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4 974.4 H25h v. 4 447382
PUBLIC LIBRARY FORT WAYNE & ALLEN CO., IND.
M. L.
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
NORTH ADAMS
HOOSAC TUNNEL
FITCHBURG
GREENFIELD4
6 PITTSFIELD
WORCESTER
PALMER
WESTFIELD
SPRINGFIELD
WEBSTER
PRINCIPAL ROUTES OF TRANSPORTATION IN MASSACHUSETTS UP TO 1890 SCALE OF MILES 0
10 20 ·
LEGEND
RAILROADS HIGHWAYS
·- ABANDONED CANALS
RIVERS
-7
5V V4
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01100 9716
NEWBURYPORT
LAWRENCE
ROCKPORT
OWELL
ATCHRG
AYER
CONCORDOCT.
BOSTON
SOUTH
FRAMINGHAM
PROVINCETOWN
MANSFIELD
PLYMOUTH
TAUNTON
FALL RIVER
NEW BEDFORD
8
0
NOV 1 1 1840
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019
https://archive.org/details/commonwealthhist04hart
Dan Webster
COMMONWEALTH HISTORY of MASSACHUSETTS
TO TIT,D R1
ALDERS DANIELA HART
eonsH vd digergotodq edt mort
Yasqmo) fqsigotonq oltotalH wobillsH NINETEENTH CENTnoteod CHUSETTS
THE STATES HISTORY COMPANY 156 MIRTILAVENDE NEW YORK 1930
DANIEL WEBSTER From the photograph by Hanes
Courtesy of the Halliday Historic Photograph Company Boston
COMMONWEALTH HISTORY of
MASSACHUSETTS
EDITED BY ALBERT BUSHNELL HART
A. B., LITT. D., LL. D., PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF GOVERNMENT, HARVARD UNIVERSITY ; MEMBER OF MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY; HISTORIAN OF THE UNITED STATES GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENARY COMMISSION ; DESCENDANT OF STEPHEN IIART, FREEMAN OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY IN 1634
VOLUME FOURTH
NINETEENTH CENTURY MASSACHUSETTS [1820-1889]
-
THE STATES HISTORY COMPANY 156 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK 1930
COPYRIGHT, 1930 BY THE STATES HISTORY COMPANY
Printed in the United States of America
447382 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
GOVERNMENT AND THE CONSTITUTION (1820-1917),
By Eli A. Glasser
ARISTOCRACY TO DEMOCRACY (1820-1917)
1
DEMAND FOR REFORM (1795-1820) 2
CONVENTION OF 1820
3
THE FIRST TEN AMENDMENTS (1820-1831)
4
CITIES
PROPERTY QUALIFICATIONS ·
5
OFFICES AND OFFICERS
6
OATH OF OFFICE
6
DUAL OFFICES, ELECTIONS
7 7
FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE (1780-1820)
8
ALLIANCE OF CHURCH AND STATE (1780-1810)
9
AGITATION FOR DISESTABLISHMENT (1780-1820)
11
DIVORCE OF CHURCH AND STATE (1833)
12
REFORMS IN REPRESENTATION BLOCKED (1820-1834)
15
REFORM IN SIZE OF HOUSE (1835-1857)
16
SENATORS AND COUNCILLORS (1840)
17
PROPERTY QUALIFICATIONS FOR GENERAL COURT AND COUNCIL REMOVED (1840) . . 18
DEMAND FOR CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM (1840-1850) 18
CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN POLITICS (1851-1852) 19
20
DEMOCRATIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE 1857)
·(1855-
OTHER POST-CONVENTION AMENDMENTS (1855-1857) 22
ELECTION DAY FIXED (1855-1857)
24
SUPPORT OF SECTARIAN SCHOOLS WITHDRAWN
25
COMPLEMENTARY AMENDMENTS (1857-1917) 26
FILLING OF VACANT OFFICES (1860)
27
TRAVELLING EXPENSES (1893)
28
AMENDMENTS AFFECTING THE FRANCHISE (1881-1912) 29
ADDITIONAL COMPLEMENTARY AMENDMENTS (1894-1913) 30 MISCELLANEOUS AMENDMENTS 30
HARVARD OFFICERS MADE ELIGIBLE (1877) 31
VOTERS AND VOTING (1885-1911) .
31
TAXATION AND EMINENT DOMAIN (1911-1915) 32
JOHN ADAMS'S DOCUMENT PREVAILS (1929) 33
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 34
iii
DEC 2 6 1940
tter $2.00
PROBLEM OF REPRESENTATION (1780-1834)
14
THE CONVENTION OF 1853 .
