USA > New Hampshire > Atlas of the state of New Hampshire : including statistics and descriptions of its topography, geology, river systems, climatology, railroads, educational institutions, agricultural and botanical productions, mechanical and manufacturing interests, etc. > Part 6
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tains bending in steep and gracefully curved slopes to form its valley. The next nine miles extend nearly east, through the level interval's of Bartlett to the mouths of Ellis river and East Branch. The river then turns nearly south cight miles to the mouth of Swift river in Conway, from which point it flows east six miles to Maino line.
Tho southern portion of this hasin in New- Hampshire is drained by the Ossipee river, which passes into Maine. A large part of this area about Ossipee lake is courparative- ly level, consiting of sandy plains. Nearly the whole of Carroll county is comprised within the Saco basin, which has in New- Hampshire an average width of ahout eight- een miles, and a length, measured on our eastern boundary, of forty-six miles.
PISCATAQUA RIVER SYSTEM.
Tbe Piscataqua river is forined hy tho un- ion of the Cocheco and Salmon Falls rivers at Dover. The second, in its whole length, with the Piscataqua, constitutes a part of our eastern stato boundary. The area of this basin in New-Hampshire,-thoso tewns on the coast which drain directly into the occan being also included in this measurement,- is about eight hundred and twonty-five square miles, or nearly one eleventh of the stato.
From East pond, tho source of Salmon Falls river, to the mouth of the Piscataqua is nearly thirty-eight miles in a straight lino, the course being S. 20° E. By the courso of the river this distance is thirty-nine miles, the length of Salmon Falls rivor heing twenty-oight miles, and of the Piscataqua, from the junction of this river with the Co- checo, eleven miles. The course of Salinon Falls river in the first twelvo miles is nearly south. The next thirteen miles to Salmon Falls is nearly south-east ; thence the courso is south seven miles to the mouth of Great Bay, thonce south-east about seven milos to the ocean, three miles bolow Portsmouth.
This river is affected by tide to Dover and South Berwick. Between the township of Durham and those of Greenland and New- ington is a wide tidal basin, which receives the waters of soveral rivers. Upon Excter or Squamscot river, the largest of these, tide extends to the village of Exoter. The area of this estuary, south -west from Dover point, including Little and Great bays, is about nine square miles. From Dover point to Portsmouth the Piscataqua is about balf a mile wide. Below this city it contains nu- merous islands, the largest of which consti- tutes tbe township of New Castle.
This basin includos in New-Hampshire nearly all of Strafford and half of Rocking- ham counties, averaging about eighteen miles in width, nnd forty-five miles in length, measured from Wakefield to East Kings- ton. From the sources of Lamprey river to the mouth of the Piscatnqua is thirty miles, from which point the width of tbis district diminishes northward, being ten miles at Farmington.
20
THE RIVER SYSTEMS.
In the following Tables are given altitudes along these rivers at va- rious points, with their principal hranches in New Hampshire, arranged in order from the source, their lengths, and the areas and altitudes of lakes and ponds connected, being stated approximately.
TABLE OF HEIGHTS AND OF TRIBUTARIES OF CONNECTICUT RIVER.
Distaboa from Third JAka,
Holgbt
AboTs IN
2,038 foet.
Third lake, { square mile in area,
5 miles.
1,882 "
Second lake, 1} square miles In ares,
10
1,618
Connecticut Jako, 3 square miles in area,
30
1,085
=
At West Stowartatown, North Stratford,
49
885
=
Head of Fifteen-mlles falls,
74
80
613
Lower Waterford,
Grent and Sanbornton hays,
6.8
475
Soucook river, Pembroke,
S
'18
Rocky pond, Gilmanton,
0.3
601
( Young's pond, Gilmanton,
0.4
750
Suncook river, Allenstown,
S. S. W.
27
Sunceok pend, Barnstead, 1.9
550
155
30
Besver Mendew. Charlestown, .
