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Gc 974.4 H25h v.2 447380
PUBLIC LIBRARY FORT WAYNE & ALLEN CO., IND.
M. L,
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
7 1 2
SETTLEMENTS BY IMMIGRANTS DIRECT FROM ENGLAND OTHER SETTLEMENTS UP TO 1690
SETTLEMENTS 1691 TO 1740
SETTLEMENTS 1741 TO 1765
SETTLEMENTS AFTER 1765
TOWNS OF MODERN MASSACHUSETTS IN
1
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01100 9690
In order to have a uniform authority for all towns, the dates relied on are those of first mention in state records, as officially published by The Commonwealthi.
Where names of towns have been changed, they are classified as of first establishment. Apparently retarded areas in the eastern section represent the slow filling in of popu- lation after the frontier had moved on; they are towns set off, for the most part, from older and larger towns when a grow- ing citizenry demanded it.
000
0
ME ORDER OF THEIR SETTLEMENT
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019
https://archive.org/details/commonwealthhist02hart
Ogin. Cadatis Condimentir . Focus.
COMMONWEALTH HISTORY
of MASSACHUSETTS
ALBERT WI
& S. LITY D., IL. D. FRO. MEMBER OF MA ACUI UNITED STATES CONORO DESCENDANT
YOLUN. ЯЭНТАМ ИОТТОО СИНЯНУАЯ ЭНТ
Jabossom ods lo Isnigito as moTT
PROVINótól TA enid lo museuM ods ni
THE STATES AUTORY COMPANY
NEW YORK
THE REVEREND COTTON MATHER From an original of the mezzotint by Peter Pelham, 1727, in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
COMMONWEALTH HISTORY of
MASSACHUSETTS
EDITED BY ALBERT BUSHNELL HART
A. B., LITT. D., LL. D., PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF GOVERNMENT, HARVARD UNIVERSITY ; MEMBER OF MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY; HISTORIAN OF THE UNITED STATES GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENARY COMMISSION ; DESCENDANT OF STEPHEN HART, FREEMAN OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY IN 1632
VOLUME SECOND
PROVINCE OF MASSACHUSETTS [1689-1775]
1
TA
THE STATES HISTORY COMPANY 156 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK 1928
COPYRIGHT, 1928 BY THE STATES HISTORY COMPANY
Printed in the United States of America
447380
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
THE PROVINCE CHARTER (1689-1715)
By Marcus W. Jernegan
1
GROUNDWORK OF THE COMMONWEALTH (1630-1691)
1
BASIS OF A NEW GOVERNMENT (1692)
2
THE INTERREGNUM (1689-1692)
3
AGENCY OF INCREASE MATHER (1688-1689)
4
THE CHARTER DRAFTED (1691)
7
THE CHARTER REDRAFTED (1691)
8
THE CHARTER GRANTED (1691)
9
COMPARISON WITH THE OLD CHARTER (1691)
10
ROYAL CONTROL UNDER THE CHARTER
(1692-1697)
15
SAFEGUARDS OF ENGLISH AUTHORITY (1696-1699)
17
POLITICAL PROGRESS (1698-1702)
18
GOVERNOR JOSEPH DUDLEY (1702-1715)
19
DUDLEY'S DISPUTES WITH THE ASSEMBLY (1702-1708)
21
HARVARD COLLEGE CONTROVERSY (1686-1708)
23
RESULT OF DUDLEY'S ADMINISTRATION (1702-1715)
25
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
27
DEC 2 6 1940
CHAPTER II
THE WITCHCRAFT EPISODE (1692-1694)
By E. W. Taylor
29
WITCHCRAFT IN ENGLAND (TO 1640) .
29
WITCHCRAFT IN ENGLAND (1640-1681)
30
WITCHCRAFT IN THE COLONIES (1636-1660)
32
MASSACHUSETTS WITCHCRAFT (1660-1690)
34
MINISTER PARRIS (1692) .