.
24
POPULAR ELECTION OF STATE OFFICERS (1855) 25
LITERACY REQUIREMENT (1857) (1855)
25
QUESTION OF QUORUMS (1891) 28
1
5
PROCESS OF THE NINTH AMENDMENT (1821)
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER II
THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM AND THE BAR (1820-1861),
By Frank W. Grinnell
CHANGE OF NAME OF THE COURT 35
COSTUME OF THE COURT 36
THE CONSTITUTION (1779-1780) 37
ANTISLAVERY DECISION (1783) 37
CONDITIONS OF PRACTICE (1780-1806)
REVIEW OF DECISIONS' . ·
JUDGE THEODORE SEDGWICK (1802-1813) .
41
CHIEF JUSTICE THEOPHILUS PARSONS (1778-1813) 42
INNOVATIONS BY PARSONS (1806-1813) .
43
DEVELOPMENT OF FIXED SALARIES FOR THE COURT (1831) 45
"CODIFICATION FEVER" IN MASSACHUSETTS (1800-1840) 46
FOUNDING OF THE HARVARD LAW SCHOOL (1817-1845)
49
JUDGE CHARLES JACKSON (1813-1836)
50
DANIEL WEBSTER AND THE WHITE MURDER CASE (1830)
51
JUDGE LEMUEL SHAW (1781-1861)
54
PETER OXENBRIDGE THACHER AND THE MUNICIPAL COURT OF BOSTON (1823-1843)
55
PELEG W. CHANDLER
55
TRIAL OF PROFESSOR WEBSTER (1849)
56
PRACTICE ACT OF 1851
57
Two CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS AND THE 1853)
58
RUFUS CHOATE ON APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES (1853) 60
MASSACHUSETTS FEDERAL JUDGES .
61
JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE OF JOHN DAVIS AND JOSEPH STORY BENJAMIN R. CURTIS (1809-1874)
62
ARBITRATION .
65
BENJAMIN F. BUTLER AND THE COURTS
OTHER LAWYERS ·
CHARLES ALLEN, FIRST CHIEF JUSTICE OF
THE SUPERIOR
70
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
71
CHAPTER III
POLITICAL HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS (1829-1851),
By Harold U. Faulkner . ·
74
CHANGES IN TRANSPORTATION (1829-1845) 74
THE FARMERS (1829-1851) 75
LABOR AND POPULATION (1829-1851) 75
ECONOMIC FACTORS IN POLITICS (1816-1821)
76
APPEARANCE OF MASSACHUSETTS DEMOCRATS
(1821-1826) 77
FREE BRIDGE CONTROVERSY (1826-1827) 78
MASSACHUSETTS JACKSONIANS (1827-1828)
79
JACKSON PARTY CONSOLIDATED (1829-1831)
80
ANTIMASONIC MOVEMENT (1826-1831)
81
ANTIMASON COMPLICATIONS (1831-1833)
82
THE WORKINGMEN'S PARTY (1832-1833)
83
DECLINE OF THE ANTIMASONS (1833-1834)
84
MASSACHUSETTS DEMOCRATS (1834-1838) 85
BANCROFT AND EVERETT (1835-1836) 86
DEMOCRATIC DEFEAT (1837) 87
WHIG AND DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES .
(1837-1840)
88
WHIG SUCCESSES (1840-1841) 89
THE LIBERTY PARTY (1841-1848)
90
·
64
66
70
COURT (1859-1867)
COURTS (1780-
35
38 40
TABLE OF CONTENTS
V
DEMOCRATIC RETURN (1842)
91
DEMOCRATIC REFORM (1843) 92
GOVERNOR BRIGGS (1843-1844) 93
COTTON WHIGS IN POWER (1843-1849)
93
NATIONAL INFLUENCE IN MASSACHUSETTS (1845-1846) 94
MASSACHUSETTS IN THE MEXICAN WAR (1846-1847) 95
SLAVERY AS AN ISSUE (1847-1848) 96
FREE-SOIL PARTY (1848-1850)
98
ELECTION OF SUMNER TO THE SENATE
(1849) 98
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY .
.
CHAPTER IV
DANIEL WEBSTER, STATESMAN (1782-1852),
By Claude M. Fuess .