169
=
289
181
283
1814
23.
=
191
919
Westmoreland,
Mouth of Ashuelot river,
208
=
206
=
Beaver brook, Dracnt, Mass.,
S
18
§ Beaver pond, Derry, Corbett's pend, Windham,
0.0
200
Spicket rivor, Lawrence, Mass.,
S.
13
Island pond, Hampstead. Policy pond, Salem,
0.6
0,75
110
Powwow river, Amesbury, Mass. E. & S. E.
15
{ Country pond, Kingston, Great pond, Kingston,
0.33
100
The Contoocook river of this system is the largest tributary river of New Hampshire. Its area of drainage on the south-east is narrow. From the north-west it receives Blackwater and Warner rivers in Hop- kinton, North Branch near the north line of Antrim, and Nuhanusit river at Peterborough.
TABLE OF HEIGHTS AND OF TRIBUTARIES OF ANDROSCOOGIN RIVER.
Distance from Magalloway laks,
Height above #+
Magalleway lake
2,225 feet.
Parmachena lake, en Magalloway river, 3 square miles,
13 iniles.
1,600
1200 Umbageg lako, 18 square miles,
39
1,250 1
Remainder of Range of Lokes,
1,456-1,511 =
At head of Berlin falls,
70
1,048
5000 At Maine line,
85
=
690
LAtdtuda in feet
above kea.
ON WEST SIDE.
Swift Diamond river, Colloge
grant (tributary to the Magnl- S. E. & E. Toway,)
15 Diamond pond, Stewartstown,
0.4
1700
Partridge brook, Westmereland,
N. W.
6
Spafford lake, Chesterfield,
1.0
740
Clear stream, Errel,
S. E.
10
§ Millsfield pend, Millsfield, Aker's pend Errol,
0.4
1550 1300
Penbedy river, Gerham,
N. D.
Achuolot river, Hinsdale,
S. W.
40
0.6 1250
0,3 1300
0,2 ON EAST SIDE.
Chickwalnipy river, Milan,
W
Success pond, Snceess,
1.0
1850
TABLE OF HEIGHTS AND OF TRIBUTARIES OF SACO RIVER.
Profile Inke, Francenin,
1,050 feet.
Pemlgewasset river, at mouth ef East Branch,
0 miles
800
Pomigewasset river at Plymouth,
27
455 =
Winnipiseogee lake, 71.8 square miles,
-196-602
Merrimack river nt Franklia,
59
265
Merrimack river nt Concord,
69
205
Lino between Hart's location and Bartlett,
13.5
7.15
=
Mouth of Reeky Branch,
18
560
Mouth ef Ellis river,
20
=
51
Dam nt Pawtucket falls, Lowell, t
119
87
=
30
14
t Furaished by J. B. Francis, Lowell.
TRIBUTARIES
Course.
Length in miles.
LAKES AND PONDS.
Area in square
Altitude in feet
above sea.
ON WEST SIDE.
ON EAST SIDE.
0.25
1000 975
0.3 0.5
990
Ellis river, Bartlett, East Braneb, Bartlott,
S. S. E. S. S. W.
19 12
Mountain pend, Chatham,
0.95
1300
Smith's river, Bristol,
E 15
OX WEST SIDE.
1.0
975
0.3
677
0.8
605
Contooceok river, Fisherville,
N. E.
45
Island pond, Stoddard, Stacy pond, Stoddard.
0.5
1948
0.7
1850
0.25
1218
0.9
£634
Long p'd, Nelsen & Hancock 1.9 1440
0.7
550
525
.
2.6 miles 1,300
Mt. Crawford house.
8.5
975
Amoskeng dam, Maachostor,
85
179
At foot ef Amoskong falls,
88
122
At mouth of Nashun river,
101
93
25
30
412
408
Area in square
Altitude in fect
above sea.
