USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Melrose > City of Melrose annual report 1905 > Part 3
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While much credit is due the room teachers for the above con- ditions, which are fundamental to the best educational develop- ment of young people, the principals of our schools deserve no little commendation in this connection, for, to a large degree, the spirit that pervades a school is what the principal makes it.
TABLE III. NUMBER OF TEACHERS IN THE DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS DECEMBER, 1905.
Males
Females
Total
High. Grades X, XI, XII, XIII.
6
10
16
Grammar. Grades V, VI, VII, VIII, IX
2
35
37
Primary. Grades I, II, III, IV
0
41
41
Special Teachers, Music. .
1
0
1
Drawing .
1
0
1
Manual Training
0
1
1
General Assistant
0
1
1
Total
10
88
98
COMMENT ON TABLE III.
Comparison of this table with a similar one in the report for the previous year shows an increase of two in the number of teachers employed, December, 1905, over the number in service, December, 1904.
The additional teachers have been required by the larger registration in the upper grammar grades which made it neces- sary to open morerooms for theaccommodation of the pupils in those grades.
. 44
CITY OF MELROSE.
TABLE IV.
NUMBER OF PUPILS IN THE DIFFERENT GRADES, DECEM-
BER, 1905.
Primary.
Grade I
329
Grade II
325
Grade III
320
Grade IV
331
Grammar.
Grade V
308
Grade VI
284
Grade VII
240
Grade VIII
278
Grade IX
192
High.
Grade X
155
Grade XI
106
Grade XII
91
Grade XIII
75
Post Graduate
3
Total
3037
COMMENT ON TABLE IV.
Comparing this table with a similar one in the report for the previous year it will be seen that, while the total enrollment for all grades in December, 1905, was four less than in December, 1904, the combined registration in the six highest grades of the system, i. e., in the high school and the two highest grammar grades, shows an increase of forty-nine pupils.
Futher study of this table shows that, of the whole number of pupils in the schools in December, 1905, 29 1-2% were reg- istered in the six highest grades, including the high school, and 14% in the high school alone.
In 1898, the year in which I began service in Melrose, the num- ber of pupils in the high school was approximately 9% of the total school registration and the number in the six highest grades, including the high school, was 18 1-2% of the whole number of pupils in the schools.
This great increase during the past few years in the ratio of pupils in the higher grades of the schools to the total school population speaks well for the inspirational character of the
45
SCHOOL REPORT.
work that our schools have been doing and should be a source of gratification to all who desire the advancement of the highest educational interest of the city.
TABLE V.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF PUPILS PER TEACHER IN THE AVER-
AGE MEMBERSHIP OF THE SCHOOLS, DECEMBER, 1905.
Grade I
21
Grade II.
37
Grade III
41
Grade IV
41
Grade V
38
Grade VI
43
Grade VII
40
Grade VIII
35
Grade IX 25
High School
27
Summary for all Grades
32
COMMENT ON TABLE V.
While the condition of the schools in Melrose with respect to the average number of pupils per teacher is better than in many places, the number per teacher in grades two to eight inclusive as given in the above table is larger than is desir- able for the best results to be secured. Obviously less pupils per teacher means increased expenditure for the support of the schools, but, if economy is to be gauged, in part at least, by the educational results secured and not simply with reference to dollars and cents, there is considerable ground for the belief that . it is not the most economical plan of administration in school matters to maintain large classes. The attempt to teach such classes results in great waste in educational effort through the inability of the teacher to reach the individual pupil in her work.
Now, until the public shall become keenly sensitive to such waste, it will be hardly possible to secure the money necessary to organize public schools, in respect to the size of their classes,
46
CITY OF MELROSE.
with a view to their greatest effectiveness. Therefore I feel, as stated in my report for 1904, "That the members of any school committee can hardly do more valuable service for public school interests than to stand shoulder to shoulder in the work of educating the public to an appreciation of the importance of having less pupils to a teacher in the public schools."
TABLE VI. CHANGES IN THE TEACHING FORCE DURING 1905.
1. WITHDRAWALS.
Name of Teacher.
Position Held.
Date of Withdrawal.
Louisa I. Pryor
5th grade, Franklin School
January 1
Archer C. Bowen
Principal, Franklin and Whittier
February 1
Lavinia. W. Smallwood
7th grade, Washington School
March 1
Blanche Brickett .