103
A NEW ENGLANDER
103
WEBSTER A NATIONALIST
104
EARLY LIFE (1782-1795) 104
105
APPRENTICESHIP IN THE LAW (1801-1812)
106
THE ROCKINGHAM MEMORIAL (1812)
107
MEMBER OF CONGRESS (1813-1817)
108
RETURN TO THE LAW (1816-1818) 109
110
WEBSTER AS A CONSTITUTIONAL LAWYER
112
WEBSTER'S LEGAL REPUTATION
113
WEBSTER'S GREAT ORATIONS (1820-1826)
114
WEBSTER'S REPUTATION IN ORATORY
115
RETURN TO CONGRESS (1823-1825)
116
SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS (1827-1829)
117
THE TARIFF AND NULLIFICATION (1830)
119
CALHOUN AND NULLIFICATION (1832)
120
WEBSTER AND THE PRESIDENCY (1832-1841)
121
SECRETARY OF STATE (1841-1843)
122
CHINESE TREATY (1843) .
123
RECONCILIATION WITH THE WHIGS (1843-1845) . .
124
WEBSTER AND SLAVERY (1830-1848)
125
SLAVERY CRISIS OF 1850 .
127
SEVENTH OF MARCH SPEECH (1850)
128
WEBSTER'S RESPONSIBILITY (1850) 128
129
WEBSTER'S PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS
130
WEBSTER'S FINANCES ·
132
WEBSTER'S ALLEGED INTEMPERANCE
134
THE LAST DAYS (1851-1852) 135
THE LAST HOURS (1852)
136
RETROSPECT
137
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
138
CHAPTER V
THE IMMIGRANTS (1830-1929),
By Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer 142
COLONIAL IMMIGRATION ·
142
REGULATION PRIOR TO FEDERAL ACTION (1789-1872) 143
IMMIGRATION OF PAUPERS 144
NATIONAL REPRESENTATION (1850-1890)
145
IMMIGRATION AFTER FEDERAL ACTION (1890-1914) 148
NUMBERS AND RACES (1907-1914) .
149
100
SCHOOL AND COLLEGE (1796-1801)
THE DARTMOUTH COLLEGE CASE (1818)
118
REPLY TO HAYNE (1830)
CLOSE OF THE PUBLIC CAREER (1850-1852)
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
GOVERNMENT INVESTIGATIONS (1912-1919)
150
MASSACHUSETTS DIVISION OF IMMIGRATION AND AMERICANI-
ZATION (1919-1929) 151
EDUCATIONAL WORK WITH ALIENS (1919-1929) 152
UNUSUAL SCHOOL RECORDS .
.
154
IRISH GROUP OF IMMIGRANTS
156
CANADIANS AND ITALIANS
158
FRENCH CANADIANS
159
RUSSIANS AND HEBREWS
160
MINOR GROUPS 161
PORTUGUESE
162
SCANDINAVIANS
164
GERMANS 165
RACES FROM THE EASTERN END OF THE MEDITERRANEAN 166
DISTRIBUTION BY RACES 167
EFFECTS OF THE PRESENT IMMIGRATION LAWS 168
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY .
170
CHAPTER VI
EDUCATION (1820-1890),
By Albert E. Winship 172
EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS (1820)
172
INFLUENCES FAVORING EDUCATION (1820-1840) 173
HORACE MANN
174
PROGRESS IN EDUCATION (1821-1858)
175
MASSACHUSETTS STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION (1837)
175
ACADEMIES, HIGH SCHOOLS, AND LOCAL DISTRICTS (1820-1870)
177
MASSACHUSETTS INFLUENCE ON THE NATION (1830-1889) SUPPORTERS OF REFORM (1836-1874)
179
NORMAL SCHOOLS (1827-1889)
179
EDUCATIONAL REPORTS (1836-1841) .
180
BOSTON SCHOOLS AND SCHOOLMASTERS
(1843-1844) 181
182
EDUCATION FOR GIRLS (1820-1875)
184
ADVANTAGES OF THE BOSTON SCHOOLS (1875-1890) 185
MASSACHUSETTS COLLEGES (1820-1870) 185
NEW COLLEGES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS (1861-1890) 186
NEW EDUCATIONAL SPIRIT (1869-1889)
187
EDUCATIONAL AWAKENING (1869-1890)
188
MANUAL TRAINING (1870-1890)
189
EDUCATIONAL EXPERTS (1870-1890)
190
ADVANCE OF THE COLLEGES (1874-1890)
190
PERMISSIVE LEGISLATION (1849-1889)
191
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
191
AN EMINENT MASTER .
