USA > Massachusetts > Historical collections, being a general collection of interesting facts, traditions, biographical sketches, anecdotes, &c., relating to the history and antiquities of every town in Massachusetts, with geographical descriptions > Part 71
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GRAFTON.
THIS town is composed of a tract of land, 4 miles square, which was reserved for the Indians when the town of Sutton was granted for settlement. It was called by the Indians Has-sa-na-mis-co, and was known by that name till it was incorporated by the gene- ral court, in 1735, and named Grafton.
As the Indians diminished, the white people became proprietors, in 1728, of the soil by purchase, for the consideration of £2,500, and the grant was made on condition " that they should provide preaching and schooling, and seats in the meeting-house for the remaining Indians." The general court, from the first, appointed a committee of three to superintend and take care of the Indian property, both personal and real. But this committee have little or nothing to do at present, as the Indians are nearly gone. " In 1765, there were 14 Indians in town. This number gradually diminished, but it was not till about the year 1825 that the last of the Nipmucks ceased to exist. They
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GRAFTON.
received the yearly income from their funds in the month of May, at which time they usually had a joyous holiday. Blankets, psalters, and psalm-books were distributed among them, as well as money. In 1830, there were 14 of a mixed Indian and negro race, which yet hold some of the Indian lands, and receive the benefits of the small remaining fund."
The Congregational church was formed in this town in 1731, of which Rev. Solomon Prentice was ordained first pastor. He was dismissed in 1747, and was succeeded by Rev. Aaron Hutch- inson, ordained in 1750. He continued with the people till 1772, when he was dismissed. Rev. Daniel Grosvenor was ordained the next pastor, in 1774. By reason of ill health, he was dis- missed in 1788. Rev. John Miles, the next pastor, was ordained in 1796, and was succeeded by Rev. Moses E. Searle, in 1826; Rev. John Wilde, the next minister, was ordained in 1832.
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South-eastern view of the central part of Grafton.
The above engraving shows the appearance of Grafton, as it is seen about half a mile distant, on the Providence road. The vil- lage stands on a commanding eminence, with an extensive pros- pect to the westward. The spire seen on the left is that of the Congregational (Orthodox) church; the next is the Baptist; that on the right is the Unitarian. The surface of this town is hilly and uneven, and in general rocky; but the soil is good and pro- ductive. The Blackstone river and canal pass through the south- west corner of the town, and one of the principal tributary streams to that river flows through the west part of Grafton, and by a fall of more than 50 feet supplies unfailing water-power to extensive works for the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods. There are 5 churches, 2 Congregational, 2 Baptist, and 1 Methodist. Population, 2,910. Distance from Worcester, 8 miles, and 36 from Boston. In 1837, there were 5 cotton mills, 14,054 spindles; 2,053,320 yards of cotton goods were manufactured ; value, $278,014; males employed, 134; females, 226; one woollen mill, 4 sets of machinery; 70,000 yards of cloth were manufactured; value, $120,000 ; males employed, 34; females, 25. There were
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GRAFTON.
18,672 pairs of boots, 671,538 pairs of shoes, manufactured; value, $614,141; males employed, 906; females, 486.
The following account is taken from Mr. Brigham's Centennial Address, delivered April 29, 1835.
