USA > Massachusetts > Commonwealth history of Massachusetts, colony, province and state, volume 4 > Part 55
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Therefore a movement gathered momentum to improve the civil service by substituting the "merit" for the "spoils" system. In his inaugural address to the legislature in 1883, Benjamin F. Butler called attention to the fact that "whole families are sometimes appointed to salaried places." As he put it: "The rule is, with hardly exceptions enough to prove its correctness, that all the salaried and paid officials, at least of the higher grades, have been, and are, of a given political faith." In discussing this problem, Governor Butler advised that at least "one-third of the paid officials doing the business of the Commonwealth . .. should be cut off by stringent enactments of law." In spite of the recommendations of Governor Butler, however, no action was taken by the legislature.
In 1884, Governor Robinson brought the same issue to the attention of the legislature in these words: "The State of Massachusetts has been honored by a civil administration, honest and economical . As a rule, the offices filled by appointment have been regarded as high public trusts, not subject to the exigencies of party success." Nevertheless, he insisted the time had come when the patronage of the State and the cities, and the expenditure of the public money, ought not to be employed to accomplish or preserve party suprem- acy ; and he urged a practicable and efficient act to remedy these evils. In accordance with his recommendation, a State civil service commission of three members (two only of the
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DEPARTMENTAL ORGANIZATION
same political party) was established in 1884, by an act which provided that the local boards of examiners should administer the law under the direction of the State commission; and examinations of applicants were made both competitive and non-competitive.
THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT (1878-1888)
Another notable reform in which Massachusetts led the way for the nation was the introduction of the "Australian" or secret ballot system, which was really the method adopted for elections in Great Britain. In order to secure an honest expression of the will of the voters at the polls, and in an attempt to offset political evils such as bribery, undue pres- sure, and individual intimidation, the State enacted twenty separate statutes between 1878 and 1888. In 1884 a full revision of the registration law was made, which sought by means of greater publicity and by careful examination of ap- plicants for naturalization, to prevent fraud. The election law was also revised in this year, and a self-registering ballot box was required, in an effort to secure an honest vote.
The outstanding features of the ballot system adopted by the Commonwealth were the furnishing by the State of ballots of uniform appearance, and the securing of secrecy in voting ; which it was hoped would result in decreased evils in elections, since the open intimidation of honest voters would be pre- vented. The governor signed the bill in 1888, and within the next seven years every State in the country, with the excep- tion of four, followed the Bay State's example, though there were great differences as to details.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT ORGANIZATION (1869-1889)
Throughout this period Massachusetts was making the governmental readjustments necessitated by the changing con- ditions of the Commonwealth. For example, a growing ten- dency appeared, to concentrate certain governmental activities into departments, for more efficient and economical operation, by reason of more centralized control. From 1869 to 1889, more than thirteen departments of government were created, the first of these being the Board of Railroad Commissioners,
614
GOVERNMENTAL READJUSTMENTS
of which Charles Francis Adams was for many years chair- man. It is significant that Massachusetts was the first State in the Union thus to point the way to more efficient and comprehensive State and local departmental administration. Under this system, the work of each branch of activity was handled uniformly and collectively by one State commission, and naturally the State benefitted by the resulting efficiency. The thirteen most important commissions established were as follows :
1869 Board of Railroad Commissioners
1869 State Board of Health
1877 Harbor Commission
1879
Board of Commissioners of Lunacy
1879
Commissioners of State Aid
1885
Board of Gas Commissioners
1885
Board of Registration in Pharmacy
1885
Board of Police for Boston
1886 State Board of Arbitration and Conciliation
1887
Board of Registration in Dentistry
1889 Metropolitan Sewerage Commissioners.
Other commissions established in the same period were the following :
1870 Advisory Board of Women as Overseers of Prisons
1870 Board of Street Commissioners for Boston
1875 The Boston Water Board
1879
Board of Harbor and Land Commissioners
1885
Board of Cattle Commissioners:
1888 Armory Commissioners
1889 Commissioners of Public Institutions in Boston
1889 Commissioners of State House Construction
RAILROAD LEGISLATION (1860-1913)
In the decade immediately following the Civil War, the use of the steam engine as a motive power in transportation neces- sitated the adoption of legislation to encourage the building of railroads within the Commonwealth and to meet the ac-
1879
Board of Commissioners of Prisons
1884
Civil Service Commission
615
RAILROAD LEGISLATION
companying problems. Post riders, stage coaches, and canals had been superseded; and newer arteries of communication and transportation were demanded to stimulate the growth of commerce and industry, and to bring the seaport and manufacturing centers of Massachusetts into closer com- mercial relations, and to furnish a through and shorter route to the granaries of the West.
