History of Penobscot County, Maine; with illustrations and biographical sketches, Part 184

Author: Williams, Chase & Co., Cleveland (Ohio)
Publication date: 1882
Publisher: Cleveland, Williams, Chase & Co.
Number of Pages: 1100

USA > Maine > Penobscot County > History of Penobscot County, Maine; with illustrations and biographical sketches > Part 184

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Fifty-four children had been cared for in the Home during 1880, sixteen of them soldiers' children; fourteen had been received during the year, and as many returned to parents or placed in situations; so that the number, forty, in the institution January 1, 1880, was precisely duplicated at the end of the year. From the organiza- tion of the Home to January 1, 1878, 373 children were cared for therein.

Mrs. Walter Brown was then President of the Home; Mrs. H. G. Pitcher, Vice-president; Miss Kate B. Walker, Treasurer; Miss Mary L. Patten, Secretary; Miss Julia A. Sibley, Matron.

A school for the children was started in the Home on the 15th of July, 1870, by Miss Longfellow, from the Lancaster Industrial school, and has since been quite steadily maintained, under various teachers. The fore- noon is devoted to the common branches of study, and the afternoon to sewing, repairing garments, and sundry household duties.

Steam for warming the building was introduced in 1875, and the Holly water service the next year.

HOME FOR AGED WOMEN .*

A paper, of which the following is a copy, was circu- lated in this city September 30, 1869, and was signed by forty-six ladies and fourteen gentlemen :

The occasion of this Centennial Anniversary of Bangor's history is, in all respects, the fitting time to inaugurate measures for relieving the infirmities of age; and to this end the undersigned, with their asso- ciates, agree to organize a society in this city, and its object shall be to care for and relieve the wants, alleviate suffering, and make provision

for the comfort of destitute aged women, and further agree to be gov- erned by such rules and regulations as may be hereafter adopted.

The subject continued to be agitated and to ripen in the public mind until the winter of 1872, when a pub- lished call for a meeting of those interested was made. It was held February 1, 1872, when it was resolved that the time had come to establish such an institution, and that measures should be taken to secure it. The organ- ization was completed at another meeting, held in the City Hall March 4 next following.

The following appeal was published soon after :

The ladies who have in view the founding of a Home for Aged Wo- men in our city, would now bring the subject before you, asking you patiently to hear and weigh the facts in the case.

This is no sudden enterprise, but one which has been long desired by many, and which has been delayed until now only by the fear that the time was hardly ripe for its accomplishment. We have now de- cided to wait no longer. We reflect that time is short, and that what each of us does to lighten the burden of human woe, must be done quickly. We remember that while we, timid and irresolute, hesitate to take the first step, some helpless ones, whom this charity is designed to bless, are suffering; and we feel that timidity and irresolution must now be laid aside.

There are aged women in Bangor left without natural protectors and, in many cases, without resources. They have filled their places and acted well their part in the scenes of active life in times long past; but the lapse of years has despoiled them of their vigor, death has robbed them of their friends, and the rushing, hurrying world has left them behind. There remains to them only the memory of happier days, the ever-increasing infirmities of advanced life, and, saddest of all, a constant, wearing anxiety for the future, only made endurable by their trust in God.

From such anxious, saddened hearts, the prayer is ascending : "Cast me not off in the time of old age; forsake me not when my strength faileth. Now also, when I am old and gray-headed, O God, forsake me not."

We believe that God answers these prayers, in part, at least, by put- ting into the hearts of His children to plan and work for these help- less ones, and that the labor to which we pledge ourselves, and the charities which flow through this channel, are but the carrying out of His wise and beneficent purposes. It has been well said that he is a benefactor of his fellow-men who makes two blades of grass grow where only one had grown, How much more is he a benefactor who roots out from human hearts the poisonous weeds of foreboding and despondency, and makes to flourish and blossom in their place the sweet plants of hope and cheerfulness ! In this noble work we ask you to take part.

It is a fact, proved beyond doubt, that generous action opens and en- larges the heart, and prepares it for still greater generosity. The ques- tion arises, "Is it necessary to go through a long, hard struggle before this Home can be placed on a sure basis?" We think not. If indi- viduals of means will feel an interest in the undertaking, and im- mediately and generously aid us, we can soon have our Home for Aged Women-a quiet haven, where they can enjoy the comforts of life, freedom from corroding care and anxiety, the companionship of each other, and where we can go and be to their lonely hearts, so far as possible, sisters and daughters.

