USA > New Hampshire > Atlas of the state of New Hampshire : including statistics and descriptions of its topography, geology, river systems, climatology, railroads, educational institutions, agricultural and botanical productions, mechanical and manufacturing interests, etc. > Part 7
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Referring to the map, we have isotherals, or lines of equal summer temperature: and isochimenals, or lines of equal winter tem- perature. For the isotherals, we huve a small area ahout Manchester, included with- in the line of 70°; there is also an isotheral of 70°, extending along the northern horder of Lake Winnipiseogee, thence through Ossi- pee to the line of Maine. The isotheral of 69° is helow Rochester, and there is a more extended area of the same through Tam- worth, Madison, and Eaton. The isotheral of 68° corresponds with the isotberm of 47º. The curve of 67º is the most variable of all the isotheral lines. It begins at the Connec- ticut, near Claremont, is deflected southward to Francestown, then northward to Barn- stead, then southward again as far as Exeter, when it turns north and passes between Do- ver and Great Falls.
The curve of 66° hegins on the coast near Portsmouth, and passes up the Piscataquis to Dover, where it is deflected eastward.
The isotheral of 65° passes up the river
from Hanover, thence up the Ammonoosuc,- makes.a sharp curve to the Connecticut, at Lancaster, then runs through Randolph, Gorham, and Shelburne; that of 64º runs through Stoddard, Nelson, Dublin, and Pet- erhorough ; that of 63º begins in North Lit- tleton, goes northward through Lunenburg, Vt., and then is deflected eastward and across New Hampshire, near the Grand Trunk Rail- way. The isotheral of 62° is in tho towns of Colebrook, Dixville, and Errol ; and that of 47° touches the top of Mt. Washington.
The general direction of tho isochimenal lines are the same as those of the isotheral. We have an island of cold on the line he- tween Cheshire and Hillsborough counties, a warm area in the vicinity of Manchester, a gradual inerease of the cold inland from the ocean at Portsmouth, and the same deflection northward,-but not to so groat a degree,- of the lines beginning at the Connectient. The marked conformity of the isochimonnls of 19º, 17°, and 16°, with the isotlicrals of 65°, 63°, and 62°, is quite remarkable.
We have also ropresontod the entire an- nual aqueous precipitation. The area of greatest precipitation is in the central por- tion of the state, in the vicinity of Newfound lake, and it extends north at least as far as Ashland, and southward probably as far as Franklin. The rain-fall in this area, includ- ing melted snow, is 46 inches. There is an area of 45 inches from Hooksott southward toward the state line, and the table would give us a small area in the vicinity of West Enfield; but, as there seems to be some douht as to the accuracy for that locality, we have omitted it on the map. In the soutlı- west part of the state, below a line from Claremont and extending to a point just north of Concord, there is u large area whore the precipitation is 43 inches. There is an area of 42 inches north of Claremont, perhaps ten miles in width, extending to the Merri- mack river, thence northward along the west side of Lake Winnipiseogee, wlien tho area widens so that it includes almost the whole portion of the state north of the lake to a line ahove the Grand Trunk Railway. In the north part of the state, ahove 42, there is an area of 41 inches extending across the state, and having a width of ahout twenty miles. There is another small area of 41 inches, ex- tending from Batlı in a curve southward as far as Plainfield. Between this and the Con. necticut, embracing a part of Orford, Lyme, and Hanover, there is an area where the pre- eipitation is only a little more than 40 inches. On the sea-coast, at least in the vicinity of Portsmouth, the rain-fall is less than in any other part of the state, heing 35 inches,-hut it increases as we go inland. At Dover there are 36 inches, and at Wolfehorough 38. Since the distribution of rain-fall depends in a measure on the changes of tomperature, to this may he due the increase inland from the ocean.
The following record shows the time of the closing and opening of some of our lakes. That of Winnipiseogee is as follows :
24
CLIMATOLOGY.
Closed with Ice.
Clear of Ice.
1867-December 19.
1868-April 10.
1869-January 19.
1869-April 28.
1870-Jannary 23.
1870-April 21.
1871-January 14.
1871-April 10.
1872-Jannary 3.
1872-May 4.
1873-December 17.
1878-May 4.
Umhagog lake generally closes ahout No- vemher 15, for three euccessive ycars the lake opened May 13; was entirely clear of ice, April 28, 1871 ; May 10, 1872; May 11, 1873. Connecticut lake closes earlier and opens later. In 1874 there was ice in the lako the last dny of May.
FROST-WORK.