" This town is a portion of a large territory, formerly called the Nipmuck country. The limits of this country were not very well defined, but probably included all the south- ern part of the county of Worcester, a few of the adjoining towns in the state of Con- necticut, and westward to the Connecticut river. Like most of New England when first visited by the English, its population was very sparse. It had been wasted away by pestilence, or by the fatal incursions of the fierce and warlike Maquas. Its inhabit- ants possessed a milder and less warlike character than most of the neighboring tribes, and were accordingly brought into subjection to them. What was the nature of this subjection, or in what relation they stood to these tribes, it is now difficult to state with much accuracy. It is known, however, that they paid them tribute ; and perhaps this, in time of peace, was the only acknowledgment of servitude required. The first mention made of this country is by Gov. Winthrop, who, with a number of others, made an excursion up Charles river in January, 1632. After they had gone up about fifteen miles, he says they ascended a very high rock,"' where they might see all over Neipnett, and a very high hill due west.' No white man probably ever set foot on its soil till the autumn of 1635, when it was traversed by a company of English, consist- ing of sixty persons, who, thinking themselves straitened for land about Massachusetts bay, had determined thus early to emigrate to the more fertile banks of the Connecti- cut. What portion of the Nipmuck country they crossed, is not known; but as their destined point was at Wethersfield, is it improbable that they crossed this town, and that here, two hundred years ago, that small company of emigrants, under the broad canopy of heaven, invoked the blessing of God on their arduous enterprise ? "
" No other notice is taken of the Nipmucks or their country, until the benevolent project of converting the Indians to Christianity was undertaken. This was in 1646. Strong hopes were then entertained of its success. Among those who were willing to devote their time, wealth, and talents to this cause, none were more conspicuous than John Eliot, known in his own day as the apostle to the Indians. He commenced his benevolent labors among the Indians at Natick, with whom the Nipmucks had a friendly and constant intercourse, and by that means they were probably first induced to attend his preaching. In an account of his success, written to the corporation of London, in 1649, he says, ' that a Nipnet sachem hath submit- ted himself to the Lord, and much desires one of our chief ones. to live with him and those that are with him.' In another account, written in 1651, he says, 'there is a great country lying between Connectacott and the Massachusetts, called Nipnet, where there be many Indians dispersed, many of whom have sent to our Indians, desiring that some may be sent unto them to teach them to pray to God.' Soon after this, Eliot probably came to this town; for, in 1654, he had met with such success, that the general court, on his petition, set it apart for the use of the Indians. The design of this was, as appears from Eliot's petition, to prevent any conflicting claims between the English and Indians, and to preserve to the latter the quiet and undisturbed enjoyment of lands which they and their fathers had held from time immemorial, but over which the state claimed jurisdiction. From that time, for a number of years, Eliot frequently visited this town, and made such progress in his benevolent labors, that, in 1671, he formed an Indian church here, the second of the kind in Massachusetts.
"No Indian town gave stronger assurances of success than this, at that time. Has- sanamesitt, as it was then called, had become the central point of civilization and Christianity to the whole Nipmuck country. A school was here established, where the Bible was read and studied in the Indian language. Young men were there educated and sent into the neighboring towns to preach the gospel. A regular government was created, and the forms of law strictly observed. The population of the town was small, yet, by reason of their constant intercourse with their neighbors, a large number of the natives enjoyed the benefits of this school, and before the year 1674, seven new towns of 'praying Indians,' as they were termed, were formed in this neighborhood, most of which were furnished with teachers from this place. The chief ruler of the whole Nipmuck country, Wattascompanum, had his residence here, and from this place issued his orders and decrees to his subjects. A writer of that day calls him 'a grave and pious man,' and, from some examples given of the exercise of his authority, there is no doubt that he administered his government with efficiency, if not with liberality.
"In 1674, Eliot, with another devoted friend to the Indians, Major Daniel Gookin, again visited all the ' praying Indians' of the Nipmuck country, the latter of whom wrote an account of them. He describes this town with much greater particularity than Hubbard, who called it 'a place up into the woods beyond Medfield and Mendon.' Gookin says, ' the name, Hassanamesitt, signifieth a place of small stones. It lieth about thirty-eight miles from Boston, west-southerly, and is about two miles eastward of Nipmuck river, and near unto the old road way to Connecticut. It hath not above twelve families; and so, according to our computation, about sixty souls ; but is capable to receive some hundreds, as generally the other villages are, if it shall please God to multiply them. The dimensions of this town is four miles square, and so about eight thousand acres of land. This village is not inferior unto any of the Indian plantations for rich land and plenty of meadow, being well tempered and watered. It produceth plenty of corn, grain, and
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fruit : for there are several good orchards in this place. It is an apt place for keeping of cattle and swine ; in which respect this people are the best stored of any Indian town of their size. Their ruler is named Anaweakin ; a sober and discreet man. Their teacher's name is Tackuppawillin, his brother; a pious and able man, and apt to teach. Their aged father, whose name I remember not, is a grave and sober Chris- tian, and deacon of the church. They have a brother, that lives in the town, called James, that was bred among the English, and employed as a pressman in printing the Indian Bible, who can read well, and as I take it write also. The father, mother, brothers, and their wives, are all reputed pious persons. Here they have a meeting-house for the worship of God after the English fashion of building, and two or three other houses after the same mode, but they fancy not greatly to live in them. Their way of living is by husbandry, and keeping cattle and swine: wherein they do as well or rather better than any other Indians, but are yet very far short of the English both in diligence and providence. There are in full communion in the church and living in town about sixteen men and women, and about thirty baptized persons; but there are several others, members of this church, that live in other places. This is a hopeful planta- tion,' "
HARDWICK.