6th grade, Franklin School
March 1
Bessie A. Conway
7th grade, Mary A. Livermore
March 13
Florence R. Norton
General Assistant .
March 13
Annie P. O'Hara
9th grade, Lincoln School
March 13
Genieve R. Barrows
4th grade, Washington School
April 1
A. Arline Merrill
1st grade, Gooch School
April 1
Amelia C. Ford
English Department, High School
June 23
Margaret McGill
History Dept., High School
June 23
G. Walter Williams
Commercial Dept., High School
June 23
Alvin C. Saunders
Supervisor of Music
June 23
Aubigne Lermond
7th grade, Horace Mann School
June 23
A. Gertrude Stone
9th grade, Washington School
June 23
Alison M. Scott
1st grade, Sewall School
June 23
Rosa E. Richardson
8th grade, Franklin School
September 25
Harriet L. Sheldon
7th grade, Franklin School
November 1
Kenneth Beal
Head of English Dept., High School
December 22
SCHOOL REPORT.
47
48
2. TRANSFERS.
Name.
Position Held.
Position to which Transferred.
Date.
Mary E. Deans
1st grade, Winthrop
1st grade, Gooch
April
Alice G. Drake
8th grade, Franklin
8th grade, Lincoln
September
Marguerite Pierce
7th grade, Franklin
7th grade, Mann
September
Helen L. Patten
2d grade, Washington
3d grade, Warren
September
Mary S. Haley
.
5th grade, Lincoln
6th grade Lincoln
September
Mary R. Clarke
7th grade, Lincoln
5th grade, Lincoln
September
Alice H. Long .
6th grade, Gooch.
5th grade, Gooch.
September
Lois M. Holmes
5th grade, Gooch.
6th grade, Gooch.
September
Mary S. Wentworth
Prin. Asst., Mann
Asst., Mann and Livermore.
September
Edith M. Maxwell
6th grade, Mann
September
A. Louise McCormick
5th grade, Mann .
5th grade, Washington 6th grade, Mann
September
Linnie M. DeMeritt
Asst., Livermore and Winthrop
8th grade, Franklin
September
Lucy E. Shute
6th grade, Livermore .
5th grade, Livermore
September
Bertha C. Hatch
5th grade, Livermore
6th grade, Livermore
September
Mary E. Tupper
3d grade, Warren
2d grade, Washington
September
Lena D. Marshall
3d grade, Sewall
14th grade, Sewall
September
CITY OF MELROSE.
3. NEW TEACHERS.
Name.
Position Held.
Position to which Elected.
Date.
Evelyn Pike .
5th grade, Middleboro, Mass.
5th grade, Washington
January 2 February 13
Alton C. Churbuck
Prin. Oakdale School, Dedham, Mass. Substitute, Malden, Mass.
8th grade, Washington.
March 1 March 1
Grace E. Pomeroy
Not Teaching .
6th grade, Franklin
Bertha F. Cline
Graded School, Brookline, N. H.
General Assistant
March 20
Mabel G. Drake
7th grade, Quincy, Mass.
7th grade, Livermore
March 20
Mary Corcoran
3d grade, Stoneham, Mass.
4th grade, Washington.
April 10
Laura I. Lamprey
1st grade, Winchendon, Mass.
1st grade, Winthrop
April 10
C. Ross Appler
Centen'y Col. Inst. Hackettstown, N. J. High School, Reading, Mass.
History Dept., High School
Mary W. Kingsley
Not Teaching
History Dept., High
September 6 September 6
Edw. N. Griffin
Supervisor of Music, Stoneham, Mass ... Supervisor of Music
9th grade, Lincoln
September 6
Clarabel P. Fisher
1st grade, Sewall
September 6
Marguerite E. Hill
Not Teaching
7th grade, Lincoln
September 6
Olive M. Lermond
Derry, N. H.
General Assistant
Edith A. Maxwell
Not Teaching
6th grade, Gooch.
September 6 September 6
Rosa E. Richardson
8th grade, Reading, Mass.
8th grade, Franklin
September 6
Harriet L. Sheldon
Prin. Graded School, Yarmouth, Me.
7th grade, Franklin
. .
