USA > Massachusetts > Suffolk County > Boston > The Boston news-letter, and city record > Part 22
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Our municipal authorities should control these receptacles of the dead in another manner : the voice of the city should be raised against the pres- ervations of such awful depots of mis- ery to the living : there is nothing to be feared at present has deceived the wary in ages past, and sweeping calam-
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AND CITY RECORD, MARCH 4, 1826.
ities have been the unwelcome results of a policy, which has grown out of ignorance of cause and effect, and swept to oblivion whole cities, in ag- ony and despair.
" Ten centuries ago the burial grounds of Paris were without the walls of the city ; but as the buildings of the metropolis extended in every direction, they were in process of time surrounded by human habita- tions ; and, at length, were almost in the heart of the town. They were few in number, and confined in space ; the Parisians were, therefore, compel- led to adopt a mode of burial, which, in England, would be thoughit to out- rage decency and humanity. Vast trenches were opened, twenty feet deep, as many in length, and six or eight feet wide. Into these, corpse after corpse was flung, until the putrid heap nearly reached the surface of the ground. The earth was then thrown over them, and a similar trench dug close by their side.
Long before this loathsome mass could be perfectly decomposed, the ground was again opened, and the air was loaded with offensive and poison- ous exhalations. The nuisance con- tinued to increase until the neighbour- hood of the cemeteries proverbially became the abode of every pestilential disease. Government at length inter- fered. All burials were forbidden within the walls, except in a few of the churches ; and the mass of cor- ruption was afterwards conveyed from the place where it still continued to infect the air. This enormous mass included the remains of all who had been buried during more than ten cen- turies.
The bones were separated, and carefully cleaned, and piled in some of the immense galleries of the quarries, by which a considerable part of the city is undermined ; and the name of "the Catacombs" was given to this new receptable of the dead, in imita- tion of similar excavations, appropria- ted to the same purpose, in Rome, Milan, Naples, and ancient Thebes.
Behind the Barriere d'Enfer on the
right, is a lane, on the left hand side of which is the descent into these dreary, yet interesting caverns. A narrow staircase of eighty steps, winding down a circular well, leads to a gallery or avenue, hewn out of the solid rock, and varying from three to four feet in width, and from six to seven in height. The stone is clean, white, and dry, and thickly studded with shells, and various marine antediluvian remains. Numerous passages branch off on eith- er side, some of which are said to extend more than three miles, under the plain of Montrouge, through the whole of the suburbs of St. Jacques and St. Germain, and even a consider- able way on the north of the river. Many of these avenues were prudently stopped when they became the resort of banditti. Occasionally the passage widens into spacious, but low-roofed halls ; sometimes supported by artifi- cial columns, and often by masses of the native rock. From these balls many avenues branch off in various di- rections.
The stranger is accompanied by a guide, who conducts him in safety through this immense labyrinth, and who is himself directed by a black line traced on the ceiling through the whole of the course which he is to pursue. Every stranger, on entering the Catacombs, will find it necessary to have a wax taper in his hand, which may be purchased on the spot, and never to lose sight of the guide. After the traveller has proceeded a quarter of a mile, he should inquire for the gallery of Port-Mahon. A soldier, who had accompanied Marshal Riche- lieu in the expedition against Minor- ca, was, on his return, compelled by necessity to work in these quarries. During the hours of refreshment, he employed himself in modelling in re- lief a plan of Port-Mahon. The exe- cution is, as might be expected, suffi- ciently rude, but the accuracy of the representation is acknowledged by every competent judge, and the whole is highly creditable to the ingenuity, the memory, and the patience of the soldier, who, ignorant of architecture. .
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THE BOSTON NEWS-LETTER,
completely without assistance, and al- most without instruments, nearly ac- complished the singular and arduous undertaking. It is painful to add, that he was afterwards crushed by the sudden fall of a mass of rocks.
At a little distance is another curi- osity, which probably will not be shown, unless the traveller inquires for it. Some enormous fragments of stone are so nicely balanced on a base, hardly exceeding a point, that they rock with every blast of wind, and threaten to overwhelm the curious observer; yet in this equilibrium they have hung for more than two centu- ries, and it would probably require a gigantic force to remove them from their position.
After proceeding more than half a mile, the stranger arrives at another low-roofed hall, in which is a black door, supported by two Tuscan pilas- ters, with this inscription :-
Has ultra metas requiescunt, beatem spem expectantes.
("Beyond these bounds rest the dead, awaiting the joyful hope of immortality.")
This is the entrance to the Cata- combs. It admits to another long av- enue, the walls of which are lined with bones from the floor to the roof. The large bones of the arms, legs and thighs, are in front, closely and neatly piled together, and their uniformity relieved by three rows of skulls, at equal dis- tances. Behind these are thrown the smaller bones.
