USA > Missouri > St Louis County > St Louis City > Education in Indiana. An outline of the growth of the common school system, together with statements relating to the condition of secondary and higher education in the state and a brief history of the educational exhibit. Prepared for the Louisiana purchase exposition, held at Saint Louis, May 1 to November 30, 1904 > Part 9
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"All teachers now exempt, or hereafter exempt from examina- tion, shall be paid as daily wages for teaching in the public schools
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EDUCATION IN INDIANA.
of the state not less than an amount determined by multiplying two and three-fourths (22) cents by the general average of scholarship and success given said teachers: Provided, That the grade of scholarship counted in each case be that given at the teacher's last examination, and that the grade of success counted be that of the teacher's term last preceding the date of contracting.
"All school officers shall comply with the provisions of this act and shall pay the teachers employed by them no less than such an amount as shall be determined by sections 1 and 2 of this act. School officers who shall be adjudged guilty of violating any of the provisions of this aet shall be fined in any amount not exceeding one hundred dollars ($100) for such offense. The state superin- tendent of publie instruction is hereby authorized to bring action against any school officer violating any of the provisions of this act."
Here are some statistics showing the wages paid to teachers in Indiana daily during the year 1903-4 :
In townships
Males. $13,562 61
Females. $11,242 27
Total. $24,804 88
In towns
1,732 54
2,234 60
3,967 14
In cities
2,936 85
9,474 42
12,411 27
Whole state.
$18,232 00
$22,951 29
$41,183 29
AVERAGE DAILY WAGES.
Malcs.
Females. Total.
Townships
$2.435
$2.275
$2.36
Towns
3.214
2.397
2.696
Cities
4.497
2.779
3.055
Average for state.
2.697
2.472
2.567
The above statistics do not include salaries for supervision, which are paid from the special school funds, $250.000 being paid annually to connty, city and town superintendents.
5. SCHOOL TERM.
The law provides that the minimum school term shall be six months. The average length of the term even for district schools is much more than six months. This, with the wage sentiment, has helped place teaching upon a higher plane, and has been an incen- tive to more thorough preparation on the part of the teacher.
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EDUCATION IN INDIANA.
6. QUALIFICATIONS.
Teachers must have good moral character and hold a valid license. If an applicant is objectionable a majority of the patrons through petition to the trustee may prevent his appointment. If a teacher proves unworthy through neglect, incompetency or bad conduct he may be removed by the county superintendent who has power to revoke his license.
7. THE COMMON SCHOOL TEACHER.
Common school teachers are those who teach in the districts and in the grades in cities and towns. They must pass examina- tions in orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, Eng- lish grammar, physiology, scientific temperance, U. S. history, literature and science of education. The grading is governed by the following rules :
A general average of 85 per cent., not falling below 75 per cent. in any one of the 10 items, nor in success, entitles the applicant to a twelve months' license.
A general average of 90 per cent., not falling below 80 per cent. in any one of the 10 items, nor in success, entitles the applicant to a 24 months' license.
A general average of 95 per cent., not falling below 85 per cent. in any one of the 10 items, nor below 90 in 9, 10 and success, entitles the applicant to a 36 months' license.
The general average is the mean of the average scholarship and success (obtained by dividing their sum by two).
The above standard of license was adopted by the state conven- tion of county superintendents, held at Indianapolis, June, 1898. Here is the form of license used.
:
Commen Schools the
Rope ofour country
STATE OF
INDIANA.
TEACHERS STATE CERTIFICATE
(93)
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EDUCATION IN INDIANA.
8. THE PRIMARY TEACHER.
The state board of education has provided an examination for primary teachers requiring less knowledge of the branches and more knowledge of the work to be done. The license based upon this examination is issued almost exclusively to women who do work in the first four grades.