September 6
SCHOOL REPORT.
Grace M. Carpenter
5th and 6th grades, Warren, Mass. 1st grade, Lubec, Me.
Business Dept., High School
September 6 September 6
Mary J. Bourne
Prin. Franklin and Whittier
Mabel A. Burlingham
49
50
CITY OF MELROSE.
COMMENT ON TABLE VI.
Approximately 19% of our teaching force changed during the year owing to the withdrawals that occurred. This is prac- tically the average rate of annual change in the corps for the past six years. An annual change of nearly one-fifth of the membership of the teaching corps must materially injure the schools, for not only does the time spent by the Superinten- dent of Schools in looking up new teachers deprive the schools of considerable of his service in a supervisory line, but also, even if we are fortunate enough in filling vacancies to secure others as efficient as those who have left, there is inevitably more or less loss in efficiency while the incoming teachers are adjusting themselves to their new conditions of work. Therefore it would seem to be the duty of those who are charged with the administration of the schools to do what they reasonably can to prevent the loss of efficient teachers from the corps of instruc- tors.
Of course not all of the teachers that annually leave us do so for financial reasons, but, in view of the fact that 58% of those who withdrew during 1905 resigned to accept higher salaries elsewhere, the recent action of the School Committee establish- ing a higher maximum salary for teachers below the high school grades is to be commended as a step in the right direction.
Necessarily this action on the part of the Committee will lead to a larger annual expenditure for salaries for teachers, but the community can well stand the extra tax for this purpose, since the higher salary attainable under the new schedule will make it easier than it has been formerly to secure and to retain teachers of first-class ability. Respecting the importance of being able to · secure and retain first-class teachers in the schools, the Super- intendent of Schools in Somerville has said in a recent report :-
"If our schools have merit, it is chiefly to be attributed to a strict adherence to the principle that the spring and source of all excellence in them rests in the character of the teacher. Buildings and books, studies and supervision, are all sub- ordinate to this prime factor. From the time when we cease to secure the best possible teachers or yield to the pressure to
51
SCHOOL REPORT.
employ the weak or mediocre to please their friends, or for other reasons, our schools will begin to deteriorate."
The main features of our new schedule to which reference has been made are as follows:
I. In grades I to VI inclusive the minimum yearly salary is fixed at $400, and the regular maximum at $550. In addition to this general maximum, which is attainable for length of ser- vice, there is a special merit maximum of $650 open to all teach- ers who have received a salary of $550 for two years provided (a) that they have satisfactorily completed a line of professional study approved by the Superintendent of Schools, and (b) that they are unanimously indorsed by the Principal under whom they may serve, the Superintendent of Schools, and the Com- mittee on Teachers.
II. In grades VII and VIII the minimum salary is $400 per year, the maximum attainable byall for length of service is $600, and there is a special merit maximun of $700 attainable under the principle set for grades I to VI.
III. In grades IX the minimum salary is $400 per year, the maximum attainable by all for length of service is $650, and there is a special merit maximum of $750 attainable under the principal set for previous grades.
IV. The regular annual increase in all grades is $50.
It is not to be expected that the operation of the foregoing schedule will wholly protect Melrose from the possibility of los- ing teachers to other places that pay still higher salaries, but its general effect in that direction is well indicated by the fact that, although the new schedule was adopted only three months ago, already we have been able to retain the services of four ex- cellent teachers who had been offered higher salaries else- where and whom we should have lost under the old salary schedule. In my judgment the adoption of the foregoing schedule is the most important single contribution to the wel- fare of our schools that has been made during the year.
52
CITY OF MELROSE.
TABLE VII.
ANNUAL FINANCIAL EXHIBIT FOR 1905. 1. GENERAL STATEMENT.
Receipts.
Original appropriation for 12 mo. from Feb. 1,
1905, to Feb. 1, 1906 $86,713.00
Supplementary appropriation
1,384.13
Total available receipts $88,097.13
Expenditures.
Salaries (teachers, janitors, truant officer, superin- tendent, clerk)
$68,920.16
Books and supplies
5,720.04
Fuel .