This avenue conducts to several apartments resembling chapels, the walls of which are lined with bones, variously and often tastefully arrang- ed ; and, in the centre of the chapel, or in niches in the walls, are vases and altars, some of which are formed en- tirely of human bones, and others are ingeniously ornamented with skulls of different sizes. One or two of these altars are of an antique form, and com- posed of the solid rock. They stood here before these caverns were appro- priated to their present destination. One of them has certainly occupied its present situation from time immemo- rial, and has given rise to the not im-
probable conjecture that these secret and deep recesses were used as places of worship, either by the Gauls or by the early Christians, during the per- secution which followed the first preaching of the Gospel in these parts.
These chapels contain numerous in- scriptions ; some of them simply in- dicating the cemetery whence each mouldering pile of bones was remov- ed ; others too strongly reminding the reader of the atheistical era of the rev- olution ; and a very. few displaying considerable feeling and good taste.
One chapel is dedicated to those who perished on the horrible 2d and 3d September. The altar bears this simple, yet affecting, inscription :---
D. M. II. et III. Sepmbr. 1792.
(" To the memory of the victims of the 2d and Sd of September, 1792.")
The bones are concealed behind a black wall.
An inscription, in another part of the Catacombs, is altogether as re- volting ;--
Ici sont inhumes LXXXVII metres cubes D'ossemens, recueillis Dans la cimetiere des Innocens, Du 19 Janvier au 19 Mars, 1811.
(" Here are deposited 87 cubic metres of bones, collected from the cemetery of the Innocents, be- tween the 19th of January and 19th of March, 1811.")
That man must have been utterly destitute of taste and feeling, who suggested the record of this disgusting admeasurement of the perishing re- mains of the human frame.
In one part of the Catacombs is a reservoir embellished with various sculptures, and containing several gold fish.
The calculations of different visiters and authors vary as to the number of bones collected in this vast charnel- house. It is certain that there are more than three millions of human skulls : some writers have asserted that the Catacombs contain six mil- lions.
A faint mouldering smell pervades these gloomy caverns, but not to any unpleasant or deleterious degree.
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AND CITY RECORD, MARCH 4, 1826.
Before he quits the Catacombs, two museums are shown to the stranger. The first is a collection of all the fos- sil remains, mineral productions, spars, &c. which these quarries afford. Some of the specimens are curious and beau- tiful. The other, which is principally interesting to the medical traveller, are specimens of the various diseases of the bones, selected from this im- mense repository, and scientifically ar- ranged. Here is also a table on which are exposed skulls remarkable for their structure.
Having quitted the Catacombs by a portal, bearing this beautiful and appropriate quotation,-7
Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas, Atque metus omnes, et irrevocabile fatum Subjecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari !
the traveller again follows a black line traced on the roof, which conducts him to another staircase ; ascending this, he finds himself about 600 yards east of the road to Orleans, which he had crossed under ground, and more than half a mile from the place at which he descended."
For the News Letter and City Record.
MR. EDITOR,-Sir, permit me to enquire of you, as the Record purports to be devoted to local affairs, whether the health department of this city, un- der its present modified system, will compare with those good old regula- tions of the Board of Health ? They served without compensation, and their ordinances and wisdom excited the ad- miration of all the neighbouring cities. Are our streets and yards as cleanly, and the atmosphere as wholesome in the generality of streets, as in former periods ? Above all, do you believe it good policy to pay a health officer eight or nine hundred dollars per year for half doing what twelve of the most energetic gentlemen of the town were accustomed to do for nothing ?
Again, Sir, will you have the good- ness to invite some gentleman of leis- ure to furnish your publication with a correct catalogue of the names of those officers, of all descriptions, who re- !!
ceive salaries out of the city treasury, with a specification of the amount paid to each one for his yearly servi- ces, that I may calculate the whole expense of supporting the City Gov- ernment ? P.
NOTE. If any gentleman will for- ward an article, embracing a detail of facts, in relation to the regular pay of city officers, with their occasional per- quisites, according to the wish of our correspondent, he will receive our thanks, and oblige an enquirer. Editor.
CITY RECORD,
IN BOARD OF ALDERMEN.
Monday, Feb. 20 .- Ordered that no person shall be received or retain- ed in any Engine Company, who is not of the age of twenty one, except by his Parents', Master's, or Guardian's consent which shall be given in writing.
