USA > Massachusetts > Commonwealth history of Massachusetts, colony, province and state, volume 2 > Part 29
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GENERAL LITERATURE
that English classics were objects "general reading" from the time of Shakespeare was little read in Harvard.
NEWSPAPERS
Moreover, though the claim of Massachusetts to Franklin will be contested (far less justly than in Edgar Poe's case, for his character and style were formed here), it will not be as to his earlier writings, including the most famous Auto- biography-the first chapter written in 1771-but about his Boston experiences. This lately styled "first civilized Ameri- can" was first civilized in Massachusetts.
In that century also appeared in 1690, Public Occurences, an attempt at a systematic news medium-or perhaps it was only a broadside. In any case the Tauchnitz Manual says "that it was immediately suppressed by the authorities of Mas- sachusetts for the crime of uttering 'reflections of a very high nature'- not even attaining the dignity of a second number." The first number of the Boston News-Letter came out in 1704; the Boston Gazette commenced in 1719, and just one day earlier than the first number of the Philadelphia Weekly Mer- cury. In 1721 appeared the New England Courant, James Franklin's paper, which his brother Benjamin forgetfully calls the second newspaper in America, probably because James was a printer of the Gazette.
In 1729 Benjamin Franklin, already in Philadelphia, bought out his employer's (Keimer's) paper and reduced its long title Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences and Pennsylvania Gazette to the last two words alone.
STATESMEN AUTHORS
In pure literature nothing was done in Massachusetts be- tween Edwards's triumph and the Revolution. Governor Hutchinson published the first volume of his History in 1764. Tauchnitz's Manual calls Samuel Adams the most influential political writer of his time; his Circular Letter to each Colonial Legislature appeared in 1768, four years later than Otis's Rights of the British Colonies. "The most voluminous polit- ical writer of his time in America ... between the years 1754 and 1776, he (Samuel Adams) was the most vigilant, indus-
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trions, effective, and also the least identified of writers to the newspapers," says Stanton. Yet when we study the political writings that gave birth to America's independence, we find that there were not so many in Massachusetts as in Pennsyl- vania. Sam Adams, Hancock, Warren were, after all, men of action, not books; and John Adams began his political writ- ing about our Constitution after our independence had been established.
Undoubtedly the first in date and highest in skill was James Otis. His great speech on writs of assistance (general search warrants) in 1761-which led to the Fourth Amend- ment in our national Bill of Rights, and was in substance copied or extended in all our State constitutions, declaring forever unlawful general searches or seizures without definite warrant, is said to be the one American constitutional principle that has been taken over from us and, under Lord Camden, adopted as a part of the British Constitution. James Otis is said by John Fiske to have made by "his passionate eloquence so great an impression upon the people that this scene in the court room has since been remembered-and not unjustly-as the opening scene of the American Revolution. In 1762 ap- peared his Vindication of the Conduct of the House of Rep- resentatives; and in 1764 the Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved; and in 1765 his Considerations on Behalf of the Colonies.
Franklin was, of course, our best pamphleteer, and the next year his Examination Before the House of Commons was published in Boston, and in Philadelphia both in English and in German. Jared Ingersoll published that same year in New Haven his Letters Relating to the Stamp Act, about which numerous pamphlets appeared, both in prose and in verse. In 1767, in Pennsylvania, John Dickinson began his political writing; and in 1768 Samuel Adams sent his Circular Letter above mentioned and in 1769 published his Appeal to the World or a Vindication of the Town of Boston."
That same year appeared Governor Hutchinson's Original Papers or an Appendix to the History of Massachusetts Bay (presumably what was left from the sacking of his house four years before in the Stamp Act riot). Then in 1770 came the Boston Massacre-not long after the soldiers of "Sam Adams's
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STATESMEN AUTHORS
regiments" (so called in compliment because he caused their coming) had assisted in a brutal assault upon James Otis in the British Coffee House, where Otis received, says Fiske, "a blow on the head with a sword from the effects of which he never recovered, but finally lost his reason." So, perhaps, the most brilliant of our revolutionary writers ceased to write. Joseph Warren made the Oration on the Boston Massacre, and he fell at Bunker Hill, where Pitcairn, who first ordered British troops to fire upon Americans, also fell; and in 1774 Hutchinson was recalled. But the peculiar objects of King George's hatred-the town of Boston and Sam Adams and Hancock-escaped unscathed; and the British soldiers, that had gone only to Castle Island in 1770, had to leave Massa- chusetts Bay forever in 1776.