And while we urge large giving on the part of men of means, we would have no man, woman, or child withhold a contribution because it must be small. Happily, the requirement is that a man give "ac- cording to that he hath, and not according to that he hath not."

Dear friends, our plea is before you, and in a few days we shall visit you individually, to receive what you see fit to bestow. We come to you, not with dread, lest we should be looked upon as unwelcome and disagreeable intruders, to whom a pittance must be given in order to be free from their presence, but we come cheerfully, hopefully, feeling sure that you will meet usin the same spirit in which we come, and that you will give us your cordial sympathy and co-operation.

MRS. JAMES MCLAUGHLIN, MRS. SAMUEL F. HERSEY, MRS. GEORGE W. PICKERING, MRS. J. B. FOSTER, MRS. WALTER BROWN, MRS. ISAAC S. WHITMAN.

*Compiled from an historical sketch of the institution, accompanying ts first pamphlet report, published in 1881.

737

HISTORY OF PENOBSCOT COUNTY, MAINE.

The institution was incorporated at the Legislative session of 1872, with the following charter:

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in Legislature assembled, as follows:

SECTION I. J. S. Wheelwright, Walter Brown, G. W. Merrill, A. W. Paine, I. S. Whitman, I. R. Clark, S. P. Strickland, Sarah Q. Brown, Almira Mclaughlin, Sophia A. Whitman, Patience C. Plum- mer, Margaret B. Holton, Ruth W. Strickland, Mary L. Patten, Adri- anna M. V. Merrill, Nancy Wyman, Mary Pickering, Eliza A. Staples, Mary Phillips, Fanny W. Ingalls, Eliza H. Fifield, and their associates and successors, are hereby incorporated by the name of the Home for Aged Women, for the purpose of providing a home for aged women at Bangor.

SECTION 2. The said corporation may take by purchase, devise, or otherwise, any real or personal property, and hold the same for the pur- poses aforesaid, to any amount not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars, exempt from taxation, and may manage and dispose of the same according to their discretion.

SECTION 3. Said corporation shall have power to prescribe the terms of admission for members, may elect such officers as they may deem necessary, and adopt such by-laws as shall be necessary or expe- dient for the management of its affairs, not repugnant to the constitu- tion or laws of this State or of the United States.

SECTION 4. The four corporators first above named are authorized to call the first meeting of the corporation, at such place within the City of Bangor as they may choose, giving seven days' notice at least of said meeting, by publication in the Bangor Daily Whig and Courier.

SECTION 5. This act shall take effect when approved.

Appoved February 16, 1872.

The next year the corporation voted to raise the sum of $25,000, to be deposited with the city of Bangor as a perpetual trust fund, interest payable semi-annually, in order to secure the permanency of the institution. This sum was subsequently obtained and paid, and the City Council by a resolve passed in 1875, voted to receive the same into the city treasury as a permanent loan, paying an annual interest thereon of $1,500.

The following subscriptions and donations were re- ceived then and subsequently :

Woman's Friend Society, $2, 163.52; Henry E. Pren- tiss, $1,500; Franklin Muzzy, $1,000; Samuel F. Hersey, $1,000; Samuel Larrabee, $1,000; George Stetson, $500; Isaiah Stetson, $500; Walter Brown, $500 ; Moses Giddings, $500; William H. McCrillis, $500; A. D. Manson, $500; Isaac S. Whitman, $500; James Mc- Laughlin, $300; Joseph S. Smith, $100, Frank Hinck- ley, $100; Samuel P. Strickland, $100; Hastings Strick- land, $100; Henry A. Wood, $100; F. A. Wilson, $roo; Mrs. Mary A. Bullock, $250; Mrs. Leonard March, $100; Joseph S. Wheelwright, $250; J. G. Clark, $250; T. W. Baldwin, $250; J. B. Foster, $250; Hannibal Hamlin, $250; David Bugbee, $250; Mrs. Mary A. Hinckley, $200; Mrs. Mary Ham, $200; George L. Phillips, $200; M. L. Drummond, $100; William B. Hayford, $100; Arad Thompson, $100; I. S. Johnson, $100; James S. Rowe, $100; Charles Hayward, $100; Albert Emerson, $100; E. S. Coe, $100; Hugh Ross, $100; G. W. Merrill, $100; A Friend, $100; Mrs. R. W. Strickland, $500; Mrs. Noah Woods $1,000; Mrs. A. R. Cutting, $1,000.