THIS town was purchased in 1686 of John Magus and Nasso- wanno, two noted Indians, for the sum of £20, New England currency, and a deed taken by Messrs. Joshua Lamb, Nathaniel Page, Andrew Gardner, Benjamin Gamblin, Benjamin Tucker, John Curtiss, Richard Draper, and Samuel Ruggles, of Roxbury. The heirs of these persons upon petition obtained a grant of the tract from the general court in 1732. It was called Lambstown, from the first-named proprietor, until it was incorporated in 1738, when it was named Hardwick. The first church was gathered here in 1736, and Rev. Daniel White ordained their first pastor. He remained with the people till his death, in 1784. He was suc- ceeded by Rev. Thomas Holt, in 1789. Rev. Wm. B. Wesson, the next pastor, was ordained in 1805, and was succeeded by Rev. Martyn Tupper in 1828; Rev. Edward J. Fuller was installed the pastor in 1835. Rev. John M. Merrick, the parish minister, was ordained in 1828, and was succeeded by Rev. John Goldsbury, who was installed in 1832.
The surface of this town is rather rough, hilly, and uneven, but the soil is good, suitable for grazing land and orchards. Ware river runs on the east and south of the town, and has some valua- ble interval land. There are 4 churches, 2 Congregational, 1 Bap- tist, and 1 Universalist. Population, 1,818. Distance, 24 miles from Worcester, and 64 from Boston. In 1837, there were 75,000 palm-leaf hats manufactured; value, $15,500; there were 5,000 pairs of boots and 5,000 of shoes manufactured ; value, $14,500; males employed, 20; females, 8; there were 2 paper-mills; value of paper made, $5,600.
HARVARD.
THIS town was taken from Lancaster, Stow, and Groton, princi- pally from the two former. It was incorporated in 1732, and named Harvard, in memory of Rev. John Harvard, founder of Harvard College. At that time it contained about 50 families.
The first church was formed in 1733, and Rev. John Seccomb was ordained. He continued with the people till 1757, when he was dismissed, and succeeded by Rev.
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HOLDEN.
Joseph Wheeler, ordained in 1759. He was dismissed in 1768, and the next year Rev. Daniel Johnson was ordained. He died in 1777, and in 1782 Rev. Ebenezer Grosve- nor was installed pastor. In 1788, he died; and Rev. William Emerson succeeded him in the pastoral office, in 1792. Rev. Stephen Bemis, the next pastor, was ordained in 1801 ; he was succeeded by Rev. Warren Fay, D. D., who was installed in 1814. Dr. Fay was succeeded by Rev. Ira H. T. Blanchard, in 1823, and by Rev. Washing- ton Gilbert, in 1831. Rev. George Fisher was ordained pastor of the second church in 1821. The Baptist society in this town was formed in 1778, when Elder Isaac Par- ker (also a physician) was ordained their pastor.