192
INFLUENCE OF WOMEN
193
EDUCATIONAL LEADERS 194
FINANCING EDUCATION 195
THE COURSE OF STUDY (1820-1890) 195
197
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
198
CHAPTER VII
MASSACHUSETTS LITERATURE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (1820-1860),
By John Macy . 201
THE NEW ENGLAND ENLIGHTENMENT 201
153
LIBRARY WORK WITH THE FOREIGN-BORN ·
(1820-1890)
SCHOOL BUILDINGS (1820-1890)
177
THE BOSTON CONTROVERSY (1843)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
THE THOUGHT MAKERS: EMERSON
202
THE THOUGHT MAKERS: THOREAU
204
THE CLERGY : CHANNING AND PARKER
205
GARRISON
206
MINOR CELEBRITIES
207
HISTORIANS
208
ORATORY
210
WEBSTER THE ORATOR .
210
EVERETT, PHILLIPS, AND SUMNER
212
WRITERS OF FICTION
213
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
215
POETS : WHITTIER ·
216
HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW
217
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES
218
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL
219
LESSER LIGHTS
220
OTHER LITERACY FORCES 220
SUMMARY
222
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
222
CHAPTER VIII
ARTISTIC MASSACHUSETTS (1820-1929),
By C. Howard Walker
225
ARCHITECTURAL ORIGINS
225
POST-BELLUM ADVANCES . 226
BASIS OF COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE 227
228
BULFINCH THE ARCHITECT
229
PAINTING (1789-1840)
231
AMERICAN GOTHIC ERA (1840)
231
TOPIARY ART (1820-1865) 232
233
POST-BELLUM ART (1865-1890)
234
ERA OF RICHARDSON (1865-1890)
235
ARCHITECTURAL SCHOOLS (1865-1901) 236
ART AND ARCHITECTURE (1880-1890) 237
ART MUSEUM IN COPLEY SQUARE (1876)
238
ART TRAINING (1885-1930)
239
LANDSCAPING (1860-1893)
240
NINETEENTH CENTURY INFLUENCES (1840-1860)
240
NEW ART SCHOOLS (1865-1920)
241
SCULPTURE (1865-1930)
242
CONCEPTION OF PLAN (1890-1900)
243
EXPOSITION BUILDINGS (1876-1910)
244
BUSINESS STRUCTURES (1880-1920)
245
ART ORGANIZATION AND INSTRUCTION
246
TWENTIETH CENTURY STATUS (1900-1930)
247
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
250
CHAPTER IX
RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL REFORMS (1820-1861),
By Edward Everett Hale
252
THE SUNRISE OF IDEALISM
252
EARLY UNITARIANISM (1800-1845)
253
CONGREGATIONALISM AND UNITARIANISM
255
COLONIAL DWELLINGS .
230
MINOR ARTISTRY (1775-1840)
NINETEENTH CENTURY TENDENCIES
(1840-1865)
THE INFLUENCE OF THE GOTHIC 245
Viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
AIM OF UNITARIANISM (1780-1840)
256
JAMES FREEMAN (1781-1800)
CREEDS
UNITARIAN CLERGY (1780-1840) · 257
DIVISION OF THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH
(1780-1805)
259
HARVARD COLLEGE THEOLOGY
260
THE CHANNING CONTROVERSY (1815)
261
THE MARKS OF UNITARIANISM
262
THE TERM UNITARIAN
264
AMERICAN UNITARIANS IN ACTION
265
DISTRIBUTION OF CHURCHES
266
TRANSCENDENTALISM (1820-1850) 268
NEW INTELLECTUAL FORCES 270
THE LYCEUMS (1815-1860) 270
THE CAUSES (1815-1860) 272
273
EMERSON'S PHILOSOPHY
275
THE DIAL
275
BROOK FARM
276
THOREAU .
277
RALPH WALDO EMERSON
277
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
278
CHAPTER X
MASSACHUSETTS IN THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT (1820-1861),
By John F. Sly .
· NEW CONDITIONS IN MASSACHUSETTS (1820-1860) · 281
281
NATIONAL STATESMEN OF THE PERIOD (1820-1860) 283
THE TARIFF QUESTION (1816-1842) 285
SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES (1816-1836)
287
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SURPLUS (1836-1837)
290
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS (1817-1830) 291
293
MEXICAN WAR (1846-1848)
295
INTEREST OF MASSACHUSETTS (1792-1846) 298
297
NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY (1844-1846) 299
300
THE NORTHEASTERN BOUNDARY DISPUTE (1783-1842) 301
THE NORTHEASTERN TREATY (1842) 303
INTERNATIONAL TRADE (1818-1854)
304
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
306
CHAPTER XI
THE ANTISLAVERY CRISIS IN MASSACHUSETTS (1830- 1850),
By Oswald Garrison Villard 309
THE ABOLITION CONTROVERSY . 309
STATUS OF SLAVERY IN MASSACHUSETTS (1830-1850) 310
THE SOCIAL ISSUE (1830-1860) 311
312
BENJAMIN LUNDY
313
GARRISON'S CONNECTION WITH LUNDY
315
CHARACTER OF THE "LIBERATOR" 317
GARRISONIAN PRINCIPLES (1831-1861) 318
WOMEN'S RIGHTS . 319
SLAVERY (1831-1844) .