In addition to the above the corporation has been greatly aided by annual subscriptions, life members' sub- scriptions, bequests, the sewing circle, fairs, exhibitions, and small donations, and was thereby enabled to com- plete the Trust Fund of $25,000. Hon. Samuel F. Hersey left the Home by will $5,000, payable in 1890.

By the commutation of this legacy the corporation has been helped to pay the balance due for the homestead and to accumulate a sustaining fund, so that the Home may well now be considered a permanent institution. Five hundred dollars were also left to the Home by Mrs. Ruth W. Strickland, a former member of the Board of Managers.

The Home was opened for inmates July 20, 1874, in a leased house on the corner of Essex and Garland streets. In October, 1876, the corporation purchased the present commodious residence, No. 145 State street. This Home was dedicated with appropriate religious ser- vices on the 16th of October, 1876. An addition of ten new sleeping and other rooms were made in the summer of 1880. Apparatus for steam-heating was introduced about the same time.

In 1876 a gift to the Home was made by the trustees of Mt. Hope Cemetery Corporation of a valuable and large burial lot. The remains of two beneficiaries of the Home are therein deposited, with appropriate head- stones above them.

The principal officers in the original Board of Mana- gers were as follow: Joseph S. Wheelwright, President ; Mrs. James McLaughlin and Mrs. John B. Foster, Vice- Presidents; Mrs. Elbridge C. Hincks, Treasurer ; Miss Mary F. Prentiss, Secretary.

Mr. Wheelwright is still President of the Home, and has been of eminent service in its foundation and main- tenance. The Vice-Presidents are Mrs. Almira McLaugh- lin and Mrs. Caroline R. Mason; Secretary, Mrs. Francis H. Noble; Treasurer, Isaac S. Whitman. Miss Sarah E. Patten is Matron.

There have been in all sixty life members, upon pay- ment of $25 each. Of these, fourteen are dead. The receipts of 1880 were $6,742.98; expenditures, $6,032.72.

At the time of the publication of this report, in the late autumn of 1881, the Home had fifteen inmates. The names of these, and of two others deceased, are as follow: Entered in 1874-Miss Mary A. Giddings, age 55; Mrs. Sarah Atkins, 66; Mrs. Eliza B. Merrill, 81; Miss Julia A. Orcutt, 58 (died August 16, 1877); Miss Nancy C. Blagdon, 75 (died November 15, 1876). En- tered in 1875-Mrs. Lavinia Pierce, 79; Miss Mary A. Freeman, 66; Mrs. Philinda B. Breed, 74. Entered in 1876-Mrs. Elizabeth Skinner, 70; Miss Augusta Mes- senger, 73; Miss Charlotte A. Gallison, 54. Entered in 1877-Mrs. Betsey Partridge, 69; Mrs. Nancy Pomroy, 77. Entered in 1880-Mrs Harriet A. Billings, 57; Mrs. Mary T. Trueworthy, 83. Entered in 1881-Miss Mary C. Pearson, 55; Mrs. Abbie E. Smith, 60.

738

HISTORY OF PENOBSCOT COUNTY, MAINE.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

ASSOCIATIONS AND CLUBS.

The Bangor Young Men's Bible Society-The Young Men's Christian Association-The Mechanics' Association-Their Library-Mercan- tile Association-Women's Christian Temperance Union-Women's Christian Temperance Crusade-Bangor Reform Club -. B .H Beale Post No. 12, Grand Army of the Republic-Historical Society-Board of Trade-Board of Underwriters-Fuel Society-Society for the Pre- vention of Cruelty to Animals-Sundry Associations and Secret Orders.