6,747.33
Repairs
2,812.55
Miscellaneous
1,966.14
Furniture
561.25
Transportation
564.00
Advertising and printing
341.53
Total expenditure for 12 mo. from Feb. 1, 1905 to Feb. 1, 1906 $87,633.00
Unexpended balance
464.13
2. AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PUPIL. [Based on the average membership of the schools for the financial year, 2920.50]
Teaching
20.61
Supervision, (superintendent and clerk) .90
Books and supplies
1.96
Janitors and truant officer
2.07
Fuel.
2.31
Miscellaneous
.67
Transportation
.19
Advertising and printing
.11
Cost per pupil, excluding repairs, furniture and new
buildings
$28.82
Furniture
.19
Repairs
.96
Cost per pupil for all purposes
$29.97
TABLE VIII. COMPARATIVE FINANCIAL EXHIBIT COVERING THE PERIOD SINCE MELROSE BECAME A CITY.
1. GENERAL STATEMENT.
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
RECEIPTS.
Appropriation for year .
$77,000.00 1,176.08
$77,000.00 1,932.11 2,450.00
$78,589.00
$84,049.00
$83,720.00
$86,713.00
Receipts for Tuition, etc.
2,658.33
1,300.00
1,384.13
Total Amount Available
$78,176.08
$81,382.11
$81,247.33
$84,049.00
$85,020.00
$88,097.13
EXPENDITURES.
Salaries
$60,141.47
$61,384.35
$62,268.01
$63,563.33
$66,460.49
$68,920.16
Books and Supplies
5,123.00
5,799.26
5,199.95
6,299.38
5,790.20
5,720.04
Fuel
7,060.08
7,449.89
6,541.67
6,699.15
8,077.80
6,747.33
Repairs .
2,681.89
3,700.00
3,831.17
3,875.77
2,109.62
2,812.33
Miscellaneous
1,771.87
1,478.62
1,878.65
1,740.41
1,542.80
1,966.14
Furniture
1,036.07
599.71
600.00
821.68
279.03
561.25
Transportation
480.00
509.00
527.00
546.00
564.00
Advertising and Printing
361.70
270.95
251.75
350.00
283.52
341.53
High School and Teachers' Libraries
99.76
99.85
98.60
Total Expenditure Unexpended balance :
$78,176.08
$81,262.54 119.57
$81,180.05 67.28
$83,975.32 73.68
$84,999.46 20.54
$87,633.00 464.13
Excess of expenditure
Supplementary Appropriation
SCHOOL REPORT.
53
54
2. AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PUPIL. (Based on average membership for the financial year.)
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
For teaching .
$20.31
$20.23
$19.77
$19.84
$20.39
$20.61
For supervision
98
1.07
.98
.93
.88
.90
For books and supplies
2.02
2.23
1.91
2.27
2.04
1.96
For janitors
2.38
2.31
2.21
2.16
2.11
2.07
For fuel
2.78
2.87
2.41
2.41
2.84
2.31
For printing
14
10
.09
.12
.10
11
For transportation
.18
.18
.19
.20
.19
For high school and teachers' library
.04
.03
.03
For miscellaneous (not including repairs, furniture and new buildings)
70
.57
.69
.63
.54
.67
Total cost (excluding furniture, repairs and new buildings)
29.31
29.60
28.27
28.58
29.10
28.82
For furniture
.41
.23
.22
.29
.10
.19
For repairs
1.06
1.42
1.41
1.40
.71
.96
Total cost for all purposes
$30.77
$31.25
$29.90
$30.27
$29.91
$29.97
Similar average for the State at large.
$34.62
$34.92
$36.42
$35.80
-$38.10
$41.01
CITY OF MELROSE.
.
55
SCHOOL REPORT.
COMMENT ON TABLE VIII.
While the total cost per pupil for 1905, viz., $29.97, is six cents higher than that for 1904, it is $11.04 less than a similar average for the state at large and $.45 less than the average cost for the five preceding years since Melrose became a City. These figures appear to indicate a reasonable regard for economy in the management of our schools.
THE HIGH SCHOOL.
The work of this school merits the continued confidence of our citizens. The standing of the graduates of the school who go on to higher educational institutions testifies to the thorough- ness of the instruction given in the studies of the curriculum, while the bearing of the pupils in general in and about the school building indicates that the discipline of the school is of the right kind. A few special points with respect to the school merit consideration.