"Inter arma silent-literae." For several years after 1775 no books were published in Massachusetts. In 1774 John Adams, John Dickinson, Freneau (A Voyage to Boston), Hamilton, Hopkinson, Jefferson had all been writing on British -or, as they loyally still termed them, ministerial-misdeeds.
In 1776 they all stopped. Only the professional pamphlet- eers kept driving their quills-Freneau, Hopkinson, Thomas Paine, and Franklin (the very Prince of Propagandists) ; the Adamses, Warren, Hamilton were otherwise engaged. Yet we may pause to note that both Lexington and the Delaware gave rise to some poetry, mostly humorous; Franklin com- mented on the speed of the British retreat from the former place; and Hopkinson wrote his Battle of the Kegs about the latter. In 1775 Mercy Otis Warren published her political comedy, Paine his Common Sense, and in 1779 Ethan Allen from a London prison his Narrative of Captivity.
Belonging to this period, though published in Connecticut in 1782, is Trumbull's famous M'Fingal. The Boston edition of 1799 says that "in 1792 a splendid edition of it appeared in London, with explanatory notes"; and certainly the poem has a Drydenesque quality, well adapted to explain the cause and sentiments of the colonies. As such, it may be commended to the attention of our present obscurantists who would deny the righteousness of both. Trumbull was a Hartford man, but lived long in Boston, was graduated at Harvard in 1773, and
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says in his preface, "The Scene of the Poem is laid in Massa- chusetts"-so we may fairly claim him.
POST-REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE
Post-Revolutionary literature was slow of birth. Wendell quotes Henry Adams as ascribing it to a stagnation of mental life. This is not fair, unless we limit mental life to poetry, essays, and works of the imagination. Still rather breathless from religious struggle, our forefathers had to rise up to make a constitution and a nation. Hence, though Wendell may be right in saying that Blackstone cuts no figure in Eng- lish literary history, this is not so narrowly true of Hamilton, Jefferson, Franklin, and John Adams. For he, and they, began at once to write-his contribution being a ponderous study, in three massive volumes, of all republics of all time, of "Democratic," "Aristocratic," and "Monarchic" republics. His breadth of view will be seen since he includes Machiavelli's Pictoria, Padua, and other Italian oligarchies or ty- rannies among the former. He ranges all the way from Neufchatel to Poland; gives many letters and opinions for and against; writes, among many, one to Franklin in which he coins the word "Massachusettensius"; and finally devotes three hundred pages to "The Right Constitution of a Common- wealth examined."
It is safe to say that today his recently published correspond- ence with his whilom enemy, Thomas Jefferson, will find a thousand times more readers and is more (properly speaking) literature, while his correspondence with Abigail his wife re- sults in far and away the most interesting contemporary ac- count of the Revolution.
CORRESPONDENCE
This brings us to that branch of literature wherein, after beginning with diaries and almanacs, Massachusetts letters at the end of the seventeenth century excelled-letters. Most of such, unfortunately, remain in manuscript, or in the not easily procurable editions of the historical societies. Such are the Winthrop, Adams, Belknap, Belcher, Hinckley, Pickering,
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POST REVOLUTIONARY
Bowdoin, Temple, Pepperrell, and Heath papers, and the corre- spondence of Mercy Warren-poetess and dramatist already mentioned, but politician above all-with John Adams's wife. It is much to be desired that some one prepare an index to such New England correspondence on the model of the invalu- able New England Diaries by Harriet M. Forbes. And no one since Sévigné would question the right of correspondence to be called literature. John Adams himself, indeed, in 1786 published his letters respecting the Revolution written in 1780.
