queen Mary, to keep the people of the British Isles under his in- fluence.
Thus Philip of Spain turned his attention to a great stroke which would at once end the resistance of the Dutch and re- move all danger from the rising English power. In 1588 he launched his Grand Armada against his Protestant enemies with a two-fold purpose-to crush Protestantism where he could reach it; and to put an end to the harassing of his over- seas colonies.
This challenge and the counter-attack launched by the Eng- lish after the failure of the Armada, absorbed the energies of the sea-kings; and Drake and his successors sought and found no field for their talents in the attempt to found set- tlements in the New World, save perhaps Raleigh's last tragic stroke against Spain in South America which brought him to the scaffold. But they had cleared the path. They had broken the sea-power of the now united Spanish and Portu- guese kingdoms; they had found the way to attack that great territorial monopoly of the New World. Following them, Dutch and English alike began the invasion of the great colon- ial and trading empires thus laid open to them both in Asia and America, little hampered by the Spanish masters of that splendid heritage.
4
THE WORLD MOVEMENT
THE COMPANY ERA (1599-1608)
English and Dutch alike forsook the plans of colonization by royal permit and proceeded in that enterprise according to their peculiar genius, by private, or semi-private enterprise, developing those forms of commercial organization known as companies, which were presently applied to colonies. These had been long familiar to the English commercial adventurers. When on the last day of 1599 the English East India Com- pany was chartered, it followed the example set by those Englishmen who earlier had formed such bodies for trade in the Baltic lands, the Levant and Muscovy. It was suc- ceeded in no long time by the formation of the Dutch East India Company (1602) ; and presently by a Dutch West India Company and a Swedish corporation devoted to the ex- ploitation of the western hemisphere. These last were, to be sure, in some measure trading companies; but they were more than trading companies, for they combined with their com- mercial principles the old lessons of Coligni, Gilbert and Ra- leigh, the lessons of settlement as a basis, first of trade and then of possession. They proposed to found new centers of population in those western wilds, to trade with the Indians; but also to farm, to plant, to fish, if possible to mine, in an endeavor to exploit the natural resources of this western hem- isphere, whose vast and sparsely populated wilderness afforded such contrast to the crowded trading centers of the East, and whose opportunities for wealth lay in such sharp distinction to those of the Orient.
Before they had forged this new weapon for the conquest of the western hemisphere, the English were again anticipated by the French. What Cartier had been to colonization at the beginning of the sixteenth century Samuel Champlain became in the beginning of the seventeenth. A succession of French colonial adventurers secured in turn a charter from Henry of Navarre-the Marquis de la Roche; Pontgrave, a St. Malo merchant; the governor of Dieppe, the Sieur Aymar de Chastes. They found in Champlain an able agent for their design of planting the lilies and the cross in the New World. Exploring the lower St. Lawrence region, reinforced by a new burst of adventurous enterprise in which the Sieur de Monts
5
COLONIAL BEGINNINGS
replaced de Chastes, undaunted by the failure of De Monts' attempt to found a colony in Acadia, Champlain finally in 1608 followed the foundation of Tadoussac in Nova Scotia by the establishment of a fortified post at Quebec which became the permanent center and capital of French influence in the St. Lawrence region.
ENGLISH COLONIAL BEGINNINGS (1606-1619)
Meanwhile the English took up their share of colonization. Even while Champlain was establishing French power in the north, a group of English merchants, country gentlemen, and adventurers had founded the London Company (1606), then the Plymouth Company (1606), with a patent from King James I for grants extending from 34° to 45° north latitude along the coast of North America. Their first effort was directed toward that region previously named Virginia in honor of Elizabeth, and at Jamestown they planted a little colony at the moment that Champlain was setting out to found Quebec. The Plymouth Company meanwhile found the cli- mate and the circumstances unfavorable to the establishment of their projected settlement on the Kennebec; and for the moment it seemed that the French were to be left undisturbed in their possession of the north.
Had it not been for the ability and the persistence of Captain John Smith of the Virginia colony, even that southern settle- ment might well have gone the way of the Kennebec River enterprise. But, weathering its early crisis, recruited by a slender stream of colonists, it gradually established itself in the face of death and disappointment, the savages and the wilderness.
Before it was well on its feet, the Dutch were entering this new field of American colonization; and, thanks chiefly to the enterprise of those who had employed the English Henry Hudson to survey the possibilities of the New World, there was presently established (1619) the little colony of New Amsterdam at the mouth of the river, to which he gave his name. Thus by the end of the second decade of the seven- teenth century, only that territory known as New England remained unoccupied by some sort of European settlement
6
THE WORLD MOVEMENT
all the way from Spanish Florida on the south, through Eng- lish Virginia, Dutch New Netherlands, to French Canada on the north.
To that region, in consequence, the English turned their eyes, Sir Ferdinando Gorges employed Captain John Smith (1614) to explore this coast, now definitely named New England; and so far as names and claims availed, thus pre- empted it for English settlement. Thereupon appeared a new corporation to exploit it. The Merchant Adventurers of Lon- don formed a Council for New England, secured a charter from the Virginia Company (1606) and prepared to enter this new area of great possibilities.