BANGOR YOUNG MEN'S BIBLE SOCIETY .*

The predecessor of this association was the Pe- nobscot County Bible Society. This, an auxiliary of the American Bible Society, was the first in the county for circulating the Bible. It was inaugurated in May, 1828. Joseph Lee, of Milo, was President; Rev. S. L. Pomroy, Bangor, Corresponding Secretary ; Romulus Haskins, Bangor, Recording Secretary; George W. Brown, Bangor, Treasurer. Rev. Dr. Proudfoot, of Salem, New Hampshire, was General Agent of the parent society. Local agents were employed "to visit the va- rious townships of the county, and to ascertain by faithful enquiry how many families were destitute of Bibles." A donation of Bibles was granted by the parent society for newly settled places. In 1832-33 auxiliaries had been formed in most of the townships. An agent had visited all parts of the county to form local associations, and to prepare the way for a general supply of Bibles and Testa- ments. He occupied 114 days, traveling 2,850 miles, and formed fifty small societies. Bibles and Testaments were supplied to each of these. During the short period of its active service it forwarded to the American Bible Society $2,000 for books and $100 donations. Revs. Joseph Lane, Sylvester Holmes, and Mr. Bacon were General Agents of the parent society, and occasionally visited the county.

The County Bible Society having for several years ceased to act, it was proposed that the young men of Bangor should unite and enter upon the work anew. Accordingly a meeting was held October 23, 1843, in the vestry .of the Methodist Chapel. Colonel Henry Little was appointed Chairman, William Sandford Secretary. Prayer was offered by Rev. John Maltby. The agent of the American Bible Society, Rev. Joseph Lane, was present and explained the need of some active organi- zation. It was voted to organize as the Bangor Young Men's Bible Society. A committee was appointed to draft a constitution-Asa Walker, Esq., William H. Dow, and Nathaniel French. A committee also to nominate officers-Revs. Maltby and Pomroy (Congregational), Hobart (Methodist), Caverno (Free Baptist), and West (Episcopal). Each of these committees to report at an adjourned meeting.

November 3, 1843. Met according to adjournment, . in the vestry of the First Congregational Church, at which a constitution was adopted and the following officers were chosen : Charles Godfrey, Jr., President; Isaac A. Hatch, Vice-President; Asa Walker, Secretary; William H. Dow, Treasurer; E. F. Duren, Depositary.

The Presidents of the society during the thirty-eight years of its existence have been : Charles Godfrey, Jr., 6 years; J. A. Hatch, 3; J. Burbank, 2; F. M. Sabine, 2; J. Conant, 2; E. H. Fogg, 3; W. P. Wingate, 2; A. S. Weed, 2; T. A. Seavey, 2; S. D. Thurston, 2; G. A. Thatcher, J. Fenno, J. F. Kimball, each 1; G. R. Smith, 9, and now in office.

Secretaries-Asa Walker, 7 years; O. R. Patch, 3; W. Sandford, 2; J. T. K. Hayward, 1; A. S. Weed, 2; F. F. French, I; E. H. Fogg, I; R. S. Morrison, 1; F. E. Shaw, 2; J. L. Crosby, 2; N. L. Perkins, 2; W. E. Mann, 1; J. F. Kimball, 2; J. H. Hayes, 2; J. W. Torrens, 9.

Treasurers-William H. Dow, 3 years; J. S. Wheel- wright, 4; E. F Duren, 17; W. G. Duren, 5; F. M. Sabine, 8, and now in office.

Depositaries -E. F. Duren, 34 years ; W. Lewis, J. N. Davis, and E. D. Godfrey, each 1; T. K. Smith, I, now in office.

The object of this society is, first, to supply every des- titute family in this county and Aroosook county with a copy of the Holy Bible, without note or comment, and to afford facilities for the people to supply themselves by purchase; and secondly, the transmission of its surplus funds to the parent society at New York, to aid in dis- tributing the Word of Life to the destitute throughout our own and foreign lands.

The churches in these counties are invited to become branches of this society, sharing its privileges and labors ; and where there is no organized church the officers of each town and plantation are desired to correspond an- nually, at least, with this society, that all may be sup- plied with the Holy Scriptures.

Various and appropriate means, all more or less successful, have at different times been employed to secure the object of this society. Local depositaries have been established at convenient and central points; Bibles and Testaments have been placed in responsible hands for distribution ; colporteurs have been employed ; Bible distributers have been commissioned; the co-oper- ation of clergymen and others has been solicited; and explorations of territory within our limits have been made as frequently as possible and to the greatest practicable extent.