9. THE HIGH SCHOOL TEACHER.
Still another grade of license is issued to high school teachers who teach subjeets other than the common branches. The tendency is to limit the high school teacher to one or two subjeets and to require special preparation in these. There are five different forms of the high school license: (1) The county high school license, issued by the county superintendent, valid in the county for one, two or three years, according to grade of scholarship. (2) The state high school license, issued by the state superin- tendent, and valid in any high school in the state for one, two or three years. (3) The sixty months' license, issued by the state superintendent. Before this can be secured the applicant must hold a three years' common school license, issued by the state superintendent. (4) The professional license is granted by the state board of education, and is valid for a period of eight years. (5) A life state license is issued by the state board of education, valid while good character is maintained. Since 1867 the state board has issued upon examinations 303 life state licenses and 283 professional licenses. Under the following provisions the state superintendent has countersigned sixty life state certificates from other states since the enaetment in 1899 :
The state superintendent of public instruction may countersign the life state certificates of teachers of other states, when the holders of such certificates shall have furnished satisfactory evidence of good moral character, and experience and success in teaching, as is required for life state certificates in this state: and when so countersigned such certificates shall be valid in any of the schools in this state: Provided. That the requirements for obtaining the life state certificates of other states shall be equivalent to the requirements for the same certificates in this state.
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EDUCATION IN INDIANA.
10. GENERAL DUTIES.
The teacher is required to enforce in good faith the rules and regulations of the county board of education ; to exercise care over school property ; to use kindly means of enforcing obedience. The district teacher is required to attend township institute one Satur- day in each month, and the town and city teacher is required to attend such meetings as the superintendent shall call. The teacher is expected to make his schoolroom as cheerful and attractive as possible. He is required to do professional reading and to take at least one good school journal. He is expected to take part in the life of the community. He is required by law to make reports to superintendents, trustees and truant officers.
11. EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.
Following will be found sets of examination questions such as are used for different grades of license :
4. QUESTIONS FOR COUNTY AND STATE COMMON SCHOOL LICENSE AND FOR FIRST DIVISION OF SIXTY MONTHS' STATE LICENSE.
RULES FOR EXAMINATION.
These questions shall be used on the last Saturday of the month only.
2. During the examination, all books, maps, globes, or other aids, shall be re- moved from sight.
3. The writing of applicants should be done in every case with pen and ink, to prevent erasures and changes.
4. All conversation or communication should be absolutely forbidden during the examination.
5. At no time during the examination should any questions be shown, except such as have been or are then being used.
6. The printed lists should be divided, so that no opportunity or temptation may be given to applicants to refer to anthori- ties at recess.
7. Applicants should not be permitted to ask questions. If they have any doubts as to the meaning of a question, let these be offered in writing, so that the superintend- ent may consider them when he examines the answers to the question,
8. If a correction is necessary, erasures should not be made, but a single mark
should be drawn over the error, that the superintendent may see the error as well as the correction. In arithmetic, the entire work should appear on the manuscript.
9. Each subject shall be graded on a scale of a hundred, each question being valued at an equal part of one hundred, ex- cept when marked otherwise.
10. These rules should be given the ap- plicants before entering upon the exami- nation.
# The board suggests that, since many questions admit of a variety of answers, credit be given for the intelligence shown in the answers, rather than for their con- formity to the views of the superintendent.
NOTE 1 .- Neither the state board of edu- cation nor any member of the board pre- pares for publication in any periodical whatever, answers to the questions asked by this state board of education. The state board is not in any way responsible for any such publication.
NOTE 2 .- For the information of appli- cants for teachers' license the following orders of the state board of October, 1885, are here printed in full (p. 52 record) :
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EDUCATION IN INDIANA.
"Ordered, That the Reading Circle ex- aminations in the science of teaching be accepted by county superintendents in place of the county examination on that subject, and that the average of their four successive yearly examinations in the science of teaching be accepted by the state board in the examination for state certifi- (ates."
"Ordered, That the Reading Circle ex- aminations in the general culture book be accepted by county superintendents in place of the county examination in litera- ture, and that the average of their four sue- cessive yearty examinations in the general culture books be accepted by the state
board in the examination for state certifi- cates."-May 14, 1896.
WRITING AND SPELLING.
The penmanship shown in the manu- scripts of the entire examination will be graded on a scale of 100, with reference to legibility (50), regularity of form (30), and neatness (20). The handwriting of each applicant will be considered in itself, rather than with reference to the standard models.
The orthography of the entire examina- tion will be graded on a scale of 100, and 1 will be deducted for each word incorrectly written.
In each list answer any sic, but no more.
(1) ARITHMETIC.
1. What must be taken from 446182987 in order that the remainder may be ex- aetly divisible by 62593!
2. The product of three numbers is 8}. If the first is fr and the second 376 what is the third?
3. By what decimal part of a pint does .008 of a quart exceed .0004 of a peck?
4. How many yds. of Brussels carpet must you buy to carpet a floor 21 ft. long by 13 ft. 9 in. wide, allowing 9 in. on each strip for waste in matching the figure?