Harvard is a hilly, uneven township, but the soil is productive. There are about 1,000 acres of interval land in the town, though, perhaps, half of it may more properly be denominated meadow. This town is well watered by springs and rivulets, which mostly run into the Nashua river, which flows along on the west side of the township. There are 3 ponds in the town, and also 3 hills, which deserve a passing notice. The first, Pin Hill, so called from its pyramidical form, rises to the height of nearly 200 feet. In this hill are valuable quarries of slate. The other two are Bear hill and Oak hill. In the last-mentioned hill a shaft was sunk, about 1783, for the purpose of finding silver ore. From the color of the earth in this place, and from the working of the mineral rod, it was believed that the precious metal might be obtained not far beneath the surface. But this, like many other excavations made at that day for a similar purpose, rests a deserted monument of successless toil. In this town are 2 Congregational meeting-houses, (one of them Unitarian, ) and a Baptist meeting-house in the west- ern part. There is also a society of Shakers in the north-eastern part of the town, where they have a neat village and a tract of finely cultivated and productive lands. Population, 1,566. Dis- tance, 22 miles from Worcester, and 30 from Boston. In 1837, there were 3 paper-mills ; value of paper manufactured, $12,750.
HOLDEN.
THIS town was taken wholly from the town of Worcester, being included in their original grants, and was the north-westerly part thereof. It was incorporated in 1740, by the name of Holden, in commemoration of the Hon. Samuel Holden, Esq., one of the directors of the Bank of England, who was a generous benefactor to the literary and religious interests of the country. This worthy man transmitted to New England for charitable purposes, in books and bills of exchange, to the amount of £4,847, New England currency. After his decease, his widow and daughters sent over in value, for the same noble and pious uses, the sum of £5,585. With part of this latter sum Holden Chapel, in the University of Cambridge, Mass., was erected, in the year 1745.
The first church was organized in 1742, and Rev. Joseph Davis was ordained their pastor. He was dismissed in 1772, and suc- cceded by Rev. Joseph Avery. Rev. Horatio Bardwell, the next
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pastor, was installed in 1823, and was succeeded by Rev. William B. Paine, in 1834.
Public Buildings in the central part of Holden.
This town is hilly and uneven, but not very broken. The soil is various, but generally of a loamy kind. Quinepoxet river passes through the town. In the south-east part of the town is Stone- House Hill, whose steep and rocky sides were once famous for rattlesnakes. There is 1 Congregational meeting-house, and 1 Baptist. Distance, 7 miles from Worcester, and 48 west of Boston. Population, 1,789. In 1837, there were 4 cotton mills, 5,800 spin- dles; 1,023,000 yards of cotton goods were manufactured; value, $84,000 ; males employed, 68 ; females, 66. There were 2 woollen mills, 4 sets of machinery ; 92,000 yards of cloth were manufac- tured ; value, $81,000. One cotton mill for the manufacture of warp, batting, and wicking. Boots manufactured, 5,S00 pairs ; shoes, 10,000 pairs ; value, $20,500.
HUBBARDSTON.
THIS was called "the north-east quarter of Rutland," being wholly included in the original grant of that town, and was incor- porated in 1767, and called Hubbardston, to perpetuate the name and memory of Hon. Thomas Hubbard, Esq., of Boston, who was a large proprietor of lands in this place. 'The first church was formed here in 1770, and Rev. Nehemiah Parker was ordained pastor. He was succeeded by Rev. David Kendall in 1802, and by Rev. Samuel Gay in 1810. Rev. Abner D. Jones was ordained pastor of the parish church in 1828, and was succeeded by Rev. Ebenezer Robinson in 1833.
Hubbardston is an extensive township, situated on the elevated lands between Connecticut river and the ocean. 'The ridge rises here to the height of more than 1,000 feet above the Connecticut, and sends to Ware river several considerable tributary streams. There are three ponds in this town, known by the names of Great and Little As-na-con-com-ick and Nattic ponds.
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LANCASTER.
South-eastern view of Hubbardston,
The above is a south-eastern view in the central part of Hub- bardston, showing the two hotels, and some other buildings in the vicinity. The village, which consists of two churches and about 50 dwelling-houses, has a flourishing appearance.
