USA > North Carolina > History of North Carolina: The Federal Period 1783-1860, Volume II > Part 32
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the cultivation of medicinal plants, a museum, and a library were among the projects of the society. In 1800 the state was divided into medical districts and district meetings of physicians were urged; two years later such a policy was ad- vised for every state in the Union by the American Medical Association. No information about the Society exists after 1804. Over a generation later, in January, 1849, six physi- cians, three of whom were members of the legislature, called a State Medical Convention which met in Raleigh on April 16. . A new organization was formed, the "Medical Society of the State of North Carolina." Aggressive policy was at once taken toward the elevation of professional standards by the adoption of the Code of Ethics of the American Medical Association. In 1850 the legislature was memorialized to re- quire the registration of marriages, births and deaths; the response was a law providing for the registration of mar- riages only. Regarding the question of establishing a medi- cal college in the state, a committee in 1852 made an unfavor- able report. Notable was the statement that it should be "certainly no part of our policy to add to the number of those colleges which are dependent upon patronage, and who annually turn loose upon the public swarms of graduates, many of whom are entirely ignorant of the first principles of medicine, totally unfit for its practice, and possess no other qualification than such as is found in the fact that they have attended two courses of lectures and possess the necessary amount of money wherewith to purchase a diploma." There- fore the committee was "forced to believe that a few good, well endowed, well supported medical colleges, independent of favor, will effect far more real and substantial good for the science of medicine than an illimitable number of such as your society now have the means of establishing." In 1856 the publication of a medical journal was authorized, and in August, 1858, appeared the first number of the North Caro- lina Medical Journal, of which Dr. Edward Warren was editor. The greatest achievement of the early days of the Society was its incorporation in 1859, with the power to select a Board of Medical Examiners consisting of seven "regu- larly graduated physicians," by which all physicians practic-
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HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA
ing in the state after April 15, 1859, should be licensed. This was the first board of medical examiners provided by law in any state of the Union. These measures of progress were not attained without opposition on the part of certain ele- ments in the medical profession and the laity. Yet the so- ciety prospered; its membership, which was 25 in 1849, had by 1860 increased to over 200.
Thirteen editors held a convention in Raleigh in Novem- ber, 1837, but no permanent society resulted. Persistent and finally successful were the efforts to organize for the cause of education. In 1822 the Education Society of North Caro- lina was founded at Hillsboro. Its purpose was religious, "to aid indigent and pious young men to acquire an educa- tion for the gospel ministry." Dr. Joseph Caldwell of the University was elected president and Dr. James Webb of Hillsboro was treasurer. Nothing is known of the work of the society. In the interest of secular education was the North Carolina Institute of Education, organized at Chapel Hill the day before the commencement of 1831. Its incep- tion was due partly to the example of Tennessee and other states in which educational conventions had been held and organizations launched; partly also to the desire of bringing pressure to bear on the legislature to make appropriations for public schools. A constitution was adopted, stating that the objects of the Institute were to "diffuse knowledge on the subject of education, and by every proper means to im- prove the condition of common schools and other literary institutions in the state." The annual dues were one dollar, the place and time of meeting were Chapel Hill on the day preceding commencement. S. J. Baker was elected president, and Dr. Walter Norwood, recording secretary. Meetings were held, featured by addresses on educational subjects, in 1832, probably in 1833, and in 1834; there are no records of later ex- istence of the society. In Guilford County, some time during 1849, another futile attempt was made toward an educational organization. Finally on July 1, 1857, a stable society was formed, the Educational Association of North Carolina, the outgrowth of a teachers' convention held at Goldsboro in May, 1856. Annual meetings were held, local auxiliaries were or-
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ganized, reforms were discussed. The great service of the Educational Society was to bring "into council representa- tives from all classes of our schools, from the university down, and including officers and teachers of the common schools; and its direct and obvious tendency is to create and foster a more catholic spirit among educators, to unite the efforts of the friends of popular intelligence, to repress hostility be- tween schools of different grades and sections, to elevate the standard of teaching, to enliven and widen the popular inter- est in education." In 1860 the Association was incorporated by the legislature and was granted $600 per annum for four years. In 1858 the North Carolina Journal of Education was established as an organ of the Association.