Baker's rivor, Plymouth,
S. E. 23
(Upper Baker pend. Orford, Lower Baker pond, Wentwith (Stinson pend, Rumney,
Mt. Washington river, Hart's Location,
S. S. W.
7
Newfound river, Bristol; fall, 238 h.
S.
Newfound lake,
6.8
600
Swift river, Conway,
E.
Ossipee river Cornish, Me.,
E
15 15 Ossipee lake, Six-mile pond, Madison, Checorua lake, Tamworth, Bear Camp pend Sandwich, Dan Hole pend Tuftonboro, Pine river peml, Wakefield, Province pend, Effingham,
7.0 2.5
408 456
0.4
550
0.4
0.05
600 775
John's river, Dalton,
N. W. 12
Island pond, Whitofield, ( Long pond, Whitefield,
0.25
1000
"Lower Ammonoosne. Bath; fall frem Fabyan House, 1150 ft.
W. & S.W. 38
( Lako ef the Clouds, Mt. Wesh- Ington,
0.1
1925
Mascemy river, Lobanen,
S. & W.
23
Crystal lake, Enfield,
0.6
900
[ Mascomy Inke, Enfield,
1.5
750
Sugar river, Claremont; fall BIO IL.
W
17 Sunapee lake,
9.5 1090-1103
Cold river, Walpele,
S. W. 17
S Cold pond, Acworth,
0.4 0,3 1100 1150
1500
0.75
1050
TRIBUTARIES.
LAKES AND PONDS.
Course.
Length in miles.
Arca in square
miles
256
Cohes brook, Manchestor,
s. W.
4
§ Massabesio lake, Anbarn and Manchester,
0.3
300
TRIBUTARIES.
Coune,
Length in miles.
Arca in square
Altitude in fcet
above the sea.
ON WEST SIDE.
[NOTE. Sce Connecticut and upper lakes in tablo of Heights receding.
Perry stream, Pittsburg, Indian stream, Pittsburg,
S. S. W. S. S. W. S. S. W.
19 15 16
Hall's stream, Pittsburg,
ON EAST SIDE.
W
10
Trio ponds, Odell,
0.4 1960
Pend of Safety, Randolph,
0.1
1975
N. & W.
Hend pond, Berlin,
0.4
1075
Perey pond, Stark,
0.5
1010
Potter's pond, Stark.
0.5
1025
Israel's river, Innenster,
N. W.
15
( Cherry pond, Jefferson,
0.6
0.25
1050
(Norris pend, Dorchester, Hart's pond, Canann,
0.0
"TABLE OF HEIGHTS AND OF TRIBUTARIES OF MERUIMACK RIVER.
Piscatagnog river, Manebester, Sonhegan rivor, Merrimack, Nashua river, Nashna,
N. E. & E. E. & N. E.
25 35
Baboosic pond, Amherst,
0.5
850 300
ON EAST SIDE.
East Branch, Woodstock, Mad river, Compton,
s. W.
Greeley pond, Elkins grant, 0,05
11.0
510
Squam river, Ashland; fall, 110 ft.
S. W.
3
§ Sqnam lake, Little Squam lake,
0,95
510
Winnipiscogee lake,
71.8
496-502
Merrymoeting 1. N. Durham, 3.7 Smith's pond, Wolfeborough,
4.5
525
Red Hill pond, Sandwich,
0.5
Winnipiscogee river, Franklin,
s. W.
19
Long pond, Center Harbor,
0.6
505
Wuknwan lake, Meredith,
1.0
540
0.45
520
0.5
485
Foot ef Molndee's Falls,
105
407
Wells River,
380
Orferd,
Ledyard bridge, Hanover,
187
675 =
White River Junction, Windsor,
141
339
=
615
[ Pleasant pend, Deerfield,
0.9
520
Hemul of Bellows falls,
Foot ef Bellows falls
0.75
910 175
LAKES AND PONDS.
miles
F.