OREGON (1824-1846) .
ADJUSTMENT OF THE BOUNDARY (1845)
THE POCKET NERVE (1830-1860)
FOUNDING OF THE "LIBERATOR" (1831) 315
256
258
CHARITIES AND REFORMS (1810-1865)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1x
NEW ENGLAND ANTISLAVERY SOCIETY (1832-1837)
320
THE GARRISON MOB (1835)
SUPPORTERS OF GARRISON . 322
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS IN CONGRESS
324
ANTISLAVERY PETITIONS IN CONGRESS
325
ATTEMPT TO CENSURE ADAMS .
326
MASSACHUSETTS ABOLITIONISTS 327
THE LITERARY ABOLITIONISTS 328
CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS AND CHARLES SUMNER 329
ANTISLAVERY FINANCE 330
NATIONAL ANTISLAVERY SOCIETY
331
ADVANCE IN PUBLIC SENTIMENT
(1835-1840) 332
CLERICAL OPPOSITION (1835-1837)
NEW RECRUITS (1837-1845) 332
334
VIOLENCE OF GARRISON (1837-1840)
334
RIVAL SOCIETIES (1839-1840)
336
ABOLITION IN POLITICS (1840-1850)
336
ORGANIZATION OF ANTISLAVERY PARTIES
(1840-1848)
337
DENUNCIATION OF THE CHURCHES (1835-1836)
338
ANTISLAVERY LEGISLATION (1840-1854) 339
STATUS OF ANTISLAVERY (1850) 340
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY.
341
CHAPTER XII
WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS (1789-1861),
By Harlan H. Ballard .
345
GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL SETTING . 345
NATURAL FEATURES OF WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS 347
ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF TOWNS 349
OFFICIAL BASIS OF THE TOWNS .
349
OFFICIAL PRACTICE IN FOUNDING TOWNS .
352
SOURCES OF THE SETTLERS IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS (1781- 1820) . 354
POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS UNIFICATION (1780-1820). 355
SOCIAL UNIFICATION (1800-1820)
357
INTELLECTUAL ENERGIES (1780-1820)
358
PROFESSIONAL MEN (1800-1820)
359
MANUFACTURES AND MANUFACTURERS . 360
RESOURCES OF WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS (1820-1830) 362
IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION 364
CANALS AND RAILROADS . 365
SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC LIFE . 367
WHO WERE WHO IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS BEFORE 1861 368
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY.
370
CHAPTER XIII
MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURE (1820-1889),
By Arthur W. Gilbert . 372
PRIME CONDITIONS 372
EVOLUTION OF FARM IMPLEMENTS 373
IMPROVED MACHINERY 374
CATTLE AND HORSES (1840-1874) 375
SHEEP, SWINE AND POULTRY 377
CROPS . 378
STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
(1845-1875) 379
THE DAIRY INDUSTRY
380
PROSLAVERY OPPOSITION (1835)
321
324
X
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES .
PLANS FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (1836-1852) 385
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE (1852-1889) 386
EARLY PLANS FOR AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION (1776-1850) . 387
ESTABLISHMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
389
(1850-1863)
MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE (1863-1889) 391
EDUCATIONAL SERVICE OF MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COL- LEGE (1863-1889) 392
SERVICE TO THE PUBLIC (1882-1889)
393
THE STATE CATTLE COMMISSION (1860-1886) 395
IMPROVEMENT IN FARM LIVING CONDITIONS (1820-1889) 397
FACTORS OF AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS (1820-1889) 398
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY.