36
THE ACCUSING GIRLS AND THEIR VICTIMS
(1692)
37
WITCH TRIALS (1692)
38
EXECUTIONS (1692)
40
SPECTRAL EVIDENCE (1692)
40
CHARACTER OF THE TRIALS
(1692)
42
JUDICIAL PROCEDURE (1692) . (1692)
43
ATTITUDE OF ACCUSERS AND ACCUSED
44
CONFIDENCE OF THE ACCUSED (1692)
45
COTTON MATHER'S INFLUENCE (1690-1694)
47
THE FIRE DIES DOWN (1693)
48
THE CASE OF MARGARET RULE (1693)
50
AFTERMATH OF THE WITCHCRAFT EPISODE (1694)
52
REMONSTRANCES (1692)
54
DIVERSITY OF MODERN OPINION ON THE EPISODE
56
EXTENUATING CIRCUMSTANCES
59
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
61
fetter 2.00
FRAME OF GOVERNMENT (1691) (1691)
12
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE CHARTER
(1691) 13
PERSONAL PRIVILEGES (1691-1775)
14
WORKINGS OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT
11
iii
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER III
EXTERNAL RELATIONS (1689-1740)
By Arthur H. Buffinton
ELEMENTS OF THE CONFLICT (1689-1740) 63
CHARACTER OF THE CONFLICT (1689-1740)
64
FIRST WAR MEASURES (1688-1689) 65
66
OPERATIONS IN NEW YORK (1690)
68
ST. LAWRENCE EXPEDITION (1690)
69
PHIPS AND THE WAR (1692-1693)
72
POLICY OF GOVERNOR STOUGHTON (1694-1697)
73
FRONTIER DEFENCE (1694-1697)
74
HARDSHIPS OF THE FRONTIER (1694-1696)
74
DISASTROUS CLOSE OF THE WAR (1696)
75
FRENCH AND INDIAN RELATIONS BETWEEN 1702) .
76
THE WAR POLICY OF GOVERNOR JOSEPH DUDLEY
(1702-1713) 78
RELATIONS WITH NEIGHBORING COLONIES (1702-1706) 80
NEGOTIATIONS WITH VAUDREUIL (1704-1706)
81
THE ACADIAN EXPEDITION OF 1707
82
FIASCO OF 1709
EXPEDITIONS OF 1710-1711 83
85
RENEWED CONFLICT WITH THE INDIANS (1714-1717)
86
GOVERNOR SHUTE'S INDIAN POLICY (1717-1722)
87
DUMMER'S SUCCESS IN THE WAR (1723-1725) 89
RESULTS OF THE WAR (1725-1727)
90
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
92
CHAPTER IV
GEOGRAPHICAL EXPANSION AND TOWN SYSTEM
By John F. Sly
FORMATIVE PERIOD (1630-1684) 96 .
LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE ANDROS PERIOD (1688-1689) 97
TOWN GOVERNMENT REVIVED (1689-1692)
98
TOWN GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED BY STATUTE
(1692)
99
CONTROL OF THE TOWNS BY THE PROVINCE
100
PROPRIETARY TOWN MEETINGS
101
CONSTITUENT TOWNS (1685-1695)
102
NEW TOWNS (1692-1715)
102
ORIGIN OF TOWN NAMES
103
NEW TOWNS (1715-1742)
104
COMPARISON WITH ORIGINAL TOWNS
106
LAND-GRANT TOWNS (1740-1765)
108
DISTRICTS
109
NEW TOWNS (1742-1763)
109
CENSUS OF 1765
112
EVOLUTION OF TOWN GOVERNMENT (1624)
113
COLONIAL DESIGNATION OF TOWN OFFICERS
114
TOWN RECORDS .