20 Gregg's pond, Deering,
0.4
Distanco from source.
Height abore its
Pond at source, near gate of White Mountain Notoh, At Willey house,
1,890 feet.
Portsmouth, Great Falls & Conway Railroad crossing, Portland & Ogdensburg R. R. crossing, Cenway Centrs, Ossipee lake, 7 square miles,
TRIBUTARIES.
Courte
Length in miles
LAKES AND PONDS.
Essex Company's dam, Lawrence, t
Ashuelet pend, Washington, Munsenville pond, Nelsen, Breed pond, Nelson,
0.1
1300 Moose river, Gorham,
E.
0,5
0.4
1350
Woodward pond, Roxbury, Swanzey pend, Swanzey,
550
W.
14 15
1815
590
590
Wiokwas pend, Meredith, Rennd bay, Loconia,
432
123
Lougee pond, Gilmanton, 0.6
Little Suncook p. Northwood, 1.0
3.75
Mehawk river, Colehroek,
Upper Ammonoesne, Northum- berland,
( Echo Lake, Franconia,
Distance from Profile [gke.
Height aboro 1.4
123
milet,
miles.
Pleasant pend, New London, Todd pend, Nowbury, Bradford pond, Bradford,
North pond, Harrisville, Harrisville pond,
1.8
¿ Warren pend, Alstead,
21
THE RIVER
The length of Ossipee river is given from Iron Works falls at the mouth of Ossipee lake. The Bear Camp and Pine rivers, outlets of ponds hearing the same names, are the principal tributaries to this lake. From Iron Works falls to the source of Bear Camp river is twen- ty miles.
TABLE OF HEIGHTS AND OF TRIBUTARIES OF PISCATAQUA RIVER.
Db tance from Kast poud.
Height above
East pond. Wakefield. 2.9 square miles (Wells)
409 feet.
Horn pond,
..
0.4
1 mile.
479 1
Three ponds, Milton, 1.4
9 miles,
409 -
Great Falls, top of dom.
·
=
515
=
-
TRIBUTARIES.
LAKES AND PONDS.
miles.
above ic1.
TO BALMON FALLS RIVER.
Branch river, Milton,
S. E. 19
§ Cook's pond, Brookfield, Lovell's pond, Wakefleld,
1,0
550
(Reservoir, Middleton.
0.9
600
S. E.
Bow Inke. Strafford.
1.5
515
(Ayer's pond. Barrington,
0.6
250
TO LITTLE AND GREAT BAYS.
E. S. E.
13
E.
10 Wheelwright pond, Lee,
0.3
131
Lamprey river, Newmarket,
E
20
Mendum's pond, Barrington,
0.4
275
( Jones pond, Raymond,
0,25
258
Exeter river, S. Newmarket,
E. N. E. 22 Phillips pond, Sandown,
0.25
215
Heights along the principal water-shed of New Hampshire, which hounds the Connecticut hasin on the east, are elsewhere given witlı the description of the topographical features of the state.
The rivers of New Hampshire are broken along their whole course hy falls or rapids separated from each other hy intervals of a few miles each, many of which afford sites for manufacturing towns as favorable as any already occupied. The existence of the oities of Manchester and Nashua must he refered mainly to this cause, and many rapidly growing villages have sprung up to utilize the wait- ing lahor of our streams. Comparatively a small part, however, of our water-power is yet employed.
The numerons lakes and ponds of the state perforin a very im- portant service, as natural reservoirs for retaining water in the sea- son of excess against the season of dearth. The supply which they are capable of furnishing is of equal henefit to all the water-powers situated helow them on their pathway to the sea. This enables a large number of interested companies to enter into combination for the improvement of these natural storage hasins, most of which are so situated that the loworing of their outlets, or the erection of damna at a comparatively small outlay, secures several feet of water upon their surface for use in a drouth. The greater cheapnesa of water- power, as compared with steam power, is thus combined with equal permanence and reliability for all seasons of the year.