TRAVEL
In 1778 was published in London the famous Three Years Travels of Jonathan Carver, promptly reprinted in Philadel- phia. On the title page he describes himself as a "Captain of the Provincial Troops in America," and he sets out from Bos- ton soon after "the late war with France concluded," and arrives at "Michilimackinac, the remotest English post, in September 1766," and returns to Boston in June, 1768, "having travelled near seven thousand miles." The Tauchnitz Manual states that he died in London, penniless, but that it was "in consequence of this publication . . . and the miseries he en- countered as an American man of letters in London that the foundation was made for that magnificent endowment . . . the Royal Literary Fund." It is of great interest in its geog- raphy, natural history, and study of the Indians, attracted great notice abroad, "had a strong fascination for Schiller . and Carver's report of a harangue by a Nadowessian chief over the dead body of one of their great warriors- being itself a piece of true poetry in prose-was turned into verse . . which pleased Goethe so much that he declared it to be among the best of Schiller's poems."
His study of the Indians has been superseded by the work of Schoolcraft and others, and his voyaging by many French ex- plorers; nevertheless, Carver may be said to have laid the foundation, long before Cooper, of the European cult for the American Red Indian. All this reputation is unaffected by the Nineteenth Century discovery of the remarkable likeness of many passages to earlier French travellers and explorers.
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Indeed, one of the first secular interests to revive after the Revolution was geography, as was natural to Americans, finding a new continent now all their own. About this time Timothy Dwight, of New Haven, wrote his Travels in New England, and Jedediah Morse his Geography Made Easy. Far the most famous of them, however, was John Bartram, whose volumes on the botany and natural history of America-par- ticularly the southern colonies-travelled so far as to become one of the sources of Coleridge's Kubla Khan; but he was a Philadelphian.
THE ADAMS CORRESPONDENCE
The Revolution gave birth to the best of our correspondence. The letters of John and Abigail Adams to each other (1771 to 1801) have been mentioned already ; both write in a charm- ing style, vivid, affectionate, and human; neither one, more- over, without humor, which one hardly expects from John Adams, though his wife had more. Then, there is the corre- spondence of John and Abigail Adams-also of Sam with James and Mercy (Otis) Warren, in two great volumes pub- lished by the Massachusetts Historical Society; the letters run from 1743 to 1814, and on p. 168 of Volume I is a facsimile of the title page of The Group by Mercy Warren, "as lately acted ... to the wonder of all superior intelligences, nigh head- quarters at Amboyne"-a political satire. She also published much poetry and a history of the Revolution later, as Hannah Adams did (1795) a History of New England. Then there is General Heath's correspondence, in three volumes, published by the same society (1774-1782), with letters from and to Washington, Lafayette, Burgoyne, and many others. Now there is much more such correspondences published ; and doubt- less, from the files of our historical societies more will come. But only the Adams and Warren letters may fairly be con- sidered literature, and, perhaps best of all, the diaries and let- ters of John Quincy Adams, which begin in 1795 about the time when he was appointed Minister to Prussia, and end only with the famous correspondence with Jefferson, continued up to his death. And here we may well leave the eighteenth century; for while John Adams belongs indisputably to it, John Quincy
LIGHT LITERATURE
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Adams writes always like a man of his world in the nineteenth. The difference in style is as marked as that between Cotton Mather and Sewall and Ames, a century before.