1. CHANGES IN TEACHERS. It was much to be regretted that at the close of the school year in June, Miss Margaret McGill and Miss Amelia Ford of the history department and Mr. G. Walter Williams of the commercial department resigned their respective positions in the school. Miss McGill resigned to accept a higher salary in Newton High School; Mr. Williams, to accept a higher salary in the New Bedford High School; and Miss Ford, to take post-graduate work in the University of Wis- consin.
Miss Mary J. Bourne, teacher of history in the Reading, (Mass.) High School, and Miss Mary W. Kingsley, a graduate of Tufts College, were selected to fill the vacant positions in the history department, and Mr. C. Ross Appler, teacher of com- mercial branches in the Centenary Collegiate Institute of Hackettstown, N. J., was chosen for the vacant commercial position. Without exception the work of the new teachers has justified their appointment.
Another serious loss to the school was the resignation in De- cember of the present school year of Mr. Kenneth Beal, head of
56
CITY OF MELROSE.
the department of English, to accept a higher salary in a similar position in the Salem, (Mass.) High School. No permanent appointment has yet been made to fill this vacancy.
2. ATTENDANCE. The following tabulation shows the max- imum registration in this school in September of each of the years during which I have been connected with the schools of Melrose.
YEAR
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
Grade X
76
88
116
119
155
157
133
154
Grade XI .
62
59
61
95
103
117
110
108
Grade XII
59
47
50
58
79
93
92
91
Grade XIII
29
46
40
44
51
61
77
78
Post Graduates
6
7
9
9
6
5
6
4
Totals
232
247
276
325
394
433
418
435
From the above figures it appears that, since the present high school building was opened to use in September, 1898, the mem- bership of the high school has increased 87 1-2%. When it is taken into account that the increase in the membership of all the schools during the same time is only 15 1-2%, an increase of : 87 1-2% in the attendance of the pupils in the high school be- comes significant.
It appears, also, from the above tabulation that in 1898, 13% of the total undergraduate registration was in the senior class, while, in 1905, 18% was in the senior class. In other words, during the period from 1898 to 1905, the ratio of the number of pupils in the senior class to the total number of under- graduate pupils increased 5%. This is a gratifying showing for it indicates that a larger proportion of our pupils than for- merly are availing themselves of the benefit of the full high school course.
It may fairly be expected that the rate of increase in the mem- bership of this school will be less rapid during the next few 'years, unless the growth in the population of the City should be considerably more rapid in the immediate future than it has been during the past several years. Nevertheless it may be wise to bear in mind that any considerable increase in the mem-
57
SCHOOL REPORT.
bership of the school will require an enlargement of the present building if the efficiency of the school is to be maintained.
3. RECENT GRADUATES. Thirty-six boys and thirty-two girls received diplomas of graduation from the school in June, 1905. Of this number eighteen are taking courses of study in College, one is taking a medical course, one is at the Salem Nor- mal School, two are studying at the Normal Art School in Bos- ton, three are taking courses in business schools, thirty-eight are engaged in business occupations, and five are at home. In this connection it is interesting to note the relatively large num- ber of boys who graduate from the school. Of the pupils who received diplomas in 1903, 47% were boys; the same was true of the class of 1904; and 53% of the class of 1905 were boys. These figures indicate that an unusually large percentage of boys take the high school course in Melrose.
4. CHOICE OF STUDIES. The following tabulation shows the number of pupils in each class taking the different studies from which choice may be made.
NUMBER OF PUPILS IN THE HIGH SCHOOL TAKING THE FOLLOWING BRANCHES, DECEMBER, 1905.
Studies
Gr. X
Gr. XI
Gr. XII
Gr. XIII
Post Grad.
T't'ls
Latin
85
41
29
23
178
Greek
5
5
9
19
French
22
88
53
32
2
197
German
52
41
9
1
103
Algebra
146
27
173
Geometry
58
27
8
93
Commercial Arithmetic
64
3
1
4
72
Bookkeeping
30
29
59
Stenography
37
25
3
65
Typewriting
37
25
3
65
Physics ..
49
3
10
62
Chemistry
38
4
42
History
131
42
27
53
253
English
153
103
90
77
2
425
Commercial Law
38
3
1
42
English Grammar
22
1
3
26
Music
119
41
28
20
208
Drawing
89
28
30
14
4
165
Astronomy
58
CITY OF MELROSE.