399
CHAPTER XIV
INDUSTRY AND TRANSPORTATION (1820-1889),
By John Gould Curtis
INTERDEPENDENCE OF INDUSTRY AND TRANSPORTATION
401
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES . 402
WEALTH OF THE SEAS (1818-1869) 404
405
SHELLFISH AND OTHER SPECIALTIES (1819-1890)
406
SHIPBUILDING (1820-1860)
OTHER USES OF WOOD (1820-1889) 408
IMPETUS TO MANUFACTURES (1820-1889)
408
WATER POWER OR STEAM (1820-1889)
410
TRANSITION TO SHOPS (1820-1840)
411
PROGRESS OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY (1841-1860)
412
WOOLENS (1820-1880)
413
COTTON (1813-1889)
415
OTHER INDUSTRIES (1820-1889)
416
MILL TOWNS AND CONDITIONS OF LABOR (1823-1860) 417
BEGINNINGS OF TRANSPORTATION (1639-1835) 419
STAGE COACHES (1818-1835) 420
420
RAILROAD VERSUS CANAL (1825-1841)
423
FIRST RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION (1826-1828)
424
GENESIS OF THE RAILWAY SYSTEMS (1828-1841)
425
THE NEW EXPERIENCE OF TRAVEL (1835-1841)
426
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ELABORATED (1840-1860)
427
SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR BUSINESS (1850-1889)
429
PROGRESS OF COMMERCE (1820-1889) 429
430
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY .
CHAPTER XV
THE CLIPPER SHIPS, 434
By Samuel Eliot Morison
THE GLORY OF THE CLIPPERS 434
THE MARITIME COMMONWEALTH (1630-1830) 436
THE PRE-CLIPPER ERA 438
THE WESTERN OCEAN SAILING PACKETS .
440
DONALD MCKAY 442
THE FIRST CLIPPER SHIPS (1845-1849) 443
CLIPPER SHIPS OF 1850
445
401
COD AND MACKEREL FISHERIES (1815-1871)
407
413
LEATHER (1810-1860)
CANAL PROJECTS (1652-1859)
PROFITS AND CRISIS (1815-1889)
431
382
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
SURPRISE AND STAG HOUND (1850)
447
THE FLYING CLOUD
449
RACES OF THE FLYING CLOUD AND N. B. PALMER 452
FLYING FISH, JOHN GILPIN, AND NORTHERN LIGHT
VINTAGE OF 1852 .
THE SOVEREIGN OF THE SEAS
457
THE CLIPPERS OF 1853
459
THE GREAT REPUBLIC. 463
MCKAY'S AUSTRALIAN
BLACK-BALLERS 465
466
FATE OF THE CLIPPERS
470
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY.
471
CHAPTER XVI
PRELIMINARIES OF CIVIL WAR (1850-1860),
By Henry Greenleaf Pearson . 473
MASSACHUSETTS AND THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 473
WEBSTER ON THE COMPROMISE . 474
DEMOCRATIC-FREE-SOIL COALITION (1850) 475
EFFECT OF THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW (1850-1851)
476
FUSION ACCOMPLISHED (1850-1851) 477
SHADRACH FUGITIVE SLAVE CASE (1851)
479
SIMS FUGITIVE SLAVE CASE (1851)
480
BREAK-UP OF THE COALITION (1852)
481
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION (1853)
482
POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONVENTION (1853)
482
ATTITUDE OF MASSACHUSETTS ON KANSAS-NEBRASKA
(1854) 485
RENDITION OF ANTHONY BURNS (1854)
486
DECADENCE OF THE OLD PARTIES (1854)
488
RISE OF THE KNOW-NOTHINGS (1848-1853)
488
KNOW-NOTHING TRIUMPH (1854)
490
ANTI-CATHOLIC ACTION (1855)
491
ANTISLAVERY ACTION (1855)
492
KANSAS AND SUMNER (1856) 493
REMOVAL OF JUDGE LORING (1858)
494
THE STAND OF ANDREW (1858-1860)
495
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY.
497
CHAPTER XVII
MASSACHUSETTS TO THE FRONT (1860-1861),
By Henry Greenleaf Pearson . 499
THE PRESIDENTIAL ISSUE OF 1860 . 499
THE CAMPAIGN IN MASSACHUSETTS (1860) 500
GOVERNOR ANDREW IN OFFICE (1861) 502
THE SMELL OF GUNPOWDER . 504
UNCERTAINTY IN MASSACHUSETTS (JANUARY, 1861) 504
ANDREW PREPARES FOR WAY (JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1861) 505
THE CALL TO ARMS (APRIL 15, 1861) 506
MASSACHUSETTS SENDS TROOPS ( APRIL 16-19, 1861) 507
RISING OF THE PEOPLE ( APRIL, 1861) .
509
THE SPIRIT OF MASSACHUSETTS (1861) 510
CHANGING A TOWN MEETING TO A REGIMENT (APRIL, 1861) . 511
KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL (1854) .