The State, under the authority of the legislature, made loans to various railroads, which had been undertaken by private enterprise-particularly, to the Boston, Hartford and Erie, a line to New York and to the Hudson River, in com- petition with the New York, New Haven and Hartford; and also to the Fitchburg Railroad, to make possible the completion of the Hoosac Tunnel. Some of these companies became insolvent before the completion of the railroads; and in order to protect its investment, the Commonwealth was obliged to finish their construction. By 1872, Governor Washburn de- clared "the main railroad lines of the State are completed, or nearly so .... The aggregate capital of the railroads within the Commonwealth is not far from fifty millions of dollars. The problem of the railroad interest, already difficult to con- trol, really becomes greater."
After the completion of the Troy and Greenfield Railroad and the Hoosac Tunnel, the State found itself engaged in the management and operation of a railroad system which was in competition with a privately owned line. To avoid the dangers and complications of a continuance of this situation, it wisely disposed of its railroad holdings, including the Hoosac Tunnel, and withdrew from active participation in railroad management and investment.
The Board of Railroad Commissioners, established in 1869, was given general supervision over all railroads and street railways. Annual reports and financial statements were re- quired of each railroad; and the board was given power, with certain limitations, to order reduction of fares, and to deter- mine the terms on which one company might use the tracks of another. Laws were passed to allow railroad consolida- tions and to prevent discrimination in the fixing of freight rates. The Railroad Commission was abandoned in 1913,
616
GOVERNMENTAL READJUSTMENTS
and its powers consolidated into the Department of Public Utilities.
POLICE ORGANIZATION (1865-1929)
In 1865, Governor John A. Andrew urged the legislature to establish a State police force to aid in the maintenance of the public peace and the enforcement of the laws. "I should be unfaithful to the people of Massachusetts," said he, "if I omitted to declare the opinion . .. that the maintenance of such a civil force, directly responsible to the chief executive magistrate, is of high importance, and will yet prove essential to the Commonwealth . . . unless it is deemed best to leave the chief magistrate without power to execute the laws." Shortly thereafter, such a force was created, composed for the most part of honorably discharged veterans of the Army and Navy. It rendered valuable service at agricultural fairs, military encampments, serious strikes, and conflagrations.
A Board of State Police Commissioners was established in 1875; and, although from time to time the organization of the force was changed and different designations for it were used, yet the Commonwealth always maintained its police force in some form, and by the creation of this additional agency to execute its laws did not leave their enforcement solely to local officials.
In 1885, an act was passed by which the Commonwealth took away from the City of Boston the direct control of its own police force, which was placed in the hands of three com- missioners appointed by the governor. This measure was the cause of a most violent legislative struggle; but after filibustering of every kind had continued for three days, the bill was finally passed. This measure has been severely crit- icized on the ground that it was an unwarranted interference with local self-government, but the improvement in the ef- ficiency of the force and its removal from local politics would seem to justify the means employed.
EDUCATIONAL REFORM (1875-1929)
Since early colonial days, Massachusetts had been a recog- nized leader in educational progress. Public opinion de-
617
PUBLIC HEALTH
manded a high standard of educational opportunity for all, and the Commonwealth endeavored to meet the demand. During this period a number of educational institutions were incorporated, including three for women-Wellesley, Smith, and Radcliffe Colleges; State normal schools were opened at Worcester and Fitchburg.
In 1882, the district system of public schools was abolished, and their management was given over to the towns. Two years later the Free Textbook Law was enacted, and provi- sions made for the furnishing of books of reference and ap- paratus at public expense. Industrial training was provided in 1884, and laws against truancy were strengthened. Pro- visions were made for skilled supervisors, for the consolida- tion of weaker schools, and for the distribution of the school fund. Laws were also passed providing for the maintenance of public reading rooms; and the education of children up to the age of fourteen years was made compulsory.
Thus did the Commonwealth by legislation maintain her enviable standard in the field of educational advancement. But it is worthy of note that during this period of enlarged legislative regulation of schools, all of the improvements and reforms, which have finally been made compulsory and universal, have first been adopted voluntarily by the more pro- gressive and enterprising cities of the State.