TO ILLUSTRATE CLIMATOLOGY, [see pago 25.]
ددير
PIACRAM [ Fluctuations in Janant Rainfall an the Atlantic Sea . coast . Muine to Maryland; from Smithsonian Hain Task, by C. J.Schort.
1630
0101
1813
Connecticut Volley ,fren Olverahet by M ... Cutting. A.D . Ewar burg
LN
DIAGRAM IY.
DIASMAM II. Fluctuationi im Annual Poisfutt of the Vyjas
SYSTEMS.
Courte,
Length in miles.
0.4
530
Cocheco river, Dover.
Bellamy river, Dover, Oyster river, Durham,
Pawtucenwny p. Nottingham, 2.0
225
Bow lake, Strafford, 1.5
168 =
CLIMATOLOGY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
BY J. H. HUNTINGTON.
ON account of our high latitude and sea horder, our lofty mountains and narrow valleys, for our limited area the climate is exceedingly varied. On the coast, the cold of winter and the heat. of suminer are moder- ated by the breezes of the ocean. Inland, for a very few days ia summer, we have more thaa the heat of the tropics; while on our highest mountain summits in winter, we have the climate of Greenland,-if anything, more intense, oa account of the fierce winds. Ia the southern portioa of the state we have the hirds and the trees, and we raise the grain and the fruits common in the Northern states, while on the slopes of the mountains aad on the highlands in the vicinity of Coa- necticut lake, we have the trees and the birds, end raise only the grain and the fruits of the far north.
Notwithstanding our extremes of tempera- ture, we have a climate far more healthful than that of most of the states east of the Rocky mountaias. The extreme heat of sum- mer is of so short a duration that it does not produce the enervating effect of long contin- ued heat, though of a considerably lower temporature. The hraciag air of winter, and the charm of our autuma moaths, largely coinpeasate for the few extremes of summer and of winter. The lassitude produced by laonths of heat in southern latitudes, aad the extremes of cold, accompanied hy fierce winds that descend with such fell swoop ia the west, are hoth unkaown; for with us winds of great velocity, accompanied by in- tease cold, except oa the summits of our mouataias, are extremely rarc.
EFFECT OF FORESTS.
How far the removal or the renewal of forests affects our climate is something ia which every one is interested. From the data that we have, it may he impossible to geaer- alize to any great exteat ; yet there are some things that we can leern from the observa- tioas that have been made. While it is stoutly contended that there has heea no de- crease ia the annual amount of rain-fall in the castern part of the United Stetes, there are facts that show that forests have a great influence on the climate,-if aot oa the an- nual rain-fall, yet on its distribution during the moaths of the year and the hours of the day.
In the central and southera portioa of New Hampshire, the hay crop is frequently cut short hy drouth, while in the aorthern por- tion of the state, oftea the same year, the hay
crop is ahove the average; yet the eanual rainfall is less in the aorthern than either in the central or southern part of the state. But ia the north there are ahuadant forests; and the rain is distributed through the months when it is needed for the crops to grow and mature.
The preservation of the vegetation oa our mountains is of great importance, not only ia modifying the distribution of rain, hut also in moderating the extremes of cold in winter.