484
NEW ENGLAND EMIGRANT AID COMPANY (1854-1857)
487
CONTINUANCE OF THE COALITION (1852) 481
RECORDS . .
THE DREADNOUGHT'S RECORDS 462
454
456
X11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUESTION OF OFFICERS FIRST VOLUNTEER REGIMENTS 513 · (JUNE AND JULY, 1861) . 512 .
514
CHAPTER XVIII
MASSACHUSETTS IN THE CIVIL WAR (1861-1865),
516
By Thomas G. Frothingham .
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR (APRIL, 1861) 516
RESPONSE OF MASSACHUSETTS .
FIRST SERVICES OF THE MILITIA (APRIL, 1861) ·
518
VALUE OF THE THREE-MONTHS MEN (APRIL-JUNE, 1861)
519
MOVE FOR SANITARY CONDITIONS (1861)
520
THE SANITARY COMMISSION
NEW CALL FOR TROOPS ( APRIL, 1861) ·
523
THE THREE-YEAR VOLUNTEERS (MAY, 1861) 524
525
THE FIRST THREE-YEAR REGIMENTS .
526
EFFICIENT SERVICE OF MASSACHUSETTS PHYSICIANS
529
MASSACHUSETTS IN THE NAVY
529
CALL FOR THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND (JULY, 1862) .
531
RENEWED ACTIVITY IN RECRUITING (1862)
532
CRISIS OF THE CIVIL WAR (1862)
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION 534
MASSACHUSETTS COLORED TROOPS (1863) 535
RAISING TROOPS AND THE DRAFT IN 1863 536
537
THE SITUATION IN 1864 . 539
538
THE FINAL MONTHS (1865)
MASSACHUSETTS AT THE END OF THE WAR (1865) 540
540
BATTLE HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC
541
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY .
CHAPTER XIX
MASSACHUSETTS IN RECONSTRUCTION (1865-1871),
By Frederick W. Dallinger
MASSACHUSETTS ANTISLAVERY SENTIMENT (1831-1861) 552
MASSACHUSETTS IN CONGRESS (1861-1863) .
553 CONTEST OPENED WITH PRESIDENT JOHNSON (1865-1866) 555
THE RECONSTRUCTION YEAR (1867) .
.
556
MASSACHUSETTS ON JOHNSON'S IMPEACHMENT (1867-1868) 557
SHARE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE IMPEACHMENT (1868) 559
MASSACHUSETTS' DEFENCE OF JOHNSON (1868)
561
ACQUITTAL OF PRESIDENT JOHNSON (1868)
562
ATTITUDE ON RECONSTRUCTION ACTS (1865-1867) 564
565
MASSACHUSETTS HOME POLITICS 567
LATER RECONSTRUCTION ACTS (1868-1869)
568
KU KLUX KLAN AND AMNESTY (1868-1871)
THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT (1866-1868) . 570
APPLICATION OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT (1871-1897) 571
SUBSEQUENT ISSUES OF RECONSTRUCTION (1891-1928) 572
QUESTION OF NEGRO SUFFRAGE (1864-1867) . 573
INTRODUCTION OF THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT (1869) 575
MASSACHUSETTS' EFFORTS FOR A LARGER ARMY
528
THE SITUATION IN 1862 . 530
MILITARY SITUATION IN 1863
SERVICES OF THE MEN OF THE CIVIL WAR .
542
552
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY .
517
522
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xiii
THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT ADOPTED (1869-1870) 576 NEGRO SUFFRAGE IN EFFECT (1869-1894) ·
577 MASSACHUSETTS WORK FOR THE CONTRABANDS (1861-1863) 578 FREEDMEN'S BUREAU (1863-1866)
A MASSACHUSETTS GOVERNOR OF SOUTH CAROLINA (1874-1876) .
581
MASSACHUSETTS CARPETBAGGERS (1865-1876) 582
STATUS OF THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS (1865-1927) 586
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY. 586
CHAPTER XX
POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL READJUSTMENTS (1865-1889),
By Wellington Wells .
588
POLITICAL SITUATION IN 1868 .
588
REGROUPING IN MASSACHUSETTS (1868-1880) 589
NEW STATE ISSUES (1865-1868)
590
ELECTION OF 1864 .
591
MASSACHUSETTS AND RECONSTRUCTION
(1865-1867) 592
593
BOUTWELL'S CAREER (1865-1873)
593
ELECTION IN THE IMPEACHMENT YEAR (1868)
594
STATE ELECTIONS (1869-1871) 595
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1872
596
SUMNER-GRANT CONTROVERSY (1869-1871)
598
ROCKWOOD HOAR EPISODE (1873-1874)
599
STATE ELECTIONS (1873-1875)
599
CONTESTED NATIONAL ELECTION OF 1876
600
STATE ELECTIONS AND ADMINISTRATIONS (1877-1879)
602
GOVERNOR BUTLER ARRIVES (1882) .