In the meantime moral and philanthropic organizations were being formed. Sunday schools were in operation prob- ably during the latter part of the eighteenth century. Their work was not confined to religion; they also offered instruc- tion in elementary English. In 1825 the Sunday School So- ciety of Orange County, which had under its care twenty-two schools and between 800 and 1,000 students, memorialized the legislature for an appropriation of twenty-five cents per annum for each student, to be used in the purchase of text books. The memorial was rejected as inexpedient. Likewise at the succeeding session a bill providing for appropriations to Sunday Schools which offered instruction in reading and writing was rejected. In 1813 the North Carolina Bible So- ciety was organized at Raleigh for the gratuitious distribution of the scriptures to the heathen and to the poor in America. In 1835 it sought a charter from the legislature, but the bill of incorporation was tabled on the first reading. Temper- ance societies, with a state organization, were also active after 1820.
More idealistic but less active was the interest in world peace. The sentiment for the end of warfare, so prevalent just after the Napoleonic period in Europe, was reflected in the Raleigh Peace Society, organized on April 21, 1819. Its purpose was well expressed in the preamble to the constitu- tion :
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"We, the subscribers, impressed with the belief that the Gospel is designed to produce peace on earth ; and that it is the duty of all good men to cultivate, and, as far as they have power, to diffuse a spirit of kindness, do agree to form ourselves into a society for the purpose of disseminating the general principles of peace, and to use all proper means, within the sphere of our influence, to promote universal har- mony and good will among men."
The first Monday after Independence Day was fixed for the time of the annual meeting, always featured by an annual sermon. The annual dues were one dollar. Pacifism was repudiated in the following announcement :
It may be proper to notice an error which some few uninformed persons have fallen into respecting this society. They have supposed its principles were those of passive obedience, submission and non- resistance. Far from it. No man, by becoming a member of this society, surrenders his independence of thinking and acting, and many of them distinctly avow their determination to take up arms to defend their country whenever the occasion requires. But they all unite in the endeavor to do away with the necessity of wars, and hope to do so by means first suggested and attempted by the great and good Henry the Fourth, of France, in an age not sufficiently en- lightened and humanized for plans for such extended beneficence.
Little is known of the activities of the Peace Society. Pamphlets were purchased and distributed. A memorial was forwarded to the President and Congress of the United States asking that treaties be made abolishing privateering in time- of war. The membership was small; the roll of 1821 had only thirty-eight names, but among these were men of various religious denominations and various professions : Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians; mer- chants, planters, physicians and bankers. The first president of the society was William Peck, a business man, its vice president, Dr. Richard Fenner, and its corresponding secre- tary, Dr. Jeremiah Battle. No record of the organization exists after 1822.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AIDS
Supplementing the general guide books for American his- tory are the following: Weeks, Bibliography of North Caro- lina Historical Literature (Harvard University Library, 1895) ; Minutes of the State Literary and Historical Associa- tion of North Carolina, 1899, each number of which contains a list of books published during the preceding twelve months pertaining to North Carolina or by North Carolinians; the Minutes for 1902, 1903, 1904 and 1905 are reprinted in Pub- lications of the North Carolina Historical Commission, Vol. I; since 1911 the Minutes have been published in the Bulletins of the Historical Commission (Raleigh, North Carolina). Laney and Wood, Bibliography of North Carolina Geology, Mineralogy, and Geography (North Carolina Geological Sur- vey, 1909) is invaluable for a study of natural resources.