PUBLIC HEALTH (1869-1929)
The State Board of Health was established in 1869, with power only to make sanitary investigations and to disseminate the information thus gathered. Gradually its powers were en- larged until, after a complete reorganization in 1886, it dealt with such matters as epidemics; the prevention of offensive trades; food and drug inspection; impure ice ; sewage; and the protection and systematic examination of water supplies. The State board worked with local boards in an advisory capacity.
Closely connected with the work of this commission was that of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, established in 1889. Out of it has grown the present Metropolitan Dis- trict Commission, which controls under one administrative head the three vital municipal functions of water supply,
618
GOVERNMENTAL READJUSTMENTS
sewerage, and parks, for a district whose population com- prises one third of that of the whole State.
SURVEY OF THE PERIOD
In the twenty-five years thus reviewed, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has made material progress in many fields of activity. It has moved gradually along to a new era of human well-being, largely because of the political and govern- mental readjustments it has made. In 1889, it had become a better State. Its perceptions of justice and injustice were keener ; its purpose to redress wrongs was stronger; and it was responsive to a more insistent urging of public opinion for bettered conditions. Its roads were better in 1890 than they were in 1865; its police protection greater ; its educational system more effective; and its industrial workers better pro- tected. The advance by which Massachusetts rose to a posi- tion of leadership among the States was largely expressed in its laws, which secured to the citizens better sanitation, faster communication, and a higher standard of living.
Changing economic, social, and educational conditions de- manded changing laws to meet those conditions. In providing such legislation for greater social justice, better conditions of labor, and a greater opportunity to earn sufficient pay for honest toil, Massachusetts more than did her part among the States. The growth of big business, with its concentration of labor and aggregation of capital, was encouraged rather than avoided or discouraged ; but it was directed and controlled by governmental means as sanely as possible. In meeting the problems of readjustment which arose, the Commonwealth by its laws helped to develop a feeling of independence and self- government in the individual as well as in the local community.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events (42 vols., N. Y., Appleton, 1862-1903)-An encyclopedia of political, civil, and social affairs, public documents, biography, statistics. Under heading "Massachusetts" can be found much material for each year, which is of considerable aid in a study of this period.
AUSTIN, GEORGE LOWELL .-- The History of Massachusetts from the Landing of the Pilgrims to the Present Time (Boston, Russell, Estes, and Lauriat, 1876)-A history of the Commonwealth from the landing of the Pilgrims to 1876. Pages 528-556 deal with the period from the close of the Civil War to 1876.
619
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
BRIDGMAN, RAYMOND LANDON .- The Independents of Massachusetts in 1884 (Boston, Cupples, Upham, 1885).
BRIDGMAN, RAYMOND LANDON .- Ten Years of Massachusetts (Boston, Heath, 1888).
BULLOCK, ALEXANDER HAMILTON .- Addresses Delivered on Several Oc- casions (Boston, Little, Brown, 1883)-Contains a memoir of Bullock by G. F. Hoar.
BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN .- Autobiography and Personal Reminis- cences; Butler's Book (Boston, Thayer, 1892)-A review of his legal, political, and military career.
DAVIS, WILLIAM THOMAS, editor .- The New England States, their Con- stitutional, Judicial, Educational, Commercial, Professional, and In- dustrial History (Boston, Hurd, 1897)-Vols. III and IV contain Massachusetts material.
DUNNING, WILLIAM ARCHIBALD .- Reconstruction, Political and Economic, 1865-1877 (N. Y., Harper, 1907)-Valuable work on the period.
ELIOT, SAMUEL ATKINS, editor .- Biographical History of Massachusetts (3 vols., Boston, Mass. Biographical Society, 1911)-Biographies and autobiographies of prominent men in the State. Concise sketches, with brief résumés of their activities.
ELSON, HENRY WILLIAM .- History of the United States of America (N. Y., Macmillan, 1926)-Valuable for reference concerning Massachusetts in its relation to the nation.
GRIFFIN, SOLOMON BUCKLEY .- People and Politics, Observed by a Massa- chusetts Editor (Boston, Little, Brown, 1923)-Mr. Griffin was on the staff of the Springfield Republican, and a keen observer of human nature. Part I gives pictures of New England life, and Part II glimpses of State and national politics. More conservative than "War- rington."
GRIFFIN, SOLOMON BUCKLEY .- W. Murray Crane; a man and a brother (Boston, Little, Brown, 1926).
LAWRENCE, WILLIAM .- Roger Wolcott (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1902). LINGLEY, CHARLES RAMSDELL .- Since the Civil War (N. Y., Century, 1926) -A helpful one-volume account of the Federal history of the period. LODGE, HENRY CABOT .- A Fighting Frigate, and Other Essays and Ad- dresses (N. Y., Scribner's, 1902)-Contains "Three Governors of Massachusetts : Frederic T. Greenhalge, George D. Robinson, Roger Wolcott."