115
TOWN MEETING BUSINESS
116
A TYPICAL TOWN MEETING
117
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
120
ATTACK ON ACADIA (1690)
68
EFFORTS TO HOLD ACADIA (1691-1696)
70
POLICY TOWARDS THE INDIANS (1693-1694)
THE WARS (1698-
82
THE PEACE OF UTRECHT (1713)
96
107
USUAL METHOD OF SETTLEMENT
63
TABLE OF CONTENTS
V
CHAPTER V
THE ROYAL GOVERNORS AND THE GENERAL COURT (1717-1773)
By G. Andrews Moriarty
MASSACHUSETTS DEMOCRACY (1717-1773) . 122
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CLASSES (1692-1717)
123
LEGISLATIVE ORGANIZATION (1717-1773) 125
BRITISH CONTROL (1717-1773)
127
GOVERNORS BURGESS AND SHUTE (1715-1723) 129
CONTROVERSIES WITH SHUTE (1716-1723) 130
BREAKDOWN OF SHUTE (1721-1723) 131
GOVERNOR DUMMER (1723-1728)
133
GOVERNOR BURNET (1728-1729)
135
GOVERNOR BELCHER (1730-1741)
137
FINANCIAL ISSUES (1730-1741)
138
PAPER MONEY CONTROVERSY (1740-1742)
139
EFFECT OF THE FRENCH WARS (1741-1760)
140
GOVERNOR SHIRLEY (1741-1757)
141
QUESTIONS OF REPRESENTATION
(1741-1757)
143
RISE OF AMERICAN SPIRIT (1760-1774) ·
144
THE STAMP ACT CRISIS (1765-1766)
148
END OF THE BERNARD REGIME (1767-1769)
149
LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON (1769-1771) 150
POLITICAL QUESTIONS (1769-1770) 151
GOVERNOR THOMAS HUTCHINSON (1771-1773) 152
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
154
CHAPTER VI
THE BENCH AND BAR IN COLONY AND PROVINCE
(1630-1776)
By F. W. Grinnell · . .
· 156
INTELLECTUAL EQUIPMENT OF
THE COLONIAL LEADERS (1630- 156
CONSTITUTIONAL INFLUENCE OF THE ·
159
THE BODY OF LIBERTIES (1641-1643)
159
LACK OF LEGAL TRAINING (1630-1660)
161
EARLY STAGES OF THE BAR
162
THE BEGINNINGS OF A "BAR" 163
QUESTION OF RIGHT TO JURY TRIAL (1643-1775)
163
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF JUDICATURE ·
165
OTHER COURTS AND PRACTICE (1699-1757)
166
JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL IN
ENGLAND
167
SIGNIFICANT CONSTITUTIONAL CASES
169
DECLARING STATUTES VOID
(1692-1702)
171
THE EARLY BAR (1722-1775) INFLUENCE OF A TRAINED BAR (1706-1775)
173
CONDITIONS OF LEGAL TRAINING (1722-1775)
173
THE FIRST GREAT CONSTITUTIONAL CASE (1761)
175
SIGNIFICANCE OF WRITS OF ASSISTANCE CASE' (1761-1765)
177
JOSEPH HAWLEY HEAD OF THE BAR (1745-1776)
178
EDMUND TROWBRIDGE
179
JOHN ADAMS
180
THE JUDICIAL ARTICLE OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS (1780)
181
143
GOVERNOR BERNARD (1760-1769)
146
GOVERNOR POWNALL (1757-1760)
. 1691) . ORIGINAL CHARTER (1630) 157
SOURCES OF MASSACHUSETTS LAW (1629-1689)
169
PERSONNEL AND TENURE OF THE FIRST COURT 170
122
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TORY LAWYERS .
182
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF JUDICATURE (1692-1775) 183
INFERIOR PROBATE AND ADMIRALTY COURTS CONTROVERSY OVER TENURE (1772)
186
CONFLICT OVER CHIEF JUSTICE OLIVER (1776)
187
THE INTERVAL WITHOUT COURTS (1775)
188
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER VII
FINANCE AND PAPER MONEY (1692-1775)
192
By Davis Rich Dewey
TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION UNDER ANDROS (1687- 192
1689) . . . · · FIRST ISSUE OF BILLS OF CREDIT
(1690) 193
194
TAXATION UNDER THE NEW CHARTER
(1692)
195
IMPORT, EXCISE, AND TONNAGE DUTIES
197
IRREDEEMABLE ISSUES (1702-1713)
199
VALUATION OF COINS (1642-1713) ·
(1703-1727) 202
203
GOVERNOR BELCHER'S DISTRESS (1730-1741)
204
DEPRECIATION OF PAPER MONEY
205
COMMERCIAL AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF INFLATION
208
PRIVATE EFFORTS TO FLOAT NOTES (1714-1746)
210
SHIRLEY'S EFFORT FOR REFORM (1741-1748)
212
THE GENERAL POLICY ON PAPER MONEY
214
POLL AND EXCISE DUTIES (1692-1765)
216
REVENUES FROM LOTTERIES (1745-1765)
217
DUTIES ON IMPORTS (1733-1765)
218
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER VIII
BOSTON : THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TOWN
By Sherwin Lawrence Cook
222
THE SITE
222
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
225
MARKET HOUSES
225
HARBOR AND WHARVES
226
RACE ELEMENTS AND INFLUENCE
227
COLOR LINE
228
DISEASE AND MEDICINE
229
EDUCATION
230
JOURNALISM
231
THE TRADES
231
CHURCHES AND MINISTERS
233
AMUSEMENTS .