604
GOVERNOR ROBINSON (1884-1886)
606
GOVERNOR AMES (1887-1889)
607
ISSUES OF LIQUOR LEGISLATION (1855-1874)
608
PROHIBITION REPEALED (1875-1889)
609
LABOR CONTROVERSY (1870-1887)
610
AGITATION FOR WOMEN SUFFRAGE (1849-1878) 611
CIVIL SERVICE REFORM (1883-1884) 612
613
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT ORGANIZATION (1869-1889) 613
614
POLICE ORGANIZATION (1865-1929)
616
EDUCATIONAL REFORM (1875-1929)
616
PUBLIC HEALTH (1869-1929)
617
SURVEY OF THE PERIOD
618
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY .
618
NATIONAL AND STATE ELECTIONS (1880-1883)
603
THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT (1878-1888)
RAILROAD LEGISLATION (1860-1913)
APPENDIX : HIGH STATE EXECUTIVES AND JUDICIAL OFFICERS, FEDERAL CABINET OFFICERS FROM MASSACHUSETTS AND UNITED STATES SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES FROM MASSACHUSETTS (1820-1889) 621
580
STATE ELECTIONS (1865-1868)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Map of Principal Routes of Transportation in Massa-
chusetts up to 1890 .
Front and Back Covers Frontispiece
Daniel Webster
The Governor's Proclamation of the Amendments of 1821 Facing page
66
46
66
60
Rufus Choate.
66
86
John Davis
96
George Nixon Briggs
96
Caleb Cushing
118
Webster's Reply to Hayne
¥
152
Immigrants in Process of Inspection at Boston
¥
152
Immigrants Awaiting Baggage Examination
180
Horace Mann
66
180
Mark Hopkins
66
196
The Peter Parley Version of American History
66
202
Francis Parkman
C
210
Oliver Wendell. Holmes
66
218
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Designed by Sturgis
60
262
William Ellery Channing
،،
66
262
Brook Farm
66
66
284
Robert C. Winthrop
66
294
John Quincy Adams
66
314
Benjamin Lundy .
320
Wendell Phillips.
66
350
Court Square, Springfield
66
350
Agricultural Implements of 1862
66
66
374
Massachusetts Agricultural College in the Early Nine- teenth Century
66 392
A Part of Col. Loammi Baldwin's Canal Survey, Which First Proposed the Hoosac Tunnel .
422
Lock Gates at North Billerica .
6
60 426
Donald McKay's Famous "Flying Cloud"
66
450
The Story of a Fugitive
66
490
Handbill of the Election of 1860
66
508
The Baltimore Riot, April 19, 1861
66
516
Editorial by Richard Frothingham in the Boston Post John A. Andrew
532
The Impeachment Committee at Work
66
558
Benjamin R. Curtis .
66
574
Benjamin F. Butler.
66 604
8
Joseph Story
Edward Everett
86
A Page from Noah Webster's American Spelling Book
196
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
210
Nathaniel Hawthorne
66
218
James Russell Lowell
64
236
The State House, Boston, Designed by Bulfinch
236
William Lloyd Garrison
320
Maria Weston Chapman
334
Central Part of Pittsfield
426
First Train on the Boston & Lowell Railroad, 1835
450
Boston Harbor in 1856
486
Henry Wilson
508
66
562
Charles Sumner .
xiv
CHAPTER I
GOVERNMENT AND THE CONSTITUTION (1820-1917)
BY ELI A. GLASSER Member of the Massachusetts Bar
ARISTOCRACY TO DEMOCRACY (1820-1917)
Perhaps the best account of the history of a State is that recorded in its constitutional changes. For constitutional changes reflect changes in the character of the community for which the document in its original form was intended as the fundamental organic law. They emphasize the new forces in the life of the people, and changes which those forces have wrought in the economic, political, social, and even cultural aspects of the community. They thus provide at once the briefest and the most complete narrative of the history of the State.
The constitutional history of Massachusetts during the years from 1820 to 1917 admirably illustrates the application of these generalizations. The forty-four amendments that were grafted on to the Constitution of the Commonwealth are the strongest evidence of the changes which the nineteenth cen -- tury witnessed in the body politic, for which John Adams had, in 1780, drafted a fundamental law.
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