MASSACHUSETTS (Commonwealth) .- Acts and Resolves Passed by the Gen- eral Court (Boston, 1839 and later years)-Official documents, show- ing all the legislation passed during the period. Gives in full addresses by governors during this period.
MASSACHUSETTS: GENERAL COURT .- Manual for the Use of the General Court (Boston, 1856, and later years)-Complete statistics of Massa- chusetts, population and number of voters, joint rules of both Houses, various institutions, commissions, governors, senators, constitutions of the nation and the State, etc. Compiled yearly.
MASSACHUSETTS : GENERAL COURT .- Reports of Contested Election Cases ; (8 vols., Boston, 1812-1902)-Reports are grouped thus : [1782-1811], 1812, [1811-1819], 1780-1834, 1780-1852, 1853-1885, 1886-1897, 1886-1902.
MASSACHUSETTS (Commonwealth) .- [Election returns] Official returns of all elections in Massachusetts from 1780 to the present time are on file in the Archives Division at the State House. These show names of all candidates, without party designations, and official returns for presidential electors.
MASSACHUSETTS : GENERAL COURT, SENATE .- The Journal of the Senate (Boston, 1868 and later years)-Official documents, giving a detailed
620
GOVERNMENTAL READJUSTMENTS
account of the legislative proceedings of the senate for the period, in- cluding the veto messages of the governors.
MASSACHUSETTS : SENATE .- In the volume of documents published an- nually by the Senate, the inaugural address of the governor is No. 1.
NESMITH, JAMES ERNEST .- The Life and Work of Frederic Thomas Green- halge (Boston, Roberts, 1897).
NORTON, CHARLES ELIOT .- "The Public Life and Services of William Eustis Russell" (Harvard Graduates Magasine, 1896-1897, Vol. V, pp. 177-194).
OBERHALTZ, ELLIS PAYSON .- A History of the United States since the Civil War (3 vols., N. Y., Macmillan, 1917-1926).
PEARSON, HENRY GREENLEAF .- The Life of John A. Andrew, Governor of Massachusetts, 1861-1865 (2 vols., Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1904).
RHODES, JAMES FORD .- History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan campaign of 1896 (8 vols., N. Y., Macmillan, 1920)-Volume VI deals with the years 1866-1872, and Volume VII with 1872-1877.
ROBINSON, WILLIAM STEVENS .- "Warrington" Pen-Portraits (Privately printed, Boston, 1877)-A collection of personal and political reminis- cences from 1848-1876, with memoir, and extracts from diary and letters of "Warrington".
ROGERS, JOSEPH MORGAN .- The Development of the North since the Civil War (Phila., Barrie, 1906).
Sons of the Puritans; a Group of Brief Biographies (Boston, Am. Uni- tarian Association, 1908)-Contains essays on eleven men prominent in Massachusetts affairs during the nineteenth century.
WARE, EDITH ELLEN .- Political opinion in Massachusetts during Civil War and Reconstruction (Columbia Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. LXXIX, no. 2, whole no. 175, N. Y., Columbia Univ., 1916)-A detailed and authoritative work on the period 1860- 1876, giving notes and references, with a complete bibliography of some material, secondary sources, newspapers, pamphlets, and ency- clopedias. Especially helpful in its discussion of Massachusetts.
WHITTEN, ROBERT HARVEY .- Public Administration in Massachusetts (Columbia Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. VIII, no. 4, N. Y., Columbia Univ., 1898)-A study of the relation of cen- tral to local activity within the State. Helpful to the student in deter- mining the scope of the governmental activities of the Commonwealth.