.
RELATION TO THE COLONY
235
OFFICIAL LIST OF JUDGES (1692-1775)
181
190
PAPER MONEY SCHEMES (1690) .
197
ADDITIONAL ISSUES OF PAPER MONEY (1694-1701)
198
LOAN BILLS AND LOAN BANKS (1705-1729)
201
CONFLICT WITH GOVERNORS OVER FINANCE
NEW TENOR BILLS (1730-1741) (1704-1750) (1704-1750) 207
EFFECT OF THE BANK PROJECT (1740-1755)
211
RESUMPTION OF SPECIE PAYMENTS (1745-1750)
214
PROPERTY TAXATION (1692-1769)
220
223
THE SUBURBS
227
SCALE OF LIVING
234
185
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
ELECTIONS AND REPRESENTATIVES
236
BOSTON POLITICS
238
BOSTON TOWN MEETING
239
NOTABLE TOWN MEETINGS
240
TOWN MEETING RECORDS
242
TOWN OFFICERS
243
POLICE AND MILITIA
245
SCHOOL GOVERNMENT
246
TOWN COURTS
247
FIRE PROTECTION
248
DEFIANCE OF THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT
249
BOSTON IN THE CRISIS OF 1766-1769
250
BOSTON MASSACRE ORATIONS (1770-1771) 251
SAM ADAMS IN BOSTON TOWN MEETING 251
BOSTON TOWN DURING THE REVOLUTION (1775-1776) 253
BOSTON'S ENLARGEMENT OF IDEAS (1776-1791)
254
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
256
CHAPTER IX
SOCIAL LIFE IN TOWN AND COUNTRY (1689-1763)
By Allyn Bailey Forbes
257
RACE ELEMENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS
257
SCOTCH IRISH ELEMENT
258
GERMAN AND ACADIAN ELEMENTS
259
INDENTURED SERVANTS
260
NEGRO SLAVES ·
261
ANTI-SLAVERY IN MASSACHUSETTS
264
TREATMENT OF INDIANS 264
TREATMENT OF THE POOR AND SHIFTLESS
265
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CHARITY 268
269
OTHER PROTESTANT CHURCHES
270
FESTIVITIES
272
A JOLLY QUEEN'S BIRTHDAY
276
ROISTERING .
277
SPORTS AND DIVERSIONS
283
CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN NEW ENGLAND
284
CHALLENGE OF THE OLDER GENERATION
286
CONCLUSION .
287
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER X
MASSACHUSETTS LITERATURE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
By Frederic J. Stimson
291
THE LITERARY SPIRIT
292
DIARIES
COTTON MATHER THE DIARIST
296
SAMUEL SEWALL THE DIARIST
298
SAMUEL SEWALL THE POET 300
303
NATHANIEL AMES, DIARIST
306
JONATHAN EDWARDS, THEOLOGIAN
THE GREAT AWAKENING (1740-1742)
307
ANTI-CATHOLICISM
271
OBSERVANCE OF ROYAL OCCASIONS
274
EXECUTIONS AND FUNERALS
279
STAGE-PLAYS, SHOWS
289
291
293
COTTON MATHER THE AUTHOR
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BELLES LETTRES
310
GENERAL LITERATURE
311
NEWSPAPERS
311
POST-REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE
314
CORRESPONDENCE
315
TRAVEL
316
LIGHT LITERATURE
319
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER XI
COTTON MATHER, PARSON, SCHOLAR AND MAN OF AFFAIRS
323
By Kenneth B. Murdock
323
THE FAME OF COTTON MATHER
324
EDUCATION (1675-1684) 325
327
ENTRY INTO POLITICS (1685-1689)
328
THE WITCHCRAFT EPISODE (1690-1705)
329
WEAKNESS OF MATHER'S POLICY (1695-1715)
331
HARVARD AND YALE
(1700-1728) 334
336
COTTON MATHER, THE MINISTER
337
TOLERANCE
339
LIBERALITY
340
MATHER THE WRITER
MATHER THE SCHOLAR 342
345
THE SCIENTIFIC STUDENT
MEDICINE 345
THE MAN OF HIS TIME 347
MATHER'S PLACE IN MASSACHUSETTS HISTORY
350
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER XII
EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WOMEN (1689-1750)
By Amy Hewes
PERIOD BETWEEN SETTLEMENT AND REVOLUTION 355
THE HOUSEHOLD
356
DRESS
AMUSEMENTS OF WOMEN
360
COURTSHIP
363
MARRIAGE
364
DIVORCE .