5. A cylindrical eistern is 6 ft. in diameter and 8 ft. deep. How many gallons of water will it hold?
6. The valuation of property in a certain city is $24,500,000.00. How much tax must be levied on each $100.00 to pay the interest on bonds issued to the amount of $125,000.00 and bearing 33% interest!
7. If 18 be added to a certain number, 5 of $ of the sum is 45. What is the number? Solve by algebra.
8. 푸-풍 - 20 Find value of x.
(2) HISTORY.
1. Have the movements in our national history been toward a federal gov- ernment or a national government?
2. Name five men who were prominent in the federalist party.
3. What led to the adoption of the 12th amendment!
4. What was the cause of the split in the democratic party in 1860?
5. Who were the republican candidates for the presidency before the Chi- cago convention in 1860?
6. What was the Kansas-Nebraska act!
7. What contention was the occasion for the Webster-Hayne debate?
8. Write a brief biography of James B. Eads.
(3) PHYSIOLOGY.
1. What do you understand to be the meaning of the term "school sani- tation?"
2. Describe the red corpuscles of the blood and give their function,
3. Starting at the right auricle, follow a drop of blood in its circulation through the larger vessels and the heart until it returns to the right auricle.
4. Why does a physician feel a patient's pulse?
5. What digestive changes are effected by the gastric juice?
6. Explain the paths of sensory and motor impulses that figure directly in the reflex removal of the finger from the hot stove.
7. What is the real source of danger in remaining in a poorly ventilated room?
What physiological effects of alcohol are apparent enough to any observer to serve as effective warnings by a tactful teacher!
(4) READING.
The splendor falls on castle walls And snowy summits old in story;
The long light shakes across the lakes, And the wild cataract leaps in glory. Blow, bugle, blow, set the wild echoes flying.
Blow, bugle; answer, echoes, dying, dying, dying.
1. Who is the author of the above? When and where did he live? Name eight poems by this author, underscoring those you have read.
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EDUCATION IN INDIANA.
2. (five the first assignment you would make upon this poem to eighth grade pupils.
3. Give the picture which the above stanza suggests to you?
4. What is meant in the second stanza by : "O sweet and far from cliff and scar The horns of Elfland faintly blow- ing!"?
5. What is meant in the third stanza by: "Our echoes roll from sout to sonl And grow forever and forever."!
6. Suggest some example by which the thought in this poem might be brought home to the child.
7. Would you select stories written in dialect for the primary grades? Give reasons.
8. In the sentence, "Silverlocks lay down on the wee bear's bed and was soon fast asleep," how would you teach the words Silverlocks and asleep?
(5) GEOGRAPHY.
1. What waters does the Erie canal con- neet? What cities are at its extrem- ities? Of what commercial advan- tage is this canal ?
2. Compare September and December in regard to time of sunrise and sun- set; length of sun's rays. Where are the sun's rays vertical in each of these months ?
3. What two countries in Europe have a government similar toour own ! In which continent is there a total ab- sence of a republican government !
4. Locate Rio Janeiro, Hong Kong, the Indus river, Strait of Gibraltar.
5. Give four important uses of mountains.
6. What are geysers ! Llanos ! Steppes ! Where may each of these be found ?
7. The following have in recent years been discussed with much interest in the newspapers: Cuba, Hawaiian Islands, Philippines, Martinique. Where are these places !
8. Modern magazines and newspapers usually contain maps showing the location of regions about which there is considerable interest. What does this suggest in regard to meth- ods in geography teaching !
(6) ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
1. Take as a subject "oranges" for de- scription, and outline your method of procedure with a class in lower grammar grade.
2. Give principal parts of went, lie (to re- cline), sit, send, bring.
7-EDUCATION.
3. Give a sentence containing a verbal noun.
4. When should the study of technical grammar be introduced? Justify your answer.
5. Write the following four times, giving only a different position each time, and state exactly what eaeli sentence means:
"Only he mourned for his brother."
6. Give the word or phrase that fits the following description:
(a) Personal pronoun, third, singu- lar, masculine, objective.
(b) Personal pronoun, first, plural, objective.