APPENDIX A
LIST OF HIGHEST STATE EXECUTIVE AND. JUDICIAL OFFICERS
GOVERNORS (1820-1889)
1816-1823
John Brooks
1858-1861
Nathaniel P. Banks
1823-1825 William Eustis **
1861-1866
John A. Andrews
1825-1834 Levi Lincoln
1866-1869
Alexander H. Bullock
1834-1835 John Davis*
1869-1872 William Claflin
1836-1840
Edward Everett
1875-1876
William Gaston
1841-1843
John Davis
1876-1879
Alexander H. Rice
1843-1844
Marcus Morton
1879-1880
Thomas Talbot
1844-1851
George N. Briggs
1880-1883
John Davis Long
1851-1853
George S. Boutwell
1883-1884
Benjamin F. Butler
1853-1854
John H. Clifford
1884-1887
George D. Robinson
1854-1855
Emory Washburn
1887-1890
Oliver Ames
1855-1858
Henry J. Gardner
LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS (1820-1889)
1812-1823
William Phillips
1856-1858 Henry W. Benchley
1823-1824
Levi Lincoln
1858-1861 Eliphalet Trask
1824-1825
Marcus Morton ***
1861
John Z. Goodrich
1826-1833
Thomas L. Winthrop
1862 John Nesmith
1833-1836
Samuel T. Arm- strong ***
1868-1869
William Claflin
1836-1843
George Hull
1869-1873
Joseph Tucker
1843-1844
Henry H. Childs
1873-1875
Thomas Talbot ***
1844-1851
John Reed
1875-1879 Horatio G. Knight
1851-1853
Henry W. Cushman
1879-1880 John D. Long
1853-1854
Elisha Huntington
1880-1883 Byron Weston
1854-1855
William C. Plunkett
1883-1887
Oliver Ames
1855-1856
Simon Brown
1887-1890
John Q. A. Brackett
JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT (1820-1889)
1806-1830
ISAAC PARKER 2
1824-1825 Levi Lincoln
1813-1823 Charles Jackson*
1825-1840 Marcus Morton
1814-1815 Daniel Dewey
1830-1860 LEMUEL SHAW 1 *
1814-1842 Samuel Putnam*
1837-1866 Charles Augustus Dewey
1815-1850 Samuel Sumner Wilde*
1842-1847 Samuel Hubbard
* Resigned.
** Died in office.
*** Acting Governor for part of the period. 1 Appointed Chief Justice from the Bar.
2 Promoted to Chief Justice.
621
1872-1874
William B. Washburn*
(Chosen U. S. Senator)
(Chosen U. S. Senator)
1840-1841
Marcus Morton
1863-1868 Joel Hayden
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APPENDIX
1848
Charles Edward Forbes*
-
1869-1890
MARCUS MORTON 2
1848-1865
Theron Metcalf*
1873-1882
William Crowninshield Endicott*
1848-1853
Richard Fletcher*
1850-1868 GEORGE TYLER BIGELOW 2
1852-1853
Caleb Cushing*
1853-1859
Benjamin Franklin Thomas*
1877-1881 Augustus Lord Soule*
1853-1864
Pliny Merrick*
1881-1899 WALBRIDGE ABNER FIELD "
1859-1869
Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar*
(Previous service 1873-1877)
1860-1873
REUBEN ATWATER CHAPMAN 2
1882-1898 Charles Allen*
1864-1882
HORACE GRAY, JR.2 3
1865-1866
James Denison Colt*
1866-1869
Dwight Foster*
1866-1875
John Wells
1885-1887 William Sewall Gardner*
1868-1881
James Denison Colt
1887-1911
MARCUS PERRIN KNOWLTON
APPENDIX B
LIST OF FEDERAL OFFICIALS FROM MASSACHUSETTS (1820-1889)
CABINET OFFICERS (1820-1889)
1841
Daniel Webster, Secretary of State (President Harrison).
1841-1843 Daniel Webster, Secretary of State (President Tyler). (First service).
1845-1846
George Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy (President Polk).
1850-1852 Daniel Webster, Secretary of State (President Fillmore). (Second service).
1852-1853 Edward Everett, Secretary of State (President Fillmore).
1853-1857 Caleb Cushing, Attorney-General (President Pierce).
1869-1873
George Sewell Boutwell, Secretary of the Treasury (President Grant).
1869-1870
Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar, Attorney-General (President Grant). George Henry Williams, Attorney-General (President Grant).
1871-1873
1877-1881 Charles Devens, Attorney-General (President Hayes).
1885-1889 William C. Endicott, Secretary of War (President Cleveland). 1885-1889 William C. Whitney, Secretary of the Navy (President Cleve- land).
SUPREME COURT APPOINTMENTS
1811-1845 Joseph Story. 1851-1857 Benjamin R. Curtis.
1881-1902 Horace Gray.
* Resigned.
2 Promoted to Chief Justice.
3 Transferred to the U. S. Supreme Court.
+ Made Attorney-General of the U. S.