The frost-work is the most remarkable phenomenon of our mountain summits. It is difficult to convey, in words, any idea of its wonderful form and heauty. It was not easy, nt first, to understand how it could he formed ; but wo are able now to give a plaus- ihle theory to necount for this the most ex- traordinary of all the handiwork of Nature. It is very rarely formed except when the wind is at some point hetween north and west, and only when there are clouds on the mountains. It begins with mere points on everything the wind reaches,-on the rocks, on the railway, and on every part of the buildings, even on the glass. On the south side of the buildings and the high rocks it is very slight, as the wind reaches there only in eddying gusts. When the surfaco is rough, the points, as they hegin, are an inch or more apart ; when smooth, it almost entirely covers the surface at the very beginning ; hut soon only a few points elongate, so that on whatever surface it hegins to form, it has soon evorywhere the same general appear- ance, presenting the same heautiful, feathery- liko forms.
" Thus Nature works, as if defying art ; And in defiance of her rival pewers, Performiag such inimitable feats,
As she, with all her rules, can never rench."
In going up Mt. Washington, we do not eee the frost-work until we get ahove the present limit of the trees. It is nearly a mile ahovo hefore it is seon in its characteristic forms, and it is only immediately about the summit that it presents its most attractive features. On all our mountains north of lat- itude 43° 50', that are more than thirty-five hundred feet in height, it can he seen extend- ing down to a certain line, and this line extends along the whole mountain range. Everywhore it appears to he at the same el- evation. We notice that it always forms toward the wind, never from it; and the rapidity with which it forms, and the great longth of the horizontal masses, are truly wonderful. On the piles of stones south of the house, the horizontal masses are some- times five and six feet in length. On tho southern exposures, instead of the frost-work, especially on the telegraph poles hy the rail- way, there are only masses of pure ice, which have always a peculiar hue of greenish hlue ; and there is a striking contrast between this and the pure white of frost-work on the side opposite. When the thermometer ranges from 25° to 30°, and the wind is south ward,
ice often forms to the thickness of a foot or more on the telegraph poles near the summit. These icy masses are formed evidently hy the condensation of the vapor of the atmosphere. The frost-work is also formed hy the conden- sation of vapor, hut, hesides the vapor, the air must be filled with very minute spiculæ of ice. As the vapor condenses, these are caught, and thus the horizontal, feathery masses are formed. This accounts for the facts that we have observed, namely, its forming when the wind is northward, and always towards the wind.
THE WEATHER AT HIGH ALTI- TUDES.
As to the extraordinary weather on our mountains in winter, tho following descrip- tion of two days on Moosilauke is a typical illustration.
On the first day of January the sun rose up clear. We were ahove the clouds, and a grander spectacle one does not often hehold. The clouds seemed to roll nnd surge liko the hillows of the ocean. Thoy were of every dark and of every brilliant hue : here they were resplendent with golden light, and there they were of silvery brightness ; hore of rosy tints, there of somhre gray ; here of snowy whiteness, there of murky darkness; here gorgeous with the play of colors, and there the livid light flashes deep down into the gulfs formed hy the eddying mist, while
" Far everhead
The sky, witheut a vapor or a stain Intensely blue, even deepened into purple When nearer the horizon it received
A tincture from the mist that there dissolved Into the viewless air. . . . The sky bent round The awful deme of a most mighty temple, Built by Omnipotent hand for nothing less Than infinite wership. So beautiful. Se bright, so glorious! . . . Such a majesty In yon pore vanlt! So many dazzling tints In yonder waste of waveg."
But ahove all these clouds, these flashes of light, this darkness, rises in stately grandeur the summit of Mt. Washington, "sublime in its canopy of snow ;" and Lafayette, with a few peaks of lesser altitude, glitters in the hright sunlight. As the sun rises higher, the picture fades away, and the whole coun- try is flooded with light. Did this grandeur, this magnificence, this grand display of lights, of shadows, and shades,-these clouds, so resplendent, so heautiful,- portend a etorm ? In the evening the wind changed to the south-east, and increased in velocity.