It is stated in Whitney's History of Worcester " that for a con- siderable way around Little As-na-con-com-ick pond there is every appearance that once a stone wall was built or building. In some places it was then two and a half feet in height, in others entirely thrown down. When, by whom, and for what purpose this wall was built, will probably ever remain a mystery." In the village are two Congregational churches, 1 of which is Unitarian. Dis- tance, 17 miles from Worcester, 7 from Barre and Princeton, and 53 W. of Boston. Population, 1,780. In 1837, there were 5,300 pairs of boots and 1,100 pairs of shoes manufactured; value, $14,562. Value of chairs and cabinet ware manufactured, $5,941. There were 35,122 palm-leaf hats manufactured ; value, $5,405.
LANCASTER.
THE settlement of this town goes far back into the early his- tory of Massachusetts. According to Winthrop, the plantation of Nashaway was undertaken in 1643. The whole territory around was in subjection to Sholan or Shaumay, sachem of the Nasha- ways, and whose residence was at Waushacum, now Sterling. Sholan occasionally visited Watertown for the purpose of trading with Mr. Thomas King, who resided there. He recommended Nashawogg to King as a place well suited for a plantation, and invited the English to come and dwell near him. Accordingly King, united with a number of others, purchased the land of Sho- lan, and procured a deed for 10 miles in length and 8 in breadth, stipulating that the English should not molest the Indians in their
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LANCASTER.
hunting, fishing, or planting places. This deed was confirmed by the general court.
The precise time of the removal to Lancaster is not known. The first building was a " trucking house," erected by Symonds and King, about a mile south-west of the church. Mr. King sold all his interest in this grant to his associates, who, having given lots of land to Richard Linton, Lawrence Waters and John Ball, sent them up to make preparation for the general coming of the proprietors, and these were the first inhabitants. Others by the name of Prescott, Atherton, and Sawyer, soon followed. For the space of seven years little was done to forward the settlement of the plantation ; nevertheless, there being nine families in the place, they petitioned the general court to be incorporated as a town, which was granted on the 18th of May, 1653, (O. S.) by the name of Lancaster. The first town meeting on record was held in the summer of 1654, probably soon after the petition just mentioned was granted. At the next meeting it was voted not to take into the town above 35 families, and the names of 25 individuals are signed who are to be considered as townsmen. They are as follows, viz.
Edward Breek, John Whitcomb,
Thomas James,
John Smith,
Mr. Jos. Rowlandson, John Whitcomb, jr.
Edmund Parker, Lawrence Waters,
John Prescott, Richard Linton,
James Atherton, John White,
William Kerley, sen. John Johnson,
Henry Kerley, John Farrar,
Ralph Houghton, John Moore,
Richard Smith, Jacob Farrar,
Thomas Sawyer,
Wm. and John Lewis, William Kerley, jr. John Rugg.
Many of these names still abound in Lancaster and the vicinity. In 1659 the town repealed the impolitic order limiting the settlers to 35, and after this the population rapidly increased. The affairs of the town appear to have proceeded in tolerable quiet for more than 20 years from the first settlement, till 1674. The Indians were inclined to peace, and in various ways were of service to the inhabitants. But this happy state of things was not destined to continue. The day of deep and long-continued distress was at hand. The natives, with whom they had lived on terms of mutual good will, became their bitter enemies; desolation was to spread over the fair inheritance; fire and the tomahawk, torture and death, were soon to be busy in destroying all the comforts of domestic life. On the 22d of August, 1675, eight persons were killed in different parts of Lancaster. On the 10th (O. S.) of February fol- lowing, early in the morning, the Wampanoags, led by Philip, accompanied by the Narragansetts, his allies, and also by the Nip- mucks and the Nashaways, whom his artful eloquence had persuaded to join with him, made a desperate attack upon Lancas- ter. His forces consisted of 1,500 men, who assaulted the town in five distinct bodies and places. There were at that time more than fifty families in Lancaster. After killing a number of persons in different parts of the town, and burning a number of houses, they directed their course to the house of Mr. Rowlandson, the minister of the place. This house at the time was occupied by soldiers and inhabitants to the number of 42, and was defended with determined bravery for upwards of two hours. The enemy, after a number of unsuccessful attempts to set fire to the building, succeeded by pushing a cart filled with combustible materials against it in the rear. In this way the house was soon enveloped in flame, and to avoid perishing in the ruins the inhabitants were compelled to surrender. Only one man escaped. The rest, twelve in number, were either killed on the spot or reserved for torture.