1882-1902 OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES" 2 3
1869-1881
Seth Ames*
1873-1877 Charles Devens, Jr.4 (Later service 1881-1891)
1875-1882 Otis Phillips Lord*
1881-1891 Charles Devens
1881-1891 William Allen
1882-1885 Waldo Colburn
APPENDIX
623
UNITED STATES SENATORS (1820-1889)
1817-1822 Harrison Gray Otis* (Boston) 1818-1820 Prentiss Mellen* (Port- land, Maine) 1820-1827 Elijah Hunt Millst (Northampton)
1822-1826 James Lloyd + * (Boston) 1826-1835 Nathaniel Silsbeet (Salem)
1827-1841 Daniel Webster* (Boston; appointed Secretary of State) (Second service, 1845- 1850) 1835-1841 John Davis (Worcester) 1841-1845 Isaac Chapman Bates ** (Northampton) 1841-1845 Rufus Choate (Boston)
1845-1850 Daniel Webster*
(Boston; previous service, 1827-1841) (Appointed Secretary of State)
1845-1853 John Davist (Worcester) 1850-1851 Robert C. Winthrop it * (Boston; previously a member of the House)
1851 Robert Rantoul, Jr.t (Boston) 1851-1874 Charles Sumner ** (Boston)
1853-1854 Edward Everett* (Boston)
1854-1855 Julius Rockwellt (Pittsfield) 1855-1873 Henry Wilsont * (Natick) (Elected Vice President)
1873-1877 George S. Boutwellt (Groton)
1874-1875 William B. Washburnt (Greenfield)
1875-1893 Henry L. Dawes (Pittsfield) 1877-1904 George Frisbie Hoar ** (Worcester)
UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVES (1820-1889)
1815-1825 Jeremiah Nelson (New- buryport; second serv- ice, 1831-1833) 1816-1821 Benjamin Adams (Uxbridge) 1817-1829 Samuel C. Allen (Northfield)
1817-1821 Walter Folger, Jr. (Nantucket) 1817-1823 Timothy Fuller (Boston) 1817-1820 John Holmes* (Alfred, Maine) 1817-1820 Jonathan Masan* (Boston)
1817-1821 Marcus Morton (Taunton) 1817-1820 Zabdiel Sampson* (Plymouth) 1817-1821 Henry Shaw (Lanesboro)
1817-1821 Nathaniel Silsbee (Salem)
1817-1821 Ezekiel Whitman (Port- land, Maine) 1818-1821 Enoch Lincoln (Paris, Maine)
1819-1821 Joshua Cushman (Winslow) 1819-1820 Edward Douse* (Dedham) 1819-1821 Mark L. Hill (Phipps- burg, Maine)
1819-1821 Jonas Kendall (Leominster)
1819-1821 Martin Kinsley (Hampden)
1819-1827 Samuel Lathrop (West Springfield) 1819-1821 James Parker (Gardner)
1820-1823 William Eustis (Boston) (First service 1801-1805) 1820-1823 Benjamin Gorham (Boston) 1820-1825 Aaron Hobart (Hanover)
1821 Gideon Barstow (Salem)
1821-1827 Francis Baylies (Taunton) 1821-1831 Lewis Bigelow (Petersham) 1821-1825 Henry W. Dwight (Stockbridge)
* Resigned. ** Died in office. *** Died before taking his seat. + Elected to fill a vacancy. ff Appointed to fill a vacancy.
624
APPENDIX
1821-1841 John Reed (Yarmouth) 1821-1825 Jonathan Russell (Mendon) 1823-1831 Benjamin W. Crownin- shield (Salem)
1823-1825 Timothy Fuller (Boston) 1823-1829 John Locke (Ashby) 1823-1825 Jonas Sibley (Worcester) 1823-1827 Daniel Webster* (Boston) (Later a Senator) 1824-1831 John Bailey (Canton; Milton) 1825-1834 John Davis* (Worcester)
1825-1834 Edward Everett (Cam- bridge; Charlestown) (Later a Senator) 1825-1827 Aaron Hobart (East Bridgewater) 1825-1831 John Varnum (Haverhill)