5. COST OF HIGH SCHOOL. The following statements show the total itemized expenditure and the per capita cost for this school during the year ending February 1, 1906.
1. GENERAL EXPENDITURE.
ITEMS
EXPENDITURES
*PER CENT
Salaries (teachers, janitors, engineer)
$16,425.41
24
Books and supplies
1,396.35
24
Fuel
1,462.71
22
Sundries
411.33
21
Total for support of school
19,695.80
Repairs and permanent improvements
210.02
8
Total for all purposes
19,905.82
23
*Per cent. of the amount expended for all schools for similar items.
2. PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE.
(Based on the average membership for the financial year, 405.58)
EXPENDITURE PER PUPIL.
ITEMS.
Salaries
$40.49
Books and supplies
3.44
Fuel.
3.60
Sundries
1.01
Repairs and permanent improvements
.52
Total for all purposes
$49.06
The total per capita cost as given in the above table is twenty- one cents less than that for 1904.
6. THE COURSE OF STUDY. When the high school moved into its present quarters in the fall of 1898, a new course of study was put into effect, which with slight modification is essentially the course in operation today. The present arrangement is given in the following table:
59
SCHOOL REPORT.
COURSE OF STUDY.
FOURTH CLASS.
THIRD CLASS.
SECOND CLASS.
FIRST CLASS.
Grade X Required studies
Grade XI Required studies
Grade XII Required studies
Grade XIII Required studies
English, 4
English, 3
English, 3
English, 4
Elective studies
Elective studies
Elective studies
Elective studies
Latin, 5
Latin, 5
Latin, 5
Latin, 4
Greek, 5
Greek, 5
Greek 4,
French, 4
French, 4
French, 4
French, 4
History of Greece and Rome,
4
Medieval Hist., 4
English Hist., 4
U. S. Hist. Civics Economics
4
Algebra 4
English Grammar
}3
College Hist. Reviewed 2
College Phys 4
Physics and Chemistry,
4
Chemistry, 4
Geology and ? Astronomy 13
Geometry, 4
Review Alge. and Geom., $ 4
1
-
Com'1 Geog. and
Book-keeping, 5
Book-keeping, 5
Com'1 Law,
Stenography, 4
Stenography, 4
*Typewriting, 4
*Typewriting, 4
* Music, 1
*Music, 1
*Music, 1
*Music, 1
* Drawing, 1
*Drawing, 1
*Drawing, 1
*Drawing, 1
*Unprepared Studies
A few words of explanation will help in the interpretation of the table.
The figures at the right of the studies indicate the number of recitations per week in the respective studies. Pupils who expect to receive a diploma are required to take a program of
4
Solid Geom. and Trigonom. S
Com'1 Arith. and Corres- pondence,
German, 4
German, 4
German, 4
60
CITY OF MELROSE.
work that includes at least sixteen periods of prepared recita- tions weekly during the four years of the course.
In making up a working program, however, the student has a wide range of choice, since English is the only study required of all and since he may select any studies that he and his parents consider best for his particular need, not only from the list of elective subjects scheduled for the class in which the pupil is, but also from the studies of the preceding class or classes.
It is not permitted to choose studies from the list scheduled for a higher grade than that in which the pupil is registered, (1) because, as a rule, his preparation for those studies is inad- equate, and (2) because such practice would lead to a multipli- cation of classes that would require a larger teaching force for the school than we can afford.
In computing the number of periods in a program, such stud- ies as music, drawing, and typewriting, that require no home preparation, are classed as unprepared studies, and count for one-half the number of periods designated in the course of study. Thus music and drawing count respectively one-half a period a week and typewriting counts two periods.
To meet fully the needs of our young people, those who for satisfactory reasons are unable to carry the full program of work required for a diploma, may be admitted to the privileges of the school as Partial Students in such classes as they are · fitted to enter.
His Honor, the present Mayor, in his inaugural address raised an issue respecting the arrangement of the commercial lines of work in our high school that it seems wise to consider briefly in this connection. He believes that the present course of study in the high school should be so changed that a pupil who elects to take a course of training in that school that is calculated to fit him for a successful business career may be able to secure a diploma of graduation at the end of two years in the school.
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