(c) Verb go, subjunctive, present perfect, plural.
(d) Verb use, indicative, present perfect, progressive, singular,
(e) Verb read. indicative, present perfect, passive, singular.
7. Illustrate difference between attribute compliment. and objective compli- ment.
8. Mention some of the things to be noted in the study of prepositions.
(7) SCIENCE OF EDUCATION.
1. Discuss the purpose and use of the art of questioning.
2. What application will you make of competition ?
3. Discuss the relative value of gymnas- tics and sports in education. What can you do to promote the proper use of sports !
4. Discuss the treatment of children with defective hearing.
5. How may spelling be taught in connec- tion with other subjects ? Should there be special spelling lessons ?
6. What must be the character of school discipline to prepare pupils for American citizenship ?
7. In what way can you make the work in nature study practical ?
8. What kind of acquaintance with her pupils should a teacher cultivate to make it of service in school work ?
SYSTEMATIC METHODOLOGY.
1. Which should be first cultivated, re- ceptive or creative imagination ? What reasons are given !
2. Define notion or concept.
3. The author gives what directions for the training of a self-willed child ? What do you think of his sugges- tions !
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EDUCATION IN INDIANA.
4. What four stages are considered neces- sary in all right method of acquir- ing knowledge ?
5. "A question is the teacher's instru- ment for making a child think." To what extent is the above quotation true !
6. In teaching primary reading, is the unit of thought the sound. the word or the sentence ? Give reason for your answer.
7. What is the distinction between the "objective " and the "subjective " process of training sense percep- tion.
8. When may one safely venture upon literary criticism.
(8) LITERATURE.
1. Name five works that you think suita- ble for eighth year work in litera- ture. Give reasons for your selec- tion.
2. What characteristics make Robinson Crusoe the delightful book thatit is?
3. Why is a good knowledge of the myths of Greece and Rome a necessity to the reader of English literature !
4. What did Chancer's writings do for the English language !
5. Name the leading characters in Shakes- peare's Julius Cæsar. Which in your estimation is noblest and why ? "O, for such my friend,
We hold them slight; they mind ns of the time,
When we made bricks in Egypt."
To what does the author allude in the last line ?
7. What is an Epic? Name the three great Epics of the world.
8. Name five Americans who have distin- gnished themselves as writers of history and give the title of at least one work of each.
DICKENS.
1. Why did "Joe" show such astonish- ment when "Guster" patted him on the shoulder ?
2. What was Dickens' representations as to the relative advantages of city and country ?
3. Why not attempt to make pupils moral by " precept" !
4. Why does Dickens paint his best char- acters as lovers of nature ?
5. What valuable bints as to teaching can we get from his " American Notes !"
What does he teach as to the education 6 of the poor and outeast !
7. Which is the most suggestive of his books as to methods of education ?
8. What was the purpose of his story of "Caleb Plummer and his blind child " ?
(9) MUSIC.
1. Draw a staff and place on it the G clef. The Felef.
2. Of what use is the staff and clef ?
3. Place on the staff in whole notes, key of A flat, one, three, five. sharp-four, five.
4. What effect has a dot upon the value of the note which precedes it ?
5. Name three points to he emphasized in preparing pupils to sing a new song or exercise.
6. Describe the position you would re- quire your pupils to assume in singing.
7. Name a prominent orchestral con- ductor.
8. Name three operas and their compos- ers.
(10) IMPORTANT-GENERAL QUESTIONS.
Note-These questions must be answered in full by all applicants or the manuscript will receive no attention.
1. Give your name or number. Give post- office. Give age if under 21.
2. What other than the common schools has been your educational training ?
3. What professional training have you received ! When did you last at- tend school.
What works on Psychology or Peda- gogy have you studied ?
5. Have you taught school ? How long ? What grades !
6. In what county did you teach last year! What was your grade in success?
7. What grades of license have you hekl ? In what counties ? When ?
8. Did you attend County Institute last year ? Where ! How many days !
9. Name the educational papers or period- icals that you take.
10. Do you read other educational papers ? Name them.
11. Name the books of the Teacher's Read- ing Circle that you have read.
12. Have yon given or received aid in any way during this examination. If so, explain fully.
13. How many Township Institutes did you attend last year ? Did you take an active part in all !
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EDUCATION IN INDIANA.