1827-1835 Isaac C. Bates (Northampton) 1827-1833 James L. Hodges (Taunton ; Bristol) 1827-1831 Joseph Richardson (Hingham) 1828-1835 Benjamin Gorham (Boston) 1829-1839 George Grennell, Jr. (Greenfield)
1829-1833 Joseph G. Kendall (Leominster) 1831-1848 John Quincy Adams' (Quincy) (Previously President of the United States) 1831-1833 Nathan Appleton (Boston) (Second service, 1842)
1831-1843 George N. Briggs (Lanesboro) 1831-1834 Rufus Choate* (Salem) 1831-1833 Henry A. S. Dearborn* (Brookline) 1831-1833 Jeremiah Nelson (Essex) (First service, 1815-1825) 1833-1835 William Baylies (West Bridgewater) 1833-1837 William Jackson (Newton)
1833-1835 Gayton P. Osgood (North Andover) 1834-1838 Stephen C. Phillips* (Salem)
1834-1841 Levi Lincoln* (Worcester) 1835-1839 Nathaniel B. Borden (Fall River) 1835-1843 William B. Calhoun (Springfield) 1835-1843 Caleb Cushing (New- buryport) 1831-1837 Samuel Hoar (Concord) 1835-1837 Abbott Lawrence (Boston ; second serv- ice, 1839-1840)
1837-1839 Richard Fletcher (Boston) 1837-1842 William S. Hastings* (Mendon)
1837-1845 William Parmenter (Cambridge) 1838-1843 Leverett H. Saltonstall (Salem)
1839 James C. Alvord* (Greenfield) 1839-1840 Abbott Lawrence* (Boston ; previous service, 1835-1837) 1839-1841 Henry Williams (Taunton)
1840-1845 Osmyn Baker (Amherst) 1840-1850 Robert C. Winthrop* (Boston) (Later a Senator)
1841-1849 Charles Hudson (Westminster)
1841-1843 Nathaniel B. Borden (Fall River) 1841-1843 Barker Burnell ** (Nantucket)
1842 Nathan Appleton* (Boston) (First service, 1831-1833)
1843-1849 Amos Abbott (Andover) 1843-1851 Joseph Grinnell (New Bedford)
1843-1850 Daniel P. King ** (South Danvers)
1843-1851 Julius Rockwell (Pittsfield) 1843-1845 Henry Williams (Taunton) 1845-1851 George Ashmun (Springfield)
1845-1849 Artemas Hale (Bridgewater) 1845-1847 Benjamin Thompson (Charlestown)
* Resigned. ** Died in office.
*** Died before taking his seat.
625
APPENDIX
1847-1849 John G. Palfrey (Cambridge) 1848-1853 Horace Mann (West Newton) 1849-1853 Charles Allen
(Worcester) 1849-1853 James H. Duncan (Haverhill) 1849-1852 Orin Fowler ** (Fall River)
1850-1851 Samuel A. Eliot (Boston)
1851-1855 William Appleton (Boston; second serv- ice, 1861)
1851-1853 George T. Davis (Greenfield)
1851-1855 John Z. Goodrich (Glendale) 1851-1852 Robert Rantoul, Jr .** (Beverly)
1851-1854 Zeno Scudder* (Barnstable)
1851-1852 Benjamin Thompson ** (Charlestown)
1852-1853 Francis B. Fay (Chelsea)
1852-1853 Edward P. Little (Marshfield) 1852-1853 Lorenzo Sabine (Framingham) 1853-1857 Nathaniel P. Banks (Waltham ; second service, 1865-1873) 1853-1855 Samuel L. Crocker (Taunton) 1853-1857 Alexander De Witt (Oxford) 1853-1855 Edward Diekinson (Amherst) 1853-1855 J. Wiley Edmands (Lawrence) 1853-1855 Charles W. Upham (Salem) 1853-1855 Samuel H. Walley (Roxbury) 1853-1855 Tappan Wentworth (Lowell) 1854-1855 Thomas D. Eliot (New Bedford ; second service, 1859-1869) 1855-1863 James Buffington (Fall River; second service, 1869-1875) 1855-1861 Anson Burlingame (Cambridge) 1855-1859 Linus B. Comins (Roxbury) 1855-1859 Calvin C. Chaffee * Resigned. ** Died in office.