LIGHT LITERATURE
There remains to note only the birth of our light literature. New Haven was at that time the literary centre; and there were "Hartford wits," but none in Boston, with the possible exception of Robert Treat Paine, have survived. Perhaps the earliest of our "shilling shockers" was the famous Female Review, or Memoirs of an American Lady, a Continental Soldier for nearly three years in the late American War dur- ing which time she performed the Duties of every department . . . and preserved her Chastity Inviolate"-the authentic ac- count of Deborah Sampson's experiences, written "by a Citizen of Massachusetts" and published at Dedham in 1797. The author, however, had evidently read his Smollett; and Sterne was evidently familiar to the writer of our next piece of light literature, The Algerine Captive by Royall Tyler, the first volume of which gives an account of life and manners in the southern New Hampshire of that period worthy of Sterne himself. The second volume, however, is a rather threadbare story of Algerine captivity-a danger which was familiar to our seafaring ancestors, hardly more than a century ago. In 1793 appeared The Foresters, an American Tale. If so, per- haps the first, for Mercy Warren's two plays were entitled The Sack of Rome and The Ladies of Castile, while her poems (1790), when not patriotic, were principally about Harvard College, which institution may also claim the credit, through its famous student society, of inspiring the first New England humorous poem, The Hasty Pudding, written by Joel Barlow in 1795 at Chambéry in Savoy with some touch of homesick- ness. He also wrote a revision of Dr. Watts' Psalms, and was a graduate of Yale, and perished seeking Napoleon in the snows of Russia. It should not be forgotten that Phillis Wheatley, negro slave to a merchant of that name in Boston, published in London a volume of poems in 1773.
Perhaps the first New England novel is The Coquette, or History of Elisa Wharton (1797) by Hannah Foster, based
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EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LITERATURE
on an early seduction, which suggested also the plot of Mrs. Stowe's Oldtown Folks; and it is a sarcasm of destiny that the seducer was actually the son of Jonathan Edwards with whose great work the century began.
In 1794 Belknap began his American Biography; and after 1787 Noah Webster deserted the Federal Constitution (Lead- ing Principles) for lighter topics, and dictionaries. All these writers belong in part to Massachusetts; so Franklin in 1789 wrote his autobiography, which certainly derives from his Boston childhood. But in 1790 Brockden Brown was already writing novels in Philadelphia. With us the Age of Fiction had hardly begun. It was the palmy day of Massachusetts supremacy upon the ocean! Her people sailed to Oregon and to Cathay, explored the West. In 1800 Bowditch's Navigator appeared, and in 1792 the first volume of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Massachusetts was predominating by sea and by land, but the Bay State was still concerned with realities .- It is 1827 before any other Massachusetts writers of poetry or fiction appear; and longer still before the first Massachusetts essayist.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS .- Three Episodes of Massachusetts History (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1872).
ADAMS, HANNAH .- A Summary History of New England (Printed for the Author, Dedham, 1799).
ADAMS, HANNAH .- Poems.
ADAMS, JOHN .- Works, with a life of the author (10 vols., Boston, Little, Brown, 1850-1856)-Edited by C. F. Adams.
ADAMS, JOHN .- A Defence of the Constitution of Government of the United States of America against the Attack of M. Turgot (London, C. Dilly, 1787-1788).
ADAMS, JOHN .- History of the Principal Republics of the World (London, J. Stockdale, 1794).
ADAMS, JOHN .- Twenty-Six Letters, Upon Interesting Subjects Respecting the Revolution of America, Written In Holland, in the Year 1780 (Printed for the Subscribers, London, 1786).
ADAMS, JOHN, AND ABIGAIL .- Correspondence (in John Adams's Works)- Partial collections have been published separately.
ADAMS, JOHN, AND WARREN, MERCY .- Correspondence Relating to her "His- tory of the American Revolution," 1807 (Mass. Historical Society, Col- lections, Fifth Series, Vol. IV, Boston, 1877).
ADAMS, JOHN, ADAMS, SAMUEL, AND WARREN, JAMES .- Warren-Adams Letters 1743-1814 (2 vols., Mass. Historical Society, Collections, Vols. 72-73, Boston, 1917, 1925).
ADAMS, JOHN, AND JEFFERSON, THOMAS .- Correspondence, 1812-1826 (Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 1925)-Selected by Paul Wilstach.
ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY .- "Diary" (Mass. Historical Society, Proceedings, Second Series, Vol. XVI, pp. 295-462, Boston, 1903)-From the diary kept by Adams 1787-1788.
ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY .- Writings (7 vols., New York, Macmillan, 1913- 1917)-Edited by W. C. Ford.
ADAMS, SAMUEL .- Appeal to the World; or A Vindication of the Town of Boston (Boston, Edes and Gill, 1770) .