(b) QUESTIONS FOR PRIMARY LICENSE.
LITERATURE.
(Ansirer six. but no more.)
1 How did the Norman Conquest affect the language and literature of Eng- land?
2. Give a concise account of some char- acter in one of Shakespeare's trag- edies.
3. Name the greatest poet and the great- est prose writer of the age of Queen Anne, and the best known work of each.
4. Name three English and two American essayists of the nineteenth century with one important work of each.
5. Mention five great English poets of the early part of the nineteenth century and an important work of each.
6. Briefly characterize Longfellow as a man and a poet. Name three long and three short poems which in your opinion will be most enduring. 7. Name the author of Silas Marner, The Princess, Biglow Papers, Little Women, The Newcomes, Rise of the Dutch Republic, Coriolanus. The Faerie Queene.
8. Name a great epic and a great elegy written by the same poet.
LANGUAGE.
(Any sir, but no more.)
1. What do you think is the comparative value of oral and written language work in primary schools? Give reasons for your decision.
2. Many children who hear correct Eng- lish at home and in school speak as incorrectly as children who have not had these advantages. Account for this.
3. Is it worth while for children to put a list of disconnected words into sen- tences? Why?
Write ten rules for the use of capital letters.
5. Write a brief plan showing how you would develop the idea of the com- mand (imperative sentence).
6. What kinds of exercises do you find most interesting to primary chil- dren? Account for the greater in- terest shown in these.
7. What should be the characteristics of the teacher's spoken language!
8. What are the sources of the vocabulary of the pupil!
ARITHMETIC. (Any six, but no more.)
1. Outline a course in number work, suit- able for the first four years.
2. What is the object in having pupils picture problems? In this work what principle should be rigidly en- forced?
3. Illustrate your method of teaching a pupil to " carry the tens."
1. What will be the lowest cost of carpet- ing a room 20 feet long and 19 feet wide, with carpet 34 of a yard wide, costing 65€ per yard?
A case of 200 oranges cost $4. If there
5. was a 10% loss in shipping, what would be the gain per cent. if sold at 30c per dozen!
6. How many six-inch globes can be packed in a box that is 2 feet long, 11/2 feet wide and 1 foot deep on the inside!
7. 305.75x2.25. Explain fully each step in your solution.
8. A teacher lives 12 mile north and 1 mile east of her schoolhouse. What is the nearest distance to her home?
READING. (Any sir, but no more.)
1. Name a primer or first reader with which you are very familiar. What are its good points? What are its poor points!
2. In teaching a literary selection such as The Village Blacksmith, would you put more time and effort on the study of the poem or on the study of the author? Why?
3. Do you consider books of a literary character or books containing in- formation better for supplementary reading? Why?
4. Many children in reading will accept a word given them by the teacher when they hesitate on a word, even if, to test them, she has offered a word that makes nonsense of the passage. Account for this in all ways that you can.
5. Do you find your children more inter- ested in the prose or in the poetry in the Indiana Readers? Why is this so!
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EDUCATION IN INDIANA.
6. Name some authors who have written good stories for children, What points in their work do you like es- pecially! Name some of their sto- ries.
7. What means do you use to render the children independent in making out words? Be explicit.
8. It is a common custom to have the class follow the child who is read- ing and give criticisms. Do you approve of this! Why!
HISTORY.
(Ansicer sir, but no more.)
1. What use may the teacher of young children make of biographies of great men!
2. How may the early history of Indiana be profitably taught in the reading period!
3. What use should be made in elemen- tary schools of the history of other countries than our own?
4. What were the two typical English settlements? Compare them as to (a) purpose, (b) character of colon- ists, (e) goverment.
5. What was the great need for a consti- tution of the United States! What statesman was largely instrumental in getting the states to ratify it!
6. What circumstances led Jefferson to purchase Louisiana? What were its boundaries? Where and how is this event to be celebrated in 1904?
7. Where is the National Road! What effect had the building of this road upon the country!
8. Explain why the North opposed the extension of slavery and why the South demanded it.
PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY.
(Any six, but no more.)
1. Give four reasons why physiology should be taught in the primary schools.
2. How many teeth should a six-year-old pupil have!
3. Name two diseases of the eye and give remedy for each.
4. Give a simple and sufficient dietary for one day. Show why the foods chosen are wise.
5. Give the composition of air.
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