Circulars have from time to time been sent to the churches - particularly in 1851 and 1861 - suggesting the appointment of a committee to enquire into the wants of the destitute, to ascertain when an exploration was best made and with what results, collect funds from such as are willing to contribute, and report to the committee of this society.

Bangor was the first place canvassed by the Society, which was undertaken by its officers in 1844, soon after its organization. In 1846 the hotel steamers and public buildings were more fully supplied; in 1850 and 1862 the city was supplied by colporteurs. Deacon Stephen Smith, of Garland, was a very acceptable and efficient col- porteur in different towns of the county, serving for a longer period than any other, beteen 1854 and 1864. Messrs. Chamberlin, Tenney, Richards, Ricker, Emerson, Douglass, Hobbs, Keeps, Tarbox, Rea, Torrens, Mans-

* By Deacon E. F. Duren.

739

HISTORY OF PENOBSCOT COUNTY, MAINE.

field, and Rogers have also been employed by the So- ciety at different times. Efficient aid has been rendered by the agents of the parent society - Revs. J. Lane, J. Young, D. Sewall, J. E.Soule, R. Woodhull, S. H. Merrill, Thomas Smith, C. C. Cone, and W. H. Gilbert.

The hotels between Bangor and Houlton have been supplied with the Scriptures, also the lumber camps from time to time. In 1845-46 it was estimated that four thousand lumbermen were probably without a copy, and the American Bible Society made a grant of fifteen hundred Bibles, which were committed to this society for distribution. A gentleman of Bangor voluntarily sup- plied twenty camps. A Bible society organized in Aroos- took county during its active existence. supplied a por- tion of the field which had been under the care of this society.

Seamen and vessels have been supplied, also asylums, jails, poor-houses, Sunday- and common schools. In 1861 all the soldiers enlisted for the war from this county and Aroostook were supplied with a Bible, Testament, or Testament and Psalms. They were presented by different clergymen of the city to the several companies, and were gladly received. Two of the books came back bearing the indentation of the bullet, which providen- tially prevented its piercing the life of the soldier, and to many it was a lamp to their feet and a light to their path. To all calls for the Bible this society has ever been ready to respond.

Eighty-six thousand copies of the Scriptures have been circulated by this society, of which twenty-three thou- sand were donated.

The amount paid by this society to the parent society for Bibles and Testaments from 1843 to 1881 is $16, 120; donations $1,000. Amount of Bibles and Testaments donated by this society $3, 147; contributions received to prosecute the work of the society $8,900. Expenditures $2,410.

At the anniversaries of the society the report of the secretary has presented the work of the year, and ad- dresses have been made by the pastors and others of the city and vicinity. At five of them there has been one written discourse. At the others, three or more short · addresses. At each there have been appropriate devo- tional exercises by ministers of different denominations, and music by the choirs.

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.

Several tentative efforts were made in the city, during a number of years, to found a branch of the Young Men's Christian Association, but without definite result until December 21, 1880, when a meeting of those inter- ested was held in Concert Hall. Mr. Pierre McConville was in the chair, and Henry F. Thurston was Secretary. Remarks were made by Messrs. Main M. Preble, Rand, Lincoln, Weatherbee, and others, and the meeting ad- journed to meet on the 30th of December. The second assembly was had in the vestry of the Third Congrega- tional church, with about twenty two persons present. Prayer was offered by the Rev. Mr. Field, remarks were made by a number of gentlemen, and a committee,

consisting of Messrs. Rand, Eldridge, and Swenson, was appointed to draft a constitution. This committee re- ported at a meeting held the second evening thereafter, New Year's evening, 1881; and the report, after some discussion and amendment, was adopted.

The constitution, as now in force, provides for active, associate, sustaining, and honorary members-the first comprising evangelical church-members, or persons giving evidence of sound conversion. They pay $2 per year, and only these are allowed to vote and hold office. The second class includes men of good moral standing; the third, those who will aid the work by payment of a stipulated sum ($5) yearly; and the fourth, those who pay a certain sum ($20) as life members. The officers are a President, seven Vice-Presidents, a Recording Sec- retary, a Corresponding Secretary, and a Treasurer, who together constitute an Executive Committee. These of- ficers are to be chosen, so far as practicable, from the several evangelical churches in the city. The Finance Committee is formed of the Executive Committee, with one member from each evangelical church. The officers are elected annually by ballot. Five members make a quorum of the committee, and nine a quorum of the as- sociation. "No member shall neglect the work of the Association, or the duties assigned him, without giving a seasonable and reasonable excuse to the society, to be by him approved and reported at the next business meet- ing." "Any name may be struck from the roll of mem- bership for continued neglect of duty or proven immo- rality, by a majority vote in regular business meeting ;" and " no person shall be honorably discharged from the as- sociation without giving reasons which shall be approved at a regular business meeting." The annual meeting is held upon the first Saturday of January. All meetings are to be opened and closed with prayer. One thousand five hundred copies of the constitution have been printed.