WOMEN IN THE COMMUNITY 366
367
CARE OF DEPENDENT WOMEN.
368
DOMESTIC OCCUPATIONS .
369
WOMEN IN TRADE AND INDUSTRY
371
EDUCATION OF WOMEN 374
WOMEN OF LEARNING 376
379
MADAM SARAH KNIGHT
384
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
308
STATESMEN AUTHORS
314
THE AMES CORRESPONDENCE
317
ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE (1663-1675)
THE POLITICIAN (1689-1694)
333
PRIVATE LIFE AND LAST YEARS
351
355
358
361
WOMEN IN THE HOUSEHOLD
1X
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER XIII
COLONIAL BUSINESS AND TRANSPORTATION
By A. P. Usher
386
TABLE OF POPULATION
386
STATISTICS (1765-1830)
386
VITAL STATISTICS
388
CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS OF
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 389
390
AGRICULTURE
391
LIVESTOCK IN MASSACHUSETTS (1735-1767)
392
PROPORTION OF LIVESTOCK PER 100 PERSONS
393
USE OF LAND IN FARMS, 1760 AND 1767
394
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LAND SYSTEM
394
PROPRIETORS AND COMMONERS
397
FOREST PRODUCTS
398
SHIPBUILDING .
.
NUMBER AND TONNAGE OF SHIPS BUILT 400
401
COD FISHERIES . .
403
SHIPPING EMPLOYED IN FISHERIES
(1771)
404
MASSACHUSETTS INDUSTRY
406
WOOLENS AND LINENS
408
SPECIALIZED INDUSTRIES
411
FOREIGN AND COASTWISE COMMERCE (1714, 1770)
411
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS (1763)
412
INFLUENCE OF BRITISH COMMERCIAL POLICY
414
INLAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL
415
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER XIV
FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS (1741-1763)
419
CAUSES OF WAR
419
RIVAL FORCES IN 1741
420
CAPTURE OF LOUISBURG (1745) 421
422
THE ALBANY CONGRESS OF 1754
424
SHIRLEY'S PLANS (1755)
426
THE ACADIAN QUESTION (1713-1755)
428
RENEWED PLANS OF CAMPAIGN (1756)
431
THE MASSACHUSETTS TROOPS (1756)
434
WAR GOVERNORS (1756-1769)
436
CAMPAIGN OF 1757
440
AMHERSTS CAMPAIGN OF 1758
442
CAPTURE OF QUEBEC (1759)
443
RECRUITING IN MASSACHUSETTS (1754-1763)
445
ARMS AND EQUIPMENT OF THE TROOPS
447
MASSACHUSETTS SOLDIERS IN THE FIELD
449
MILITARY LAND GRANTS
450
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
452
396
ROYAL REGULATION OF THE FORESTS
399
WHALE AND MACKEREL FISHERIES
405
IRON MINING AND MANUFACTURE
407
CORPORATE MANUFACTURES
410
CONDITIONS IN SOME TOWNS IN 1767
By George A. Plimpton
WESTERN AND NORTHERN CAMPAIGN (1755)
433
MONTCALM'S CAMPAIGNS (1756)
438
END OF THE WAR (1760-1763)
417
CONDITIONS IN BOSTON (1780)
X
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER XV
CONTROVERSIES OVER BRITISH CONTROL (1753-1765)
By Clifford Chesley Hubbard
455
THE FRENCH PORTENT 455
PROPOSITION OF COMMON ACTION 456
MASSACHUSETTS COMMISSIONERS AT ALBANY (1754) 457
THE ALBANY PLAN (1754) 458
THE ALBANY PLAN IN MASSACHUSETTS (1754) 459
OBJECTIONS TO THE PLAN (1754)
461
ALTERNATIVE PLANS OF UNION 461
ACTION OF THE TOWNS (1754-1755) 462
GOVERNOR SHIRLEY'S IDEAS AS TO UNION (1754) 463
FRANKLIN'S IDEAS ON UNION 464