At daylight, on the second, it was snowing. This soon changed to sleet, and then to rain ; and at 8 A. M., the velocity of the wind was 70 miles per hour. At 12, there was a per- fect tempest. Although the wind was so fearful, yet Mr. Clough was determined to know the exaet rate at which it was hlowing. By elinging to the roeks he succeeded in reaching a place where he could expose the anemometer, and not he blown away himself. He found the velocity to he 97} miles per hour,-the greatest velocity, until that time, ever recorded. When he reached the house he was thoroughly saturated, the wind hav- ing driven the rain through every garment, although they were of the heaviest material,
as though they were made of the lightest fah- ric. During the afternoon, the rain and gale continued with unahated violence. The rain was driven through every crack and crevice of the house, and the floor of our room was flooded. So fierco was the draught of the stove, that the wind literally took away every spark of fire, leaving only the half-charred wood in the stove ; and it was with the great- est difficulty that we succeeded in rekindling it. During the evening, the wind seemed to increase in fury ; and although the window was somewhat protected, yet nearly every glass that wae exposed was hroken hy the pressure of the gale. As the lights were hroken, the fire was again extinguished; and even my hurricane lantern was hlown out as quickly as if the flame had heen unprotected. Darkness, if not terror, reigned ; hut calm- ness, with energy, are requisites for such an Occasion, and, fortunately, they were not wanting now. Our necessities quickly showed us what to do. By nailing hoards across the windows, and hy use of blankets, we stopped the openings the wind had made.
After 9 P. M. there were occasional lulls in the storm, and hy 12 it had considerably ahated, at least enough to hring on that depression that naturally succeeds a period of intense excitement ;- so we willingly yield ourselves to sleep, to dream of gentle zephyrs and sun- ny skies.
Although as a rule rains in winter are not common on the summits of our high moun- tains, yet observations thus far show that some winters they may he quite frequent.
As already indicated, the clouds are often spread out in a thin stratum over a large area, and we look forth upon an illimitahle sea of mist glittering in the sunlight, while every peak, except that on which we stand, is concealed hy clouds. So it is not uncom- mon for it to he a dark day in the valleys, while on the summit of the mountain we are in the hright sunlight. Sometimes the clouds are two thousand feet helow the summit of Mt. Washington ;- in that case, innumerable mountain peaks protude, and seem like isl- ands in an ocean hounded only hy the sky. The formation and the dissolving of clouds is an interesting feature. It often happens that the whole country westward is covered with clouds, hut when they havo passed the ridge running directly south from Mt. Washing- ton, they are instantly dissolved, never pass- ing a certain point, although moving at the rate of fifty or sixty miles per hour, when that point is reached. In spring and sum- mer, inetead of these horizontal layers, the elouds assume eumulose forms, and from the mountain they ean he seen rising vertieally thousands of feet in an ineredihly ehort apace of time. During the steady eold weather of winter, the upper elouds were never seen to move except in the same direction as the wind on the summit of the mountain.
WIND AND RAIN.
Of all phenomena, the wind is the most terrifie, Usually during periods of storm, the wind inereases steadily in velocity until
25
CLIMATOLOGY.
it reaches its culmination : then there are lulls, at first only for an instant, and these continually lengthen until the storm ceases. The greatest velocity thut has heen measured is 140 miles per hour ; and during one night the inean of four ehservations was 128 miles. The mnost remarkable fact in relation to the wind is the great velocity on the summit when there is a calm at the hase. One oh- servation shows that there was a wind of 96 miles per hour on the summit, when, at the depot of the Mt. Washington Railway, 2,677 teet below, there was not wind enough to inove the anemometer.
In general, winds of very great velocity are usually limited to winter, and to the time when there are clouds on the mountain. The prevailing winds for the entire year aro west und north-west. It is a noticeable fact that, while the northerly and westerly winds have a much greater velocity on the summit than below, the southerly winds have frequently a greater velocity five hundred or a thousand feet helow than on the summit.
AQUEOUS PRECIPITATION.
The observations for one year give the amount of aqueous precipitation as 55 inches, and it is confined mainly to summer and uutuinn,-the entire precipitation for winter and spring being given as only ahout eight inches, leaving 47 inches for summer and autumn. There are no means of determin-
ing the actual amount of frost-work and snow, but we know that the snow-fall is very slight during autumn and winter, the snow- cloud being below tho summit ; but in spring, when showers hecome frequent in the valleys, there are invariahly heavy falls of snow on the mountain. During a thunder-storm in April, when the thunder could he heard and the lightning seen, we were having one of the thickest snow.storins of the season.
Prohubly there is no place where the opti- cal phenomena are more brilliant thon on Mt. Washington. Rainbows, with three su- pernumerary hows, have been seen for hours on the clouds; coronas, of large and small dimensions ; anthelia, or glories of light, tho prismatic circles surrounding the shadow cast fur out on the cloud ; halos, and parhelia. The spectre of the Brocken, though rare, was seen by Mr. S. A. Nelson.