Our mouatains, especially the higher sum- mits, except where it has been destroyed by fire, are covered to a considerable depth by peat formed chiefly froma moss and lichens. Now it has heen fouad hy experiment " that peat moss can ahsorh more than twice its own weight of water, dry clay nearly its own weight, dry earth, or garden mould, more thaa half its own weight, and dry sand a lit- tle more than a third of its own weight. With equal times of drying, under the same cir- cumstances, peat moss lost two thirds of all the water it contained, clay and eartlı more than three fourths, and sand more than aine tenths." Farmers can determine the capac- ity that different soils have for retaining moisture, hy takiag two boxes, filling each with a different kind of soil. and pouring an equal quantity of water on each, and then suspending each of the hoxcs at the end of a halance, so adjusted that the har shall he horizontal. Then, if the soils are unequal in their capacity for retaining moisture, one box will soon rise above the level of the other. This experiment was first performed hy D. Milne Horne. When a mountain has been denuded of its forests and vegetable mould, the rain that falls upoa it flows immediately into the streams, and is carried to the ocean ; then, before another raia, the streams are dried up, the rivers are greatly contracted, aad the aext raia causes a freshet ;- so we have a succession of drouths and floode. On the other hand, vegetable mould retains the moisture, and it is gradually evaporated, a high relative humidity is maintained, springs gush forth from the slopes of the mouataias, the streams are full, hut not to overflowiag, and a slight chaage in the temperature causes rain to fall in geatle showere.
There is oae marked feature ia regard to the mountains in New Hampshire that have heen huraed, aamely, the fact that the fire has, ia geaeral, spread oaly over their east. era slopes, and whea it has reached the sum- mits it has extended but a short distaace dowa the western slopes, showiag that the
moisture-heariag curreats of wiad come from the south-west. Although it is of great im- portance that the mountains should he cov. ered with vegetation, yet it is of no less im portaace that there should be a certain amount of forest over the entire country, and this amouat should be at least thirty per ceat. of the whole area. Ia some parts of the state the area covered hy forests is much less. The general effect of forests on temperature is to make the nights warmer and the days cooler, and to moderate the extreiae heat of summer, makiag it less intense, aad the cold of winter less severe. In New Hampshire, during the winter, ia calm, clear weather, the cold is more intense, or, at least, the ther- mometer goes lower in the valleys thaa oa moderate elevations, or evea oa the summit of Mt. Washington. As the stratum of air ia contact with the earth often hecomes colder hy contact, and as the cold air is heavier than the wariaer currents, the cold air flows down the valleys like streams of water. Hence in the Connecticut aad Merrimack valleys, where these currents converge and hecome united, the cold is the most iatease. Where the mountain slopes aad valleys are wooded, the flow of these cold curreats is greatly impeded. That the cold sometimes descends as if hrought dowa from the upper atmosphere, is a fact long ago ohserved, hut the approximate rate at which it desceads was first pointed out hy me ia the summer of 1871, ia a hook Mt. Washington ia Win- ter. By comparing the ohservation taken duriag January 1875, at the government sta- tion oa Mt. Washiagtoa aad those takea at Whitefield, the desceat of the cold is clearly shown. The observations of the 10th, and 11th, the 15th aad 16th, are very aoticeable.
Mt. Wash- ington.
White- field.
Mt. Wash-
White- field,
7 A. M.
7 A. M.
7 A. M.
7 A. M.
1
-12
17
-2
-17
15
18
-6
3
-8
17
19
-21
-34
4
3
20
-19
-27
0
15
21
-8
-15
0
-5
22
10
9
10
19
23
-1!
10
9
3
17
95
6
10
-24
-4
26
-20
-3
11
-10
-19
27
-21
1
13
14
4
13
20
14
0
20
30
13
15
-33
-6
31
18
-8
-98
--- 2
- 0.6
The decrease of temperature as we ascend comparing the observations at Hanover with those oa the summit of Mt. Washington, is one degree for every three huadred aad fif- ty four feet; hut observations continued for a series of years might greatly modify this ; or, if we make the comparison at differeat
4
4
24
17
-16
19
-10
-17
-19
Mean
ington,
23
CLIMATOLOGY:
seasons of the year, we find that the de- crease, taking the monthly mean, is one degree for every five hundred feet in Janu- ary, while it is the same in May for only two hundred and eighty-four feet.
OZONE.