PLAN OF UNION SHELVED (1755)
466
THE BROAD ARROW QUESTION (1691-1775)
466
ENGLISH WRITS OF ASSISTANCE (To 1761)
468
LEGAL ARGUMENTS FOR THE WRITS (1761) 468
469
DOCTRINE OF ULTRA VIRES (1761)
470
IMPRESSMENT RIOTS (1747-1768)
471
SUGAR ACT OF 1764
473
ENFORCEMENT OF THE SUGAR ACT (1764-1765)
474
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE OF TAXATION
476
MASSACHUSETTS PROTESTS AGAINST THE STAMP ACT (1765) 478
LIBERTY MOBS (1765)
479
THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS (1765) ·
480
THE STAMP ACT IGNORED (1765-1766)
482
INTER-COLONIAL PROTESTS (1765) 483
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
485
CHAPTER XVI
MASSACHUSETTS IN FERMENT (1766-1773)
By Viola F. Barnes 488
REPEAL OF THE STAMP ACT (1766) ·
488
COLONIAL RECEPTION OF REPEAL (1766) 490
SAMUEL ADAMS AS THE LEADER (1750-1766) 491
CONSERVATIVE PARTY IN MASSACHUSETTS (1765-1766) 492
MASSACHUSETTS MERCHANTS AND RADICALS (1766) 493
DECLARATORY ACT AND TOWNSHEND ACTS (1766-1767) 494
THE COMMERCIAL BOYCOTT OF 1767 .
496
MASSACHUSETTS CIRCULAR LETTER (1768) 497
MASSACHUSETTS CONVENTION OF 1768
498
FEAR OF AN AMERICAN EPISCOPATE 499
ACTIVITIES OF THE NEW CUSTOMS BOARD (1768)
500
BRITISH TROOPS AND "THE BOSTON MASSACRE" (1770)
502
REPEAL OF THE TOWNSHEND ACT AND EFFECT ON NON-
IMPORTATION (1770)
COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE (1772) 503
505
THE HUTCHINSON LETTERS (1773) 506
THE TEA ACT (1773) 508
THE BOSTON TEA PARTY (1773) 509
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
512
ARGUMENT OF OTIS (1761)
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE OF THE STAMP ACT (1764-1765) 477
ATTITUDE OF THE MASSACHUSETTS GOVERNMENT (1765) 482
REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE AND ARGUMENT (1766-1770)
501
TABLE OF CONTENTS
x1
CHAPTER XVII
LAST CHANCE FOR THE EMPIRE (1774)
By James Phinney Munroe 514
Two ENDS OF THE EMPIRE 514
LACK OF UNDERSTANDING IN ENGLAND (1774)
515
THE CASE AGAINST MASSACHUSETTS (1774)
516
THE FIVE FATEFUL ACTS (1774)
517
THE BOSTON PORT BILL (1774)
518
INTERTOWN SYMPATHY (1774)
519
INTERCOLONIAL SYMPATHY (1774)
520
GENERAL AND GOVERNOR GAGE (1774)
523
THE BRITISH TROOPS (1774) .
524
PROTESTS OF OTHER COLONIES AND TOWNS (1774) 525
THE AMERICAN TORIES IN BOSTON (1774) 525
THE SEPARATISTS (1774)
527
POWER OF SAMUEL ADAMS (1774) 528
THE NEW HAMPSHIRE EPISODE (1774) 529
AMERICAN AFFAIRS IN ENGLAND (1774-1775) 530
WORK OF COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE (1774-1775) 531
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
532
CHAPTER XVIII
THE SPIRIT OF MASSACHUSETTS (1774-1775)
By Lawrence S. Mayo
534
JOHN BULL AND JOHN CODLINE 534
COLONIAL SENTIMENT 536
CONSERVATISM OF THE MERCHANTS 537
"THE SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT" (JUNE, 1774) 539
DEFEAT OF THE MERCHANTS (JUNE 28, 1774) 541
AVERAGE PUBLIC SENTIMENT 543
CALLING THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (1774) 544
THE PORT BILL CRITICISED 545 .