DIAGRAMS.
Fig. 1 shows the fluctuations in the annual rain-fall in the Atlantic states,-Maine to Maryland,-from 1805 to 1867. From the fluctuations as shown in this diagram, there are groups of years of unusual amount of rain, followed hy groups of years of drouth ; and, on the whole, it indicates an increase of rain. The figures on the left are the per-cent- age of the mean amount.
Fig. 2 shows the fluctuations in the annual rain-fall in the upper Connecticut valley, from
observations taken at Lunenburg, Vt. This shows similar groups of years. An unusual amount of rain-fall does not necessarily im- ply that it was distributed throughout the year, so that thero was no drouth in suunner; for, while the amount of rain in 1871 was above the average, yot the summer of that year was regarded as very dry.
Fig. 3 shows the fluctuations in the annual snow-fall ut the same locality, und by the same ohserver, as in diagram II. Tho fluctuation, however, is greater than in tho rain.fall; for the greatest umnount, 167.5 inches, is more than twice as much as the mean, 83.1 inches, and the loast amount, 41 inches, is less than half the mean ; yet there are similar groups of years, though at no time does it show moro than three consecutive years, when the amount was greater than the mean.
Fig. 4 shows the annual fluctuations in rain-fall at Lake Village from 1857 to 1873. The observations were taken under direction of the Lake Company.
Fig. 5 shows the fluctuations of Ozone for 1872, 1873, and 1874. White cloth, prepared with iodide of potassium and starch, is changed by Ozone to various tints of brown. The scale adopted for describing the amount present in the atmosphere, is from 0 to 10, the last gives the deepest shade of brown. The diagram will enable physians to judge something, of the effect of Ozono on health and disease, for tho years given, and may stimulate to investigate the subject.
[For Figs, 1, 2, 3 and 4, see page 21.]
RAIN TABLE. COMPILED FROM THE SMITHSONIAN RAIN TABLES AND OTHER OBSERVATIONS, BY J. H. HUNTINGTON.
of Sinlions.
January
February.
March
April.
Jaly.
Augtul.
September.
Jelober
.prember.
December.
Summer.
Aulumb.
Winter.
Your
Corninh, Me.,
3.70 1.45
9.16
2.11
12.15
3.4L
3.11
3.01
11 40
3.41
1.95
5.70
5.26
5 51
410
11.04
11,13
11.58
10 78
15.17
Blanchestor,
24
1.89
2.70
1.91
1.60
1.70
2.37
4.32
4.10
3.77
5 M
4.57
5 61
4.15
4.33
4.55
4.56
4.21
2 45
1.91
3.06
2.4
9.57
11.30
10.31
11.31
10.01
19.50
6.05
47.77
Wezl Enfrid,
312
2 70
2.95
.07
4.62
18 44
3.60
0.33
9.65
1,64
3.21
3.05
0.26
11.60
12.33
11.5
7.00
40.5%
Woodstock, VL
3.02
2.09
3 17
1.97
9.02
1 45
3.57
4.12
3.51
4.15
2.0.5
11.55
0 45
39.58
TEMPERATURE TABLE. PREPARED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
Fig. V.
576
16.35
2247
30.70
43.51
54 90
65.17
60.21
69.9L
16 40
67.15
$4.18
67.37
61.90
45.10
30.05
20.48
42.41
02.84
49 91
16. 30
40.37
Epping,
....
......
....
41.001
22.15
16.56
3.ST
13.20
63.50
62.34
17.00
65.006
69.12
49.04
33.89
47.02
3119
29 45
41.10
07.19
4.11
45.3
Francistown,
.....
15,58
24.29
20.25
15.4
26.18
37.60
29.10
40.10
53 40
62.10
07.16
60.60
70.40
55.51
46.00
33.87
26.91
11.86
46 00
47.50
......
21.8
45 121
OT BT
66.9
47.JH
25.15
Porumnootb,
7 43
36.27
33.35
91.3T
10.07
JT.7L
50,01
30.35
40 45
41.54
45.53
19.02
42.38
Weil Enfield,
........
2010
90.11
27 25
24.19
45.65
61.17
05.45
68.73
56.4
€2.42
07.64
43.43
31.34
91 13
Whitefeld
1000
13 %
17.17
24.92
37.37
59.25
40.60
61.20
7$ 40
70.40
77.50
07.60
4.30
Wakebnk,
...
.....
.