The association, according to the roll of members at this writing, consists of Messrs. P. McConville, Adelbert P. Chick, W. Rand, Alfred Winn, W. L. Miller, W. B. Dole, A. W. Main, Edwin Granger, Edgar L. Brown, Alf Swen- son, Henry Vance, Henry B. Dunbar, Everett S. Baker, John K. Lincoln, Charles S. Pearl, A. T. Stetson, R. A. Jordan, W. J. Weatherbee, F. D. Lincoln, I. M. Case, F. A. Curtis, Frank L. Goodwin, James Purr, Frank A. Smith, Edward. C. Frost, William S. Boyd, John W. Todd, S. Lewis B. Speare, George W. E. Barrows, H. H. Rich, Charles A. Barbour, John F. Kimball, J. Albert Dole, C. A. Averill, M. G. Prentiss, Thomas A. Hieskell, Lawrence T. Smyth, H. A. Williams, J. M. Frost, Wil- liam H. Perkins, S. S. Greenyer, R. F. Morgan, George S. Hall, Edwin C. Brown, Harold W. Springer, W. L. Crosby, John F. Stevens, Otis Gilmore, John A. Pond, A. C. Sawyer, J. M. Dickey, Arthur L. Hopkins, Fred L. Beverly, James L. Heywood, N. Wilmot Littlefield, James B. Barnaby-fifty-six members, all told.

The officers of the Association elected at the first meeting were: Pierre McConville, President; F. A. Curtis, W. J. Weatherbee, W. Rand, J. A. Boardman, Vice-Presidents. Subsequently, when the number of Vice-Presidents was enlarged, Messrs. Charles A. Barbour,

740

HISTORY OF PENOBSCOT COUNTY, MAINE.

J. A. Dole, and I. M. Case were elected additional Vice- Presidents; Mr. E. C. Frost was also made a Vice-Presi- dent, in place of Mr. Curtis, resigned. A. T. Stetson, Secretary; Mr. Alfred Winn was afterwards chosen Sec- retary, on the resignation of Mr. Stetson, who was elected Corresponding Secretary when that office was created. Henry Dunbar, Treasurer.

The "Grangers' Hall," on Kenduskeag Bridge, was presently secured for the uses of the Association. The "Grand Army Hall" was afterwards rented, and is now occupied by the society. It has been neatly fitted up, largely with articles purchased from the B. H. Beale Post No. 12, of the Grand Army of the Republic, and supplied with all necessary conveniences. As soon as a hall was secured, the association began to hold Saturday evening prayer-meetings. A public Gospel and praise meeting is now held on Tuesday evening of each week; a social, religious, and business meeting of the associa- tion on Friday evening, and an "open-air Gospel meet- ing" is held under the auspices of the association, in good weather, on the slate wharf at the foot of Broad street, every Sunday afternoon at 3 o'clock. The first public meeting was held at the hall on the evening of Tuesday, March 22, 1881, and was very well attended. The first open-air meeting was held in Park Square, Sunday afternoon, May 15, with a half-hour prayer-meet- ing previously in the hall. A valued member was lost May 25, in the person of Mr. John F. Kimball, for whose memory some cordial and appreciative resolutions were passed by the association on the 27th.

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History of Penobscot County, Maine; with illustrations and biographical sketches, Part 184

Author: Williams, Chase & Co., Cleveland (Ohio) Publication date: 1882 Publisher: Cleveland, Williams, Chase & Co. Number of Pages: 1100

Author: Williams, Chase & Co., Cleveland (Ohio)
Publication date: 1882
Publisher: Cleveland, Williams, Chase & Co.
Number of Pages: 1100