ADAMS, SAMUEL .- "The House of Representatives of Massachusetts to the Speakers of Other Houses of Representatives, February 11, 1768" (Works, 4 vols., N. Y., Putnam's, 1904)-Edited by E. A. Cushing. See Vol. I, p. 184. The work of a committee consisting of Adams, Otis, Cushing, Hawley, Bowers, Dexter, and Richmond.
AMES, NATHANIEL .- The Essays, Humor, and Poems of Nathaniel Ames, Father and Son, of Dedham, Mass., from their Almanacks, 1726-1775 (Cleveland, Short & Forman, 1891)-Notes and comment by Sam. Briggs.
AMES, NATHANIEL .- "Diary, 1758-1807" (Dedham Historical Register, Vols. 1-14, Dedham Historical Society, 1890-1903)-Extracts from the diary of the son.
BARLOW, JOEL .- The Hasty Pudding (N. Y., 1796; New Haven, Tiebout & O'Brien, 1796)-A poem written at Chambéry, Savoy, 1793.
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BELCHER, JONATHAN .- The Belcher Papers (2 vols., Mass. Historical So- ciety, Collections, Sixth Series, Vols. VI-VII, Boston, 1893-1894).
BELKNAP, JEREMY .- The Belknap Papers (3 vols., Mass. Historical Society, Collections, Fifth Series, Vols. II-III; Sixth Series, Vol. IV; (Boston, 1877, 1891).
BELKNAP, JEREMY .- American Biography (2 vols., Boston, Andrews, 1794- 1798).
BOWDOIN, JAMES, AND TEMPLE, SIR JOHN .- The Bowdoin and Temple Papers, 1756-1800 (2 parts, Mass. Historical Society, Collections, Sixth Series, Vol. IX; Seventh Series, Vol. VI; Boston, 1897, 1907).
BYLES, MATHER .- On the Death of the Queen. A Poem (Boston, D. Henchman, 1738).
BYLES, MATHER .- A Poem on the Death of his late Majesty King George, and the Accession of . . . George II (Boston, 1727).
BYLES, MATHER .- Poems: The Conflagration. The God of Tempest and Earthquake (Boston, n.d.)
CARVER, JONATHAN .- Travels through the Interior Parts of North America, in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768 (Printed for the Author, London, 1778).
CHURCH, THOMAS .- Entertaining Passages Relating to Philip's War (Bos- ton, printed by B. Green, 1716).
COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON, AND PELHAM, HENRY .- Letters and Papers, 1739- 1776 (Mass. Historical Society, Collections, Vol. 71, Boston, 1914). DWIGHT, TIMOTHY .- Travels in New England and New York (New Haven, T. Dwight, 1821-1822).
EDWARDS, JONATHAN .- Some Thoughts Concerning the present Revival of Religion in New England (Boston, S. Kneeland and T. Green, 1742). EDWARDS, JONATHAN .- An Account of the Life of the late Reverend Mr. David Brainerd (Boston, D. Henchman, 1749).
EDWARDS, JONATHAN .- Complete Works (8 vols., Worcester, 1808-1809; 10 vols., 1809)-Edited by T. Dwight in 1809.
ELIOT, JARED .- An Essay upon Field Husbandry in New England (Parts İ-VI, New London, New York and New Haven, 1748-1759).
FLEMING, WILLIAM AND ELIZABETH .- A Narrative of the Sufferings and Surprising Deliverance (Printed for the Benefit of the unhappy Suf- ferers, Phila., n.d .; Boston, Green & Russell, 1756).
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN .- Autobiography-First edition probably 1791; a French edition under the title Memoirs de la vie privée de Benj. Franklin publiées sur le manuscrit original écrité par lui-même appeared in Paris, 1791; the second American edition, in Philadelphia, 1794; also Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin, Written by Himself, and continued to the time of his Death by his Grandson (6 vols., London, Colburn, 1818-1819) ; many later editions. FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN .- Poor Richard. An Almanack for the Year of Christ 1733 (Phila., printed and sold by B. Franklin, [1733]).