SOURCES
I. LAWS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS, printed. These are of prime importance for all the matters discussed in the present volume. A guide may be found in Bowker, Index of State Publications. The laws prior to 1790, also the legislative journals and miscellaneous documents, are reprinted in Clark, State Records of North Carolina (Vols. XVI-XXV). In Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention, may be traced the role of the North Carolina delegates in the Convention, while the debates in the Hillsboro Convention are accessible in Elliott, Debates on the Federal Constitution (1831). The Journal (Raleigh, 1836) and the Debates in the Convention of 1835 (Ibid.) are of more than technical interest.
II. NEWSPAPERS. Of indispensable use are the files of
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newspapers, especially the Raleigh Register, the Star and North Carolina Gazette, and the North Carolina Standard, of which fairly complete files are preserved in the state library. Broken files of these and other papers are in the libraries of Trinity College and the University of North Carolina; among the latter are volumes of the Fayetteville Observer, the Greensboro Patriot, the Tarboro Southerner, the Western Carolinian and other papers. Complete files of the religious press are not accessible.
III. MANUSCRIPTS. In the possession of the North Caro- lina Historical Commission are many manuscripts, notably the letter books and other correspondence of the governors, the private letters of Willie P. Mangum, John Steele, E. J. Hale, David S. Reid and others. None of these have been thoroughly exploited and none are calendared. In the Li- brary of Congress much material may be found in the Papers of William Polk and of Martin Van Buren.
IV. WORKS OF PUBLIC MEN. Of prime importance are McRee's Life and Correspondence of James Iredell (2 vols., 1857), Hoyt's Papers of Archibald DeBow Mur- phey (North Carolina Historical Commission, 2 vols., 1914), Hamilton's Correspondence of Jonathan Worth (Ibid., 1909) and Papers of Thomas Ruffin (Vol. I, Ibid., 1918). Dodd's Correspondence of Nathaniel Macon (Branch Historical Papers, Randolph Macon College, Vol. III) throws some light on political conditions, as do also Battle's Letters of Nathaniel Macon, John Steele, and Wil- liam Barry Grove (James Sprunt Historical Monographs, University of North Carolina, No. 3) and Letters of William R. Davie (Ibid., 7), Hamilton's Correspondence of John Rust Eaton (James Sprunt Historical Publications, Vol. IX, No. 1), Wagstaff's Letters of William Barry Grove (Ibid., IX, 2), Anderson's Letters of Bartlett Yancey (Ibid., X, 2), Wag- staff's Harrington Letters (Ibid., XIII, 2) and Harris Letters (Ibid., 14, 1), and the Correspondence of Bedford Brown (Papers of the Trinity College Historical Society, series VI- VII). Among personal narratives should be mentioned the Memoirs of W. W. Holden (Trinity College Historical Soci- ety, 1911) and Autobiography of Brantley York (Ibid., 1910),
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Autobiography of Joseph Caldwell (1859), and Autobiog- raphy of Joseph Travis (1856).
V. TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. Works of this nature are few. Lanman's Letters from the Alleghany Mountains (1849), Olmsted's Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (1856), El- kanah Watson's Men and Times of the Revolution (1856), Anne Royal's Southern Tour (1830) are the most prominent. Elisha Mitchell left a Diary of a Geological Tour in 1827 and 1828 (James Sprunt Historical Monograph, No. 6).
AUTHORITIES
I. HISTORIES, GENERAL AND LOCAL. No history of North Carolina gives an adequate treatment of the period included in this volume. Wheeler's Historical Sketches (1851) is ex- ceedingly slight and Moore's History of North Carolina (1880) is based mainly on traditions and reminiscences. Valu- able for political history are Wagstaff's State Rights and Political Parties (Johns Hopkins Studies, 1906) and Federal- ism in North Carolina (James Sprunt Historical Publica- tions, IX, 2) and Hamilton's Party Politics, 1835-1860 (Ibid., Vol. XIII). Most of the local histories are confined to the Colo- nial and Revolutionary period, but including material on the years treated in this volume are Arthur's History of Western North Carolina (1914) and History of Watauga County (1915), the Publications of the Guilford County Literary and Historical Association (1908) and Albright's Facts, Figures, Traditions and Reminiscences (1904) ; Allen's Centennial of Haywood County (n. d.), Winborne's Colonial and State Po- litical History of Hertford County (1906), Alexander's His- tory of Mecklenburg County (n. d.) and Thompson's History of Mecklenburg (2 vols., 1903); Swain's Early Times in Raleigh (1867), Battle's Early History of Raleigh (1893), Amis' Historical Raleigh (1902), and Sprunt's Chronicles of the Cape Fear River (1916). The histories of Tennessee, all of which treat of the State of Franklin, should be supple- mented by Sioussat's North Carolina Cession of 1784 (Pro- ceedings Miss. Valley Hist. Society, 1909) and Ashe, State of Franklin (N. C. Booklet, Vol. XIV).