(Springfield) 1855-1859 William S. Damsell (Dedham)
1855-1859 Timothy Davis (Gloucester)
1855-1859 Robert B. Hall (Plymouth) 1855-1859 Chauncy L. Knapp (Lowell)
1855-1857 Mark Trafton (Westfield)
1857-1875 Henry L. Dawes (North Adams ; Pittsfield) (Later a Senator) 1857-1865 Daniel W. Gooch* (Melrose) 1857-1861 Eli Thayer (Worcester)
1859-1861 Charles F. Adams* (Quincy) 1859-1861 John B. Alley (Lynn)
1859-1863 Charles Delano (Northampton) 1859-1869 Thomas D. Eliot (New Bedford)
(First service, 1854-1855)
1859-1867 Alexander H. Rice (Boston) 1859-1863 Charles R. Train (Framingham)
1861 William Appleton* (Boston; first service, 1851-1855) 1861-1862 Goldsmith F. Bailey ** (Fitchburg) 1861-1875 Samuel Hooper ** (Boston) 1861-1863 Benjamin F. Thomas (Boston) 1862-1863 Amasa Walker (North Brookfield) 1863-1873 Oakes Ames (North Easton) 1863-1869 John D. Baldwin (Worcester) 1863-1869 George S. Boutwell* (Groton) 1863-1871 William B. Washburn* (Greenfield) 1865-1873 Nathaniel P. Banks (Waltham; first serv- ice 1853-1857 ; later service, 1875-1879) 1867-1875 Benjamin F. Butler (Gloucester ; Lowell) 1867-1873 Ginery Twitchell (Brookline) 1869-1872 George M. Brooks* (Concord)
626
APPENDIX
1869-1875 James Buffington ** , (Fall River ; first serv- ice, 1855-1863) 1869-1877 George F: Hoar (Worcester) (Later a Senator)
1872-1874 Alvah Crocker ** (Fitchburg)
1872-1873 Constantine C. Esty (Framingham) 1873-1875 Daniel W. Gooch (Melrose)
1873-1883 Benjamin W. Harris (East Bridgewater)
1873-1875 Ebenezer R. Hoar (Concord; previously Attorney-General)
1873-1877 Henry L. Pierce (Boston)
1873-1875 Charles A. Stevens (Ware)
1873 William Whiting* (Boston)
1873-1875 John M. L. Williams (Cambridge)
1875-1879 Nathaniel P. Banks (Waltham; previous service, 1865-1873)
1875-1877 Chester W. Chapin (Springfield)
1875-1883 William W. Crapo (New Bedford)
1875-1876 Rufus L. Frost (Chelsea) 1875-1877 Julius H. Seelye (Amherst) 1875-1877 John K. Tarbox (Lawrence)
1875-1877 Charles P. Thompson (Gloucester) 1875-1877 William W. Warren (Boston) 1876-1877 Josiah G. Abbott (Boston)
1877-1879 Benjamin F. Butler (Lowell) 1877-1881 William Claflin (Newton) 1877-1878 Walbridge A. Field (Boston) (Unseated ; second serv- ice, 1879-1881)
1877-1881 George B. Loring (Salem) 1877-1885 Leopold Morse (Boston) 1877-1883 Amasa Norcross (Fitchburg) 1877-1887 William W. Rice (Worcester) 1877-1884 George D. Robinson* (Chicopee)
1878-1879 Benjamin Dean (Boston)
1879-1883 Selwyn Z. Bowman (Somerville)
1879-1881 Walbridge A. Field (Boston; first service, 1877-1878)
1879-1885 William A. Russell (Lawrence)
1881-1883 John W. Chandler (Brookline) 1881-1887 Ambrose A. Ranney (Boston)
1881-1887 Eben F. Stone (Newburyport) 1883-1889 Patrick A. Collins (Boston) 1883-1889 Robert T. Davis (Fall River) 1883-1889 John D. Long (Hingham) 1883-1887 Henry B. Lovering (Lynn) 1883-1885 Theodore Lyman (Brookline)
1883-1889 William Whiting (Holyoke)
1884-1891 Francis W. Rockwell (Pittsfield) 1885-1889 Charles H. Allen (Lowell)
1885-1887 Frederick D. Ely (Dedham)
1885-1889 Edward D. Hayden (Woburn) 1887-1889 Edward Burnett (Southboro)
1887-1895 William Cogswell (Salem) 1887-1893 Henry Cabot Lodge (Nahant) (Later a Senator) 1887-1889 Leopold Morse (Boston) 1887-1889 John E. Russell (Leicester)
* Resigned. ** Died in office. *** Died before taking his seat.
NORTH ADAMS
HOOSAC TUNNEL
FITO
GREENFIELD
PITTSFIELD
WORCESTER
PALMER
WESTFIELD
SPRINGFIELD
WEBSTER
PRINCIPAL ROUTES OF TRANSPORTATION IN MASSACHUSETTS UP TO 1890 SCALE OF MILES 0 10 20
LEGEND
RAILROADS
HIGHWAYS
·- ABANDONED CANALS
RIVERS
NEWBURYPORT
LAWRENCE
ROCKPORT
OWELL
BURG
AYER
CONCORDOCT.
BOSTON
SOUTH FRAMINGHAM
PROVINCETOWN
MANSFIELD
PLYMOUTH
TAUNTON
FALL RIVER
NEW BEDFORD
T
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