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LANCASTER.
Different accounts vary in the number of the slain and captives. At least there were fifty persons, and one account says fifty-five. Nearly half of these suffered death. No less than seventeen of Rev. Mr. Rowlandson's family and connexions were put to death or taken prisoners. He at the time, with Capt. Kerley, was at Boston, solicit- ing military aid from Gov. Leverett and the council. The anguish they felt at their return is not to be described. The Indians made great plunder in various parts of the town. They were forced, however, to retreat on the appearance of Capt. Wadsworth, who, hearing of the distressed situation of the people, immediately marched from Marl- borough, where he was stationed, with forty men. He quartered his soldiers in various parts of the town, and remained there some time ; but before his departure one of his men was killed by the Indians. But the alarm of the inhabitants was so great, and such was the general insecurity of the border towns, that when the troops withdrew, about six weeks afterwards, the rest of the inhabitants left, under their protection. Immediately after this desertion of the place all the buildings were reduced to ashes but two. For more than three years after this, Lancaster remained without an inha- bitant. During this time Mr. Rowlandson preached in Wethersfield, Conn., and there he died before the resettlement of the town. His wife and two of his children were restored to him after three months' captivity. Most of the women and children taken at this incursion of the Indians returned. From 1680 to 1692 the inhabitants were not molested in the resettlement of the town. But upon the breaking out of King William's war, the colonies were again involved in a war with the Canadians, both French and Indians, in the calamities of which this town had a large share. On the 18th of July, (O. S.) 1692, a party of the Indians attacked the house of Peter Joslyn, and murdered his wife and three children, and a widow Whitcomb. Elizabeth How, his wife's sister, was taken captive, but afterwards returned. Another child of his was killed by the enemy in the wilderness. At the time of the assault, Joslyn was at work in the field. In 1695, on a Sunday morning, Mr. Abraham Wheeler was shot by the enemy lying in ambush .. No further injury was done till 1697, when they entered the town under five leaders, with an intention to commence their attack upon Thomas Sawyer's garrison. It was by the merest accident that they were deterred from their plan. The gates of Sawyer's garrison were open. A Mr. Jacob Fairbanks, who lived at half a mile's distance, mounted his horse, which came running to him much frightened, and rode rapidly to the garrison, though without suspicion; for the purpose of taking his son who was there. The enemy, supposing they were discovered, being just ready to rush into the garrison, relinquished their design, and on retreating fired upon the inhabitants at work in the fields. At no time, however, excepting when the town was destroyed, was there so much injury done, or so many lives lost. They met the minister, Rev. John Whiting, at a distance from his garrison, and offered him quarter, which he rejected with boldness, and fought to the last against the cruel foe. After this they killed twenty others, wounded two, who afterwards recovered, and took six captives, five of whom in the end returned to Lancaster. The restoration of peace in Europe brought a short season of repose. In 1702, war between England and France was renewed, and again reached the colonies. In 1704, 700 French and Indians proceeded against Northampton, but finding the inhabitants prepared for an attack, they turned their course toward Lancaster, except 200 of them, who for some reason returned. On the 31st of July they commenced a sudden and violent attack in the morning, in the west part of the town, and killed Lieut. Nathaniel Wilder near the gate of his own garrison. Near the same place in the course of the day they killed three other persons. The inhabitants were much inferior to the French and Indians in number. Capt. Tyng at this time happened to be in Lancaster with a party of soldiers ; and Capt. How gathered in haste what men he was able, and marched with them from Marlborough to the relief of the town. They fought with bravery, but the large number of the enemy forced the inhabitants to retreat into garrison. Upon this the enemy burnt the meeting-house and six other buildings, and destroyed much of the live stock of the town. Before night such numbers came to the relief of the town, that the enemy retreated, and with such success that they were not overtaken by our soldiers. What number of the enemy was killed at this time is uncertain, but it was supposed to be considerable. A French officer of some distinction was mortally wounded, which greatly exasperated them.
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