The coast from Maine to Cape Cod as a field of colonial enterprise was by this time tolerably well known. The ex- plorations of Bartholomew Gosnold followed by those of Smith and Pring, the efforts of Gorges and Popham to found their colony, with such casual and incidental information --- , and misinformation-as had been supplied from other sources, had given some idea of what was to be expected in this region, though its advantages for colonization were perhaps better known than its disadvantages.
ENGLISH RELIGIOUS CONTROVERSIES (1540-1557)
What was lacking for the moment was that essential for such enterprise-colonists. And with the search for them, those who projected this new settlement came into touch with another great force in the development of America, the force which had first turned the attention of the earliest projector of such enterprises, Coligni, to its shores. This was the force of religion. It was just then an active element in English life and politics. As a result of the great Reformation move- ment in the preceding century, England had separated first from the Papacy, then from the Roman Catholic communion. Henry VIII broke with the Papacy and under his son and successor, Edward VI, England advanced another step along the way to the establishment of a new communion. The new sect of Prostestants found adherents in many walks of life; nobles eager for church spoils, politicians ready to adopt new courses to place and power, and multitudes of all ranks turn-
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Charles Tenme
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Claiborns Ils
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Poynt Sultliff
Cape LAMES
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From the map in his Advice to Unexperienced Planters in the Harvard University Library THE COAST IN 1631 ACCORDING TO JOHN SMITH
Sangui
Fawinouth ff
Neni toforne
P Saltonftale
Poynt Conge.
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Milford
7
THE CHURCH AND ELIZABETH
ing to the new doctrines of Luther and Calvin. Among them were the advisers of the young king; and in his reign a new Prayer-Book of Protestant complexion marked the breach with the old communion and the beginning of the new in Eng- lish practices and faith.
Edward's early death (1553) brought to the throne his sis- ter, Mary, surnamed the Catholic, who presently espoused that champion of the old communion, Philip II; and her reign witnessed an attempt to turn back the current of Protestant- ism. It was accompanied by the execution of many of the new faith; and for the time it seemed that England might be won back to Rome. But persecution made converts ; the blood of its martyrs became the seed of the new church; and only Mary's death prevented what might have been a bloody re- ligious conflict such as then was beginning on the continent. With the accession of her sister, Elizabeth (1558), England confronted the great problem of the time, the choice between the new communion and the old.
The people were divided; each side held with stubborn per- sistence to its forms and faith. Abroad, the so-called Counter- Reformation had begun; its great protagonist, Philip of Spain, strove to regain for his church its lost subjects. Rejected as a suitor for Elizabeth, inflamed by the commercial and colon- ial invasion of his extra-European empire and presently, rein- forced by his succession to the throne of Portugal, Philip II, Spain and Catholicism seemed to a multitude of English- men but different names for the same enemy; and England and Spain stood out as the great world champions of the old and new ecclesiastical establishments at the moment that France plunged into a religious-civil war, and the revolt of the Spanish Netherlands began.
THE CHURCH AND ELIZABETH (1557-1602)
Under such threatening auspices the government of the young Queen Elizabeth made its way cautiously. Its early years were signalized by re-enactment of that Act of Suprem- acy which had made Henry VIII head of the English church. That was followed by a new Prayer-Book whose liturgy, though Protestant in doctrine, retained many of the forms of
8
THE WORLD MOVEMENT
the old church, remodeled to fit the new form of faith. The church organization, unlike that of the continent, was left vir- tually unchanged, with an episcopal hierarchy at its head; its dioceses and its parishes as before. An Act of Uniformity compelled adhesion to this new Elizabethan establishment; and England thus embarked upon her great experiment of a state church with the crown at its head, established by acts of Par- liament, a church Roman in form but Protestant in doctrines.
Yet this great compromise, though it gradually reconciled the mass of the people, was not without its enemies. Of these the Roman Catholics were at first the most conspicuous and most dangerous. Rallying around the person of the exiled and imprisoned Mary Queen of Scots, they were, until her execution, a threat to the church and government alike. As the national existence became identified in the popular mind with the support of church and crown against internal and external foes, Mary of Scotland and Philip of Spain; as war clouds darkened on the continent and English privateers strove with the Spanish fleets, the national spirit rose. Though the Catholic faith was not extinguished in England, it lost poli- tical strength and finally after the failure of the Spanish Armada, ceased to be a danger to the state.
Meanwhile on the other side, a new form of resistance to the Elizabethan settlement arose. To those inspired by the Calvinistic teachings, it was not enough to break with the Papacy, nor even to establish a Protestant communion. That communion remained episcopal in form, and retained so much of the "rags of Rome" as vestments and altars, with what- ever echoes of the older liturgy were to be found in the new Prayer Book. They wished to go the whole length of reform; to make religion a direct and personal communion with God, not carried on through the intermediary of a priesthood. They wished to break the images, destroy rood-screens and altar rails, make the altar itself a communion-table, not set apart from the congregation but in the midst of it. They wished to have a clergy called by and from among the people, not imposed by an episcopal authority. They wished, in brief, to democratize the church establishment.
They were no meek and silent sufferers; they were both vocal and militant. Against conformity they set conversion
9
THE PURITANS
of the people and the government to their views. Nor were they cautious time-servers. At the very moment that the great Armada was being prepared, the so-called Martin Mar- prelate tracts attacked the hierarchy with a wealth of invec- tive. Thus at the height of the conflict against its temporal foes the English government was harassed by this fire in the rear.
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