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN .- "Plan of Union for the Colonies" (Writings, 10 vols., N. Y., Macmillan, 1905)-Edited by A. H. Smith. See Vol. III, pp. 207-226. The plan was formulated in 1754.
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN .- "Silence Dogood Papers" (Writings, 10 vols., N., Y., Macmillan, 1905)-Edited by A. H. Smith. See Vol. II, pp. 1-49. First appearance of Franklin in print, at age of sixteen.
HOPKINS, SAMUEL .- Historical Memoirs Relating to the Housatunnuk Indians (Boston, S. Kneeland, 1753).
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SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS .- The History of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay from . . . 1628 Until 1691 (Boston, Thomas and John Fleet, 1764).
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS .-- The History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay from 1691 Until 1750 (Boston, Thomas and John Fleet, 1767). MANN, HERMANN .- The Female Review; or, Memoirs of an American Young Lady; whose Life and Character Are Peculiarly Distinguished- Being a Continental Soldier (Printed for the Author, Dedham, 1797) -Recounts the actual experience of Deborah Sampson.
MATHER, COTTON .- Decennium Luctuosum. An History of . : . the Long War, which New England hath had with the Indian Salvages, From the year 1688 to the Year 1698 (Boston, Samuel Phillips, 1699).
MATHER, COTTON .- Diary 1681-1724 (2 vols., Mass. Historical Society, Col- lections, Seventh Series, Vols. VII-VIII; Boston, 1911-1912).
MATHER, COTTON .- Magnalia Christi Americana (London, T. Parkhurst, 1702; reprinted in 2 vols., Hartford, S. Andrus & Son, 1853).
MATHER, COTTON .- Parentator (Boston, R. Belknap, 1724).
MATHER, COTTON .- Sober Considerations, on a growing Flood of Iniquity . the Woful Consequences of the Prevailing Abuse of Rum (Bos- ton, John Allen, 1708).
MATHER, INCREASE .- A Plain Discourse Shewing who shall & who shall not Enter into the Kingdom of Heaven (Boston, B. Eliot, 1713). MATHER, INCREASE .- Sermons (Boston, D. Henchman, 1718).
NILES, SAMUEL .- A Summary Historical Narrative of the Wars of New England with the French and Indians in the Several Parts of the Country (2 parts, Mass. Historical Society, Collections, Third Series, Vol. VI, 154-279; Fourth Series, Vol. V, 309-589; Boston, 1837, 1861) -A manuscript in the library of the Society, preface dated 1760.
NORTON, JOHN .- The Redeemed Captive (Boston, Printed & Sold opposite the Prison, 1748).
OTIS, JAMES .- Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (Bos- ton, Edes & Gill, 1764).
OTIS, JAMES .- A Vindication of the Conduct of the House of Representa- tives (Boston, Edes & Gill, 1762).
OTIS, JAMES .- "Writs of Assistance Speech" (See TUDOR, WILLIAM : Life of James Otis, Boston, Wells and Lilly, 1823, pp. 62-86; also MINOT, GEORGE RICHARDS : Continuation of the History of the Prov- ince of Massachusetts Bay from 1748 to 1765, 2 vols., Boston, Manning & Loring, 1798-1803, Vol. II, pp. 91-97)-John Adams took frag- mentary notes of the speech, which were appropriated by some un- known person and printed in a newspaper; Tudor's account of the speech is based on Minot.
PAINE, THOMAS .- The American Crisis (Number 1, n.d.)-Probably is- sued in 1776; the second part is dated Jan. 13, 1777.
PAINE, THOMAS .- Common Sense (Phila., R. Ball, 1776)-Many other editions.
PAINE, THOMAS .- The Rights of Man (Boston, I. Thomas and E. T. Andrews, 1791).
PEPPERRELL, SIR WILLIAM .- The Pepperrell Papers (Mass. Historical Society, Collections, Sixth Series, Vol. X; Boston, 1899)-Documents and letters relating to the siege of Louisburg.
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