II. Biographies. A. COLLECTED. Ashe (Ed.) Biographical History of North Carolina (Vols. I-VII, Greensboro, 1905- 1907) ; Peele, Lives of Distinguished North Carolinians (1898) ; Connor, Makers of North Carolina History (1911) ;
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Haywood, Lives of the Bishops of North Carolina (1910) ; Wheeler, Reminiscences and Memoirs of North Carolina and Eminent North Carolinians (1884).
B. INDIVIDUAL. Dowd, Braxton Craven (1896) ; Dodd, Na- thaniel Macon (1903) ; Clark (et al.), Otway Burns (1905) ; Hubbard, William R. Davie (1848) ; Caruthers, David Cald- well (1842) ; Macclenny, James O'Kelly (1910) ; Moore, Pio- neers of Methodism in Virginia and North Carolina (1884).
MISCELLANIES
I. LEGAL AND POLITICAL. Battle, History of the Supreme Court of North Carolina (1889) ; Hamilton, Party Politics in North Carolina; Wagstaff, State Rights and Political Parties in North Carolina (1906).
II. EDUCATIONAL. Knight, Public School Education in North Carolina (1916) ; Smith, History of Education in North Carolina (1888) ; Raper, Church and Private Schools of North Carolina (1898) ; Weeks, Beginning of the Common School System in the South (1897) ; Battle, History of the University of North Carolina, Vol. I (1907).
III. RELIGIOUS. Grissom, History of Methodism. in North Carolina, Vol. I (1905) ; Foote, Sketches of North Carolina (1846, 1912) ; Biggs, History of the Kehukee Association (1830) ; Purefoy, History of the Sandy Creek Association (1859) ; Delke, History of the Chowan Association (1882) ; Williams, History of the Baptists in North Carolina (1901) ; Vass, History of the Presbyterian Church in Newbern (1886) ; DeRossett (Ed.), Essays in the Church History of North Car- olina (1892).
IV. ECONOMIC. Weaver, Internal Improvements in North Carolina (Johns Hopkins Studies, 1903) ; Barringer, History of the North Carolina Railroad (University of North Carolina, 1894) ; Morgan, State Aid to Transportation in North Caro- lina (N. C. Booklet, Vol. X) ; Boyd, Currency and Banking in North Carolina (Papers of the Trinity College Historical So- ciety X), Finances of the Literary Fund (South Atlantic Quarterly Vol. XIII), The North Carolina Fund for Internal
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Improvement (Ibid., XV) ; Thompson, From Cotton Field to Cotton Mill (1906).
V. BOUNDARIES AND INDIANS. Royce, The Cherokee Nation of Indians (Bureau of American Ethnology, 1884), and Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee (Ibid., 1897) ; Goodloe, The North Carolina and Georgia Boundary (N. C. Booklet, Vol. III) ; Kerr, Geology of North Carolina (1875).
VI. SLAVERY. Bassett, History of Slavery in the State of North Carolina (Johns Hopkins Studies, 1899), and Anti- Slavery Leaders of North Carolina (Ibid., 1898) ; Weeks, Southern Quakers and Slavery (1895).