THE MANDAMUS COUNCILLORS (AUGUST, 1774) .
546
THE SUFFOLK RESOLVES ( SEPTEMBER, 1774)
548
ATTITUDE OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (SEPTEMBER, 1774)
550
EFFECT OF THE PROVINCIAL CONGRESS (DECEMBER, 1774)
552
BRITISH EXPEDITION TO SALEM (FEBRUARY 26, 1775)
553
MASSACRE ORATIONS (1771-1775) 554
WARREN'S ORATION (MARCH 6, 1775) 555
557
PUBLIC OPINION
559
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER XIX
THE NINETEENTH OF APRIL, 1775
By Allen French 562
THE BRITISH IN BOSTON 562
PLAN OF DESTRUCTION OF STORES 563
THE WARNINGS FROM BOSTON 563
PAUL REVERE'S RIDE 564
THE BRITISH EXPEDITION
565
MILITARY OCCUPATION (MAY-SEPTEMBER, 1774) 547
550
THE PROVINCIAL CONGRESS (OCTOBER, 1774)
521
OBSTINACY OF GREAT BRITAIN (1774)
xii TABLE OF CONTENTS
BRITISH MARCH TO LEXINGTON
THE MINUTE MEN
567
PREPARATIONS AT LEXINGTON
568
REVOLUTIONARY WAR BEGINS
570
ALARM AT CONCORD
571
PREPARATIONS AT CONCORD
572
DISPOSITION OF THE Two FORCES
573
DESTRUCTION BY THE BRITISH
573
THE AMERICAN DEFENSIVE
575
THE AMERICAN OFFENSIVE
575
DECISION TO FIGHT
576
FIGHT AT THE BRIDGE
577
PREPARATIONS FOR BRITISH RETREAT
578
THE RUNNING FIGHT
579
PERCY'S RELIEF COLUMN
580
RELIEF CORPS AT LEXINGTON
581
BRITISH RETREAT
582
THROUGH CAMBRIDGE TO SOMERVILLE
583
RETURN TO BOSTON
585
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
DAY
586
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
587
APPENDIX : LIST OF COLONIAL OFFICERS DURING THE PROVINCIAL PERIOD (1691-1775)
590
566
RECEPTION AT LEXINGTON GREEN
569
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Towns of Modern Massachusetts in the Order of Their Settlement
Front and Back Covers Frontispiece
Facing page
8
Sir William Phips
66
66
40
Samuel Sewall
66
50
Generalized Map of Principal Offensive Move-
ments of Massachusetts Troops, 1690 to 1723
66
66
The Earl of Bellomont
66
76
New Settlements and Successive Frontiers
102
Map of Cambridge and Vicinity, 1759
66
116
William Dummer
66
66
142
Wait Winthrop
66
170
Thomas Hutchinson
66
188
Rough Draft for the First Paper
66
66
218
Means of Finance in the French and Indian Wars The Bonner Map of Boston in 1722
66
226
Advertisements from The Boston News-Letter for October 4-11, 1739
66
262
The Boston Gazette on Society and Politics, 1770 Tap Room, The Wayside Inn, South Sudbury
276
A Page of Moral Advice from The New England Primer
306
Cotton Mather's Manuscript for a Sermon Preached September 1, 1702
66
334
Title Page of Cotton Mather's Magnalia
342
An Eighteenth Century Lady, Mrs. Mary Ann Jones
360
Kitchen of a Typical Eighteenth Century Home: Ward House, Salem
370
Density of Population in Massachusetts, 1765
¥
410
Early Industrial Massachusetts
410
Generalized Map of Principal Offensive Operations of Massachusetts Troops in the French and Indian Wars
66
434
Governor Shirley's Call for Troops
66
444
A Page from John Boyd's "Orderly Book"
450
A "Stamp Act" Stamp and its Reverse
66
480
Violators of the Non-Importation Agreement Ex- posed
66
480
Benjamin Franklin
66
500
General Thomas Gage
66
66
528
Samuel Adams
61
556
The Battle of Lexington
570
Contemporary Plan of the Concord Fight
574
The Fight at the North Bridge in Concord
66
578
66
134
William Shirley
182
Peter Oliver
Money in English-Speaking America
218
276
Jonathan Edwards
Boston, 1732-1736
390
524
Robert Treat Paine
540
Joseph Warren
xiii
Cotton Mather
The Charter of 1692
18
Warrant for the Hanging of Bridget Bishop
66
292
CHAPTER I
POLITICAL HISTORY
THE PROVINCE CHARTER (1689-1715)
BY MARCUS W. JERNEGAN Professor of American History, University of Chicago
GROUNDWORK OF THE COMMONWEALTH (1630-1691)
The Massachusetts Charter of 1691 marks the beginning of a new epoch in the history of Massachusetts. The issues involved, however, go back to the time of John Winthrop. Even then two parties existed in Massachusetts; those repre- sented by the magistrates and clergy ; and those "who were not of the churches." The clerical party was also divided, especially from the time of Roger Williams, into a conservative and a much smaller radical group. The political history of Massa- chusetts in the seventeenth century was thus greatly influenced by the effort of the conservative clerical party to maintain its power; not only against the more democratic non-church member group, but also against the more liberal elements within the church.