Aldermen Bellows and Welsh rep- resent that they have been sued in an action of trespass by the Boston aud Roxbury Mill Corporation, in con- structing a dyke which they were au- thorised to do, as a committee of this board ; thereupon ordered that Thom- as Welsh, Jr. Esq. be authorised to ap- pear and defend said suit, in behalf and at the expense of the city.
The Mayor reports upon communi- cation of the Superintendent of the burial grounds, relative to burying the dead at South Boston, that the same principles ought to be made applicable. to the citizens of South Boston, as are in use in other parts of the city, on said subject. Read and accepted.
Ordered, that Aldermen Bellows and Robbins be a committee to consid- er and report upon the subject of wid- ening Green St. and that Aldermen Welsh and Loring consider and re- port upon the levelling of the lower end of North Allen Street.
Ordered, that Monday, the sixth day of March, be assigned for the choice of permanent Assessors, and that the City Clerk give ten days public notice that applications may be received for said office.
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THE BOSTON NEWS-LETTER,
Ordered, that Aldermen Welsh and Robbins consider and report upon the subject of a suit brought by Timothy Williams and Lewis Tappan for dam- ages for land taken by the surveyors of highways to widen High Street.
Communication of Wm. Sullivan Esq. proposing to submit the Claim of John Brazer and Jonathan Amory, against the city, to arbitrators. Read and referred to the Mayor and Alder- men to consider and report.
The Mayor communicated a vote of the Old South Society, granting permission to take water from the spouts of the Meeting House for a reservoir, which was read and filed.
The prayer of the City Guards for the use of an Armory in Fanueil Hall was not granted, as the room applied for was assigned to the Soul of the Soldiery last year.
Ordered that the Mayor, Aldermen Welsh and Robbins be a committee with full power to settle with the heirs of John Holland.
Joseph Basset was nominated and appointed fireman for Ward No. 1, and John Rupp for Ward No. 10.
Message of the Mayor inclosing a vote of the School Committee relative to the instruction of such children as are excluded from the public Schools according to the present arrangement and regulations of those Schools. Committed to Aldermen Bellows, Lor- ing and Oliver.
IN COMMON COUNCIL.
Monday Feb. 20 .- A communica- tion from the Directors of the House of Industry, recommending the erec- tion of a Wall to enclose the Flats be- longing to the City Lands at South Boston, was referred to Aldermen Bellows, Jackson, and Robbins ; Messrs. Brooks, Tracy, Vose, Aspin- wall, and Sprague.
A communication from the School Committe stating that, upon enquiry made in compliance with a resolution of the City Council, they learn that there are upwards of 300 children be- Jonging to the city, who are more than seven years of age, therefore de- barred the use of primary schools,
destitute of the attainments necessary to their admission into the public Grammar Schools; and requesting the City Council to provide funds for the maintenance of one or more in- structors, for the benefit of those chil- dren, was referred to Aldermen Bel- lows, Loring and Oliver ; Messrs. Basset, Barnard, Torrey, Fenno and Grosvenor.
A report of the Joint Committee on the subject of taxes and the appoint- ment of assessors, came down from the Board of Aldermen, with an amendment to strike out fire and in- sert four. Read and non-concurred ; and Messrs. James, Rice, and Howe, appointed a committee of conference on the part of the Common Council.
A report of the Committee that it is inexpedient to connect the offices of City Marshal and Health Commission- er, came down, accepted. Read and laid on the table.
Adjourned to 6th March, half past six P. M.
TOBACCO.
Our puritan forefathers were no less attentive to the moral government of the colonies, than to the habits of the people. They seemed to consider tobacco a noxious article indeed, and consequently were not essentially dif- ferent in opinion from the ladies of the present day, who will brook any thing in a husband, better than chew- ing tobacco. Dr. Waterhouse, that anti-tobacco champion, would have re- ceived a pension, in blue law times, from the church of Quinipieck, worth a modern professorship at Harvard, had his famous anathemas against a favourite quid, appeared in that age of patriarchal justice.
Notwithstanding all the philosophi- cal arguments, which have been ad- vanced against the use of tobacco, ac- companied by therapeutic observations of the learned dealers in physic, men will continue to chew and smoke, and Virginia will never relinquish the prof- itable cultivation of a weed, which has been the foundation of her wealth and importance in the union. Here fol-
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131
AND CITY RECORD, MARCH 4, 1826.