VII. PERIODICALS-HISTORICAL AND LITERARY. Historical Papers of the Trinity College Historical Society (1897-), and John Lawson Monographs (1910-) ; James Sprunt Mon- ographs and James Sprunt Historical Publications (Univer- sity of North Carolina, 1900-), the North Carolina Booklet (Raleigh, 1901-). Historical Publication of the North Car- olina State Normal and Industrial College (1914-); the Baptist Historical Papers (1897-1907) ; Papers of the North Carolina Conference Historical Society (1897, 1901); the South Atlantic Quarterly (1902-) ; the North Carolina Re- view (1909-1913).
VIII. POLITICAL REFERENCE. Connor, Manual of North Carolina (1913) contains lists of public officials and election returns.
INDEX
Academies, 2, 356; incorporation, by counties, 354
Adams, John Q., 170
Advalorem principle, 318; argument against, 320
Agricultural Fund, 100
Agricultural journals, establishment of, 332 Agricultural societies, organization of, 100
Agricultural Society, foundation of. 332
Agriculture, 87, 331
Albermarle and Chesapeake Canal, 353 Alien and sedition laws, 51
Amendments, first ten to Constitution of 1787. 44; made possible by Hills- boro Convention, 45
Amendments to Articles of Confedera- tion proposed, 21
American Abolitionist, first, 210
Annexation of Texas, 280
Anti-federalists, 31
Anti-negro legislation, 219
Appropriations for internal improve- ments, 92
"Arator," 332
"Arminian Magazine," 189
Articles of Confederation, amendments proposed, 21; new movement to re- vise, 24
Ashe, John B .. 47
Assessment of property, imperfect, 111 Assumption bill, 48 Assumption of state debts, 47
Asylums, 251; foundation of, 242
Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, 349
Badger, George E., 270; (portrait), 298 Bank bill. 49
Bank dividends. 108; suspension of, 109 Banking, 102, 105-118 Banking problems, 119
Bank, new, established 1829-30, 130 Bank of Cape Fear, 96, 103, 117, 137, 175; rechartered. 121
Bank of Newbern. 96, 103, 117, 137, 175; rechartered. 121 Bank of North America, charter vali- dated, 21
Bank of North Carolina, 135 Bank of State of North Carolina Note (illustration), 134
Bank stock, dividends from, 106
Banks, early, 96; effects on finance and commerce. 117; state currency dis- posed of through cooperation of, 119; suspension of specie payment by, 123; state aid to, 125; charters saved from judicial procedure, 129; private, 135
Baptist Literary Institute, 366
Baptists, 186
Barringer, David, 158
Battle, Jeremiah, 88
Bechtler. Christian, 341
Bibliography, 393
Biggs, Asa. 158, 309
Bill of Rights, 8, 288
Blakely, Johnston, 60, 62; Congression- al Medal in Honor of (illustrations), 61
Blind, instruction of, 253
Bloodworth. Timothy, 47
Blount, William. 25: (portrait), 22
Board of Agriculture, 100
Board of Internal Improvements, 94
Bonded debt, 241
Bonds, policy of issuing begun in 1848, 241
Borough franchise, 144
Borough representation, 159
Boundaries, state, 70; controversy over Georgia boundary, 72: dispute over Tennessee boundary. 73
Boundary commissioners, 70
Boylan. William. 52 Bragg, Thomas. 310 Branch, John. 158; (portrait), 176
British debts, liquidation of, 49
British orders in council, 57
Brown. Bedford, 184
Brown (Jolin) raid at Harper's Ferry, 322
Buchanan. James B., 316 Burns, Otway, 60 Bynum, Jesse A., 177
Caldwell, David. 145, 191, 385
Caldwell, Joseph, 72, 89, 345, 363; (portrait), 364
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INDEX
Cameron, Duncan, 151
Campaigns in North Carolina, before adoption of Constitution, 31; presi- dential, of 1824, 168; presidential, of 1860, 325
Camp meetings, 190; scenes in Ruther- ford County, 192
Canal and river navigation, 352
Canals, state aid to, 97
Cape Fear river, 84