The methods by which the ruling party consolidated its power have been described in previous chapters. They made church membership a prerequisite to admission to the company, and hence to the franchise. They confined the chief officers of state to a small body composed of the "elder statesmen." Power was given to the upper house, composed of Governor, Deputy Governor, and Assistants, to negative the acts of the lower house. They concentrated most of the judicial power in the hands of the Assistants. They recognized a super-government, a virtual "third house," in the persons of the clergy. They sub- ordinated civil government to the ideals of a theocratic state, largely directed by a select and compact group of leaders who strenuously opposed religious toleration. Thus they imposed
1
2
THE PROVINCE CHARTER
an obligation on all property owners to support the established (Congregational) church. All these factors influenced the events which led up to the new charter and explain in part the nature of that frame of government.
On the other hand, throughout this régime numerous pro- tests were made from time to time by the unenfranchised; and efforts were repeated to enlarge church membership by allow- ing a less strict test of orthodoxy. Another influence was the rise of representative government and the increase in the power and influence of the deputies. The colony franchise was sometimes extended to those who were not strictly ortho- dox; and in the town governments many non-church members voted. The enactment of legal codes from time to time had a restraining influence on the "elder statesmen" and the clergy.
Some checks to religious intolerance helped to increase the proportion of leaders of the second and third genera- tions who were more liberal-minded than those of the first. Lack of unanimity also increased, because of commercial activity, the influence of wealth and of the growing proportion of non-church members. All these factors helped to promote the growth of a permanent moderate party opposed to the clerical party.
BASIS OF A NEW GOVERNMENT (1692)
Besides these internal influences, the course of the contro- versies with England led the mother country to single out Massachusetts as the most dangerous of all the colonies. She resented the independent attitude of that colony ; its leadership in the formation of the New England Confederation; its op- position to the Navigation Acts; the domineering attitude to- wards the neighboring colonies; the acquisition of contiguous territory; the growing tendency to become a trade competitor with England. This feeling was aggravated by the numerous complaints made by the more liberal elements with respect to arbitrary and intolerant government, a continuous cause of contest. Finally England resented the scant attention which Massachusetts paid to letters from the King and to a royal commission respecting intolerance, restriction of the franchise, violation of the charter, the passage of laws contrary to Eng- lish law and denial of appeals from colonial courts.
3
THE INTERREGNUM
Clearly these sets of factors and the collapse of the Andros régime and discredit of the Dominion Plan of government greatly influenced the tenor of the new Province Charter of 1691. The period from 1684 to 1691 intensified the struggle between the old theocracy, which was anxious to recover the old charter and to reintroduce the old order, and the more moderate party which looked towards a new order and was hostile to the clerical party in State and Church. Many great land owners, merchants and ship owners, as well as small shopkeepers and farmers, were becoming more interested in economic advance and more amicable trade relations with England than in the restoration of the old intolerant govern- ment in Church and State.
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