Ozone is supposed to he the same suh- stance as oxygen hut it is endowed with different properties. It is a most powerful oxidizing agent ; substances the most putrid and offensive to the smell are neutralized hy it. It is produced in nature in many ways, hut the most powerful agent in its pro- duction is lightning during thunder storms. In the summer of 1874 there occured a thun- der storm, remarkable for the great area over which it extended and the display of electric- ity. In central New Hampshire when the storm in the night was at its heiglit, the con- cussion was so great in the vicinity of New London, that nearly every one was awakened from sleep. The morning following the leaves of the maple trees from the hright green of early Summer were changed to a yellowish hue and the tips of many were withered. No other element of the atmos- phere except nitric acid could have effected this wonderful change. In autumn it has something to do with the change of the leaves for when the color of the foliage is more hril- liant than usual it is knowu that there is an excess of ozone.
Since it is an agent so active, its presence or its absence must he noticeable in its effects not only upon nll animal life but also upon vegetation and even upon mineral substances, It is a constant, though variable, element of the atmosphere on our sea coast, it decreases inland and on the plains at the west cannot usually he detected hy the ordinary tests.
We are indebted to Dr. H. A. Cutting for Diagram V. which shows the relative amount of ozone in the Upper Connecticut valley for 1872, '73 and '74. The chief in- terest of ozone consists in the fact that it is supposed to he closely related to health and diseases. Dr. Cutting draws the following conclusions from his observations. (1) When ozone is from three to five there is a general state of health. (2) Below that standard diseases of the nature of dysentery and chol- era predominate. (3) Ahove that standard catarrhal and inflammatory diseases prevail. A damp atmosphere with much ozone is very marked in its effect.
THE MAP.
In order to present clearly the leading feat- ures of the climate of New Hampshire, we have prepared a map chiefly from observa- tions taken under the direction of the Smith. sonian Institution.
On the map we have traced the yearly iso- thermal lines. In the vicinity of Manchester there is a small area where the yearly mean, 48℃, is greater than in any other part of the state. The ohser vations extend over a period of fourteen years ; hence, they ought to give at least an approximate average. An extended eurve of 47º, of which Manchester is the cen-
tre, lies some five miles beyond the first, and forms an entirely isolated area. In contrast with this comparatively warm area, we find directly west an island of cold with the iso- therm of 42° occupying Dublin, Nelson, Stod- dard, and parts of the adjoining towns. The isotherm of 46° hegins at the state line in New Ipswich, runs northward, then turns south of east, crosses the Morrimack at Thornton's Ferry, and strikes the coast at Portsmouth ; thence it is deflected northward in a great curve that passes ahove Lake Winnipiseogee, and returns to the coast at the mouth of the Piscataqua river. The isotherm of 45° pas- ses through Dover, runs northward near the state line, and crosses into Maine from Effing- ham ; the other end of it begins at South Charlestown, is deflected southward through Francestown, then runs northward nearly parallel with the Merrimack, passes around Newfound lake above Squam, thence through Tamworth, Madison, and Eaton, connecting with the other part of it in Maine. The iso- therm of 44° on the west, is a sharp curvo beginning at North Charlestown, and it has its further limit in Danhury. On the eastern horder of the state there is a short curve on the Saco in Conway. The isotherm of 43º is similar in shape to that of 44°, but is some ten miles northward.
The isotherm of 42° begins on the Connec- ticut in Plainfield, and extends eastward, hut is soon deflected northward, passes ahove the White Mountains, through Randolph, Gor- liam, and Shelburne. The isotherm of 41º is just helow Hanover. Westward in Vermont it is deflected southward ; hut in New Hamp- shire it is nearly parallel with 42°, except that from Lishon a branch goes almost di- rectly north to Lunenburg, Vt. The isotherm of 40°, the lowest mean average in the settled portions of the state, hegins near North Strat- ford, and prohahly extends eastward to Um- bagog lake. As we ascend the mountains the mean annual temperature decreases rap- idly, so that on the summit of Mt. Washing- ton we have an isothermn of 25°.
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