Capital, located in Wake County, 80; locating of, 80; Hillsboro chosen for, 80; location of, 149; factional strife over removal of, 154; removal of from Raleighı to Fayetteville, agreed to, 154
Capitol. total cost of present, 82; burn- ing of, 133; construction of, 239
Capitol, The (illustration), frontispiece Care of the insane, 253
"Carolina Cultivator," 332
"Carolina Federal Republican," 375
"Carolina" (Gaston), 386
"Carolina Watchman," 156, 243, 376
Caruthers, Eli, 209, 383, 385
Caswell, Richard, 18
Catawba College, 372
Census reports, 153
Certificate debt, 4, 115
Certificates, registration of, 115; re- demption of, 115, 228; process of re- demption, 116; sale of land principal means of redemption, 116
"Charlotte Democrat," 377
Charlotte, government mint at, 341
Charter of Bank of North America validated, 21
Charter of 1663, 143
Chavis, John, 221
Cheap lands, 173
Cherokee Indians, removal of, 73, 76, 104
Cherokee Lands, 94
Cherokee Land sales, difficulty in col- lecting notes, 96
Cherokee Life. 79
Chickasaw Indians, removed, 75
Chowan Baptist Female Institute, 372
Chowan Female Institute, 249
Christian Church, 200
Church, prohibition of an established, 145
Circuit courts. 66 Circuit riders, 189
Clark, Mary B., 385
Clay, Henry, 277, 303
Clinton Female Institute, 249
Coal, 343 Code Commission. 216 Cokesbury School, 188
Colonial patrol law of 1753, 216 Colored fabric mill, first, 337
Commerce, 83; effects of banks on, 117
Common Schools, office of superintend- ent created, 245; Wiley's efforts on behalf of, 248
Compromise on Slavery, 304; vote on, 305
Conflict between the East and the West, 99, 147, 152, 227, 293
Congressional Medal in Honor of Cap- tain Johnston Blakeley (illustra- tions), 61
Congress, apportioning representation, 27
Constitutional convention of 1835, 100 Constitutional reform. 225
Constitution. North Carolina next to last member to ratify, 46
Constitution of the United States, in the making, 24-31
Constitution of 1776, defects of, 141; provisions regarding religion, 144
Constitution of 1787, debates, 31; first
convention called to consider, 35; second convention call for reconsid- eration of, 43; Fayetteville conven- tion ratifies, 44; first ten amend- ments, 44; belated ratification of, 45; Hillsboro Convention made first ten amendments possible, 45; Twelfth amendment to, 56
Constitution of 1835, ratified by the people, 165
Constructing the State House, 80
Construction of new capitol, 239
Contentnea Society vs. Dickinson, 217 Continental debt, tobacco to be sold and applied to state's quota of, 6 Controversy between Legislature and Judiciary, 9
Controversy over Georgia boundary, 72 Convention called to consider Constitu- tion of 1787, first, 35
Convention Hall, Fayetteville (illustra- tion). 44
Convention issue, results of vote on, 155, 157
Convention of 1787, 25-31; Delegates to (portraits). 22
Convention of 1835, 139
Convention, second, called for recon- sideration of Constitution of 1787, 43 Cooke, William D. (portrait), 252
Corn, 334
Cotten. Edward R., 385
Cotton, 334; decline in price of, 335
Cotton fabric mill, first colored, 337
Cotton goods, 338
Cotton mills, 337; first south of Poto- mac river. 335: of 1840, 337
County representation, abolishing of, 159
Court of Conference. 69
Court system, adjustment after the Revolution. 66 Craven, Braxton (portrait), 371
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INDEX
Credit demoralized, 7 Crude turpentine, 338 Crudup, Josiah, 145, 158 Culpepper, John, 145
Currency, 3, 105-118; retirement of post-revolutionary, 105; inflation of, 105; issued during the Revolution, redemption of, 114; State, 116; re- tiring, 117; extent to which inflated, 136
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