loweth an edict from the Connecticut code of 1638 :
" fforasmuch as it is observed, that many abuses are crept in, and comitted, by frequent taking of to- becko,
" It is ordered by the authority of this Courte, That no person under the age of twenty one years, nor any oth- er, that hath not already accustomed himselfe to the use thereof, shall take any tobacko, untill hee hath brought a certificate under the hands of some who are approved for knowledge and skill in phisick, that it is usefull for him, and allso, that hee hath received a lycense from the courte, for the same .- And for the regulating of those, who either by theire former taking it, have, to theire owne apprehensions, made it necessary to them, or uppon due advice, are persuaded to the use thereof,
" It is ordered, That no man within this colonye, after the publication hereof, shall take any tobacko, pub- liquely, in the streett, highwayes, or any barne yardes, or uppon training dayes, in any open places, under the penalty of six pence for each offence against this order, in any of the per- ticulars thereof, to bee paid without gainesaying, uppon conviction, by the testimony of one witness, that is with- out just exception, before any one magistrate. And the constables in the severall townes, are required to make presentment to each perticular courte, of such as they doe understand, and can evict to bee transgressors of this order."
Curious Statistics .-- The following curious statistical accounts are given in the Cassel Almanack for the year 1826 : The 100 most populous cities on the globe are-Jeddo, in Japan, 1,680,000 inhabitants ; Pekin, in Chi- na, 1,500,000; London, 1,274,000; Hans-Ischen, 1,100,000 ; Calcutta, 900,000 ; Madras, 817,000 ; Nankin, 800,000 ; Congo Ischen, 800,000 ; Paris, 717,300; Wats Chani, 600,000; Constantinople, 597,800 ; Benares, 530,000 ; Kio, 520,726; Su Ischen,
500,000 ; Houng Ischen, 500,000, &c. &c. The fortieth on the list is Berlin, containing 193,000, and the last Bristol, 87,800. Among the 100 cities, three contain more than a mil- lion ; nine from half a million to one million ; 23 from 200,000 to 500,000; 56 from 1 to 200,000 ; six from 87 to 100,000. Of these 100 cities, 58 are in Asia, and 32 in Europe, of which four are in Germany ; four in France ; five in Italy ; eight in Eng- land ; three in Spain ; five in Africa ; and five in America. A list of the population of 94 states is given ; the following is an extract :-- China, 264,500,000 ; British Empire, 136, 500,000 ; Russia, 59,000,000 ; Japan, 40,500,000 ; France, 31,500,000 ; Austria, 30,000,000 ; Turkish Em- pire, 24,500,000 ; Anam, 23,000,000 ; Spain, 15,000,000 ; Morocco, 15,000,- 000; Persia, 13,500,000 ; Afghanis- tan, 12,800,000 ; Low Countries, 12,800,000 ; Burmese, Corea, 12,- 000,000 ; Thibet, 12,000,000, Prus- sia, 11,370,000 ; United States, 10,645,000 ; Naples, 7,500,000 ; Bra- zil, 5,500,000. The principality of Litchtenstein contains the smallest number of inhabitants out of the 24 states, having only 5,800 inhabitants.
SUMMARY.
The execution of O'Halloran, took place yesterday, without parade, near the jail yard. We understand he was perfectly resigned to his melancholy fate. An awful lesson this, to the in- temperate !
Fire at Mobile. On the 26th of January, a fire broke out at Mobile. in a store on Alabama wharf. The flames spread to the adjoining tene- ments, when the whole of them blew up by an explosion of gunpowder. About forty persons were knocked down, and were injured by the frag- ments of the houses.
New Papers .- The first number of the Northern Star, printed at Warren, R. I. from the ashes of the Telegraph, has been issued.
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THE BOSTON NEWS-LETTER,
Messrs. Tweed and Kincaid have sent out the prospectus of The State's Advocate, at Milton, Northumberland County, Penn. and Charles G. De Witt, Esq. proposes also to .publish the Ulster Sentinel, at Kingston, N. Y. as soon as patronage warrants the under- taking.
Jamiaca papers to the 31st ult. con- taining the account of a fire at Barba- does on the 25th January, by which several houses were destroyed and two or three lives lost. A letter received from Barbadoes stated the number of houses burnt to have been 150.
Mississippi .- Senator in Congress. Hon. Thomas B. Reed, vice Holmes, elected Governor of the State .- Mr. Ellis, who had received the provision- al appointment of the Executive dur- ing the recess, and who had attended during the session, lost his election by the change of a single vote.
For the lands, east of the Chatta- hoochie, recently added by the Red- stick Indians, the Government pays $211,000 in cash and a perpetual an- nuity of $20,000. The MacIntosh party, who go west of the Mississippi, have lands assigned them, $100,000 dollars in cash, the expenses of the journey,-are supported one year free of expense, and are also paid for the improvements which they leave, and all property paid for which has been taken from them, or destroyed.
The Bill allowing Mr. JEFFERSON to dispose of his property by Lottery, has passed the Virginia Assembly, 125, to 62. In the Senate, ayes 13, noes 4.
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