3.19 42.50
Aut
Stratford
0 77
2.641
3.47
2.45
3.3
3.00
1.04
4.33
3.44
6.25
2.00
o Seplember.
0 October.
o November.
of December.
o Spring.
o Sutn ther.
o Auloin.
o Winter.
....
44.74
Concorl
381
Dornr.
160
24.
£1 00
31.80
42.10
17.70
30.00
3105
12.0)
14.54
50 44
72.84
......
.......
......
.......
....
31.00
25.33 12.31
67.17
48.76
...... ......
.......
Farmingion,
490
¥t. Conietliullon,
36.18
21.13
43.19
[02.73
14.05
16.54
40.07
Dabovar, (D. C.)
14 16
33.7
10.8
....
35.03
() 17
45.30
17.03
34.37
46.43
Billion. +
17.67
22.04
23 70
30 77
38.45
49.18
45.0
49.60
.......
44,5
47.9
CO.7
39.
16.5
Mİ1. Westlogtal,
N. Barnstead, 7
....
21.65
24.74
27.76
27.46
20.59
$1.49
19.16
...
.......
60,34
61.11
55.40
43.74
5belboros,
72%
16.37
19.26
27.44
59.60
62.07
50.84
61.30
65.21
04.40
4291
31.80
30.36
26.35
20.21
30.07
165 45
40.51
21.04
45.81 45 R 15 42
Port month,
12
26.45 21.02
31.70
30.1
9.7
$1.03
43.57
54.40
64.04
69.
65.15
60.35
AS.BO
34.77
25 44
....
....
45 5)
Z1.37
45.03
55.50
60.00
71.42
67.50
15.5ML
83.15
86.61
13.00
24 57
39.53
24.15
35.50
25.20
4216
M35
40 90
14.17
45.06
Dublin,
1.8.09
18.34
21.55
21.18
Dunbartop,
45 10
55
14.89
22.20 23.03
46.41
41.19
63.50
04.00
60.52
0.15
75.50
68 90
00.98
55 55
4.30
1.08
34.76
85.15
10 17
124
KedDe,
18 40
74.44
59. 00
52,54
59.91
66.11
67.20
74.0
60.87
8211
61.00
12.29 40.29
11 03
500 475
$9.44
20 10
6.4
24.34
31.49
43.48
19. 17
135.90
45.7
Londonderry, London Ridge, Stanchmler
.......
Ballabury,
......
15.8
[4101
30 85
Stratford,
54.44
54 78
24.50
30.85
47.16
57.18
......
09.59
07.42
58.50 4
18.40
Contoocookville,
...
.....
$3.70
63 90
40.14
217
5.50
3.69
6.99
3.0
11 &1
12.48
11.05
14.53
1044
15.11
Fryeburg. Men
35.54
F1. Constitution,
120.65
Portanioulls,
45.61
Londonderry.
3.00
3.93
9 47
4.50
4.78
1.83
1.94
4.50
3 043
3.02
9.45
4.70
3.64
2 45
2.04
4 16
2.57
1,97
275
3:94
6.55
3 25
9.00
3.11
3.70
3.17
4.01
3 40
3.52
9,57
11.09
10.54
19,08
10.4
6.AT
39 90
alt. Wasblogton,
1.01
1.45
1.07
o February.
s'March,
May.
oJuni.
· July.
c August.
64.11
........ 69 4%
45 67
........
Otiarlestown,
.....
....
11.97
31.10
4941
3.60
4.21
4.67
2.09
4.45
4.01
3.8.0
3.0
N. Barnstead,
40 50
Aoblond,
Brietal.
341
3.55
3.16
11.40
9.11
0.11
11.11
14 15
10.3
42,85 39.90
Wler,
3.63
3.07
4.01
Wolfeborough,
3 53
3.31
9.35
0.40
Claremont,
996
3.26
4.09
1.4
2,50
315
340
4.12
3 64
3 51
4 24 4.15
3.62
3.01
2.06
1.75
11.12
17.2
94.37
5.59
15.57
12.97
11.70
............
......
......
:20.41
12 17
750
14.15
40,55
.......
....
52 63
05.0
63.34
...
31.5
........ .......
41.90
54.00
...
68.79
71.50
64.3
CT.SI
67.90
......
60 $0
60 04
$1.5
......
29.15
.......
of Statlon.
Helglst.
3.50
3.70
11.6
9.32
15.63
13.007
0.7
14 10
0.3
1410
Lake Village,
3.38
5.09
105
4.50
3,68
4 41
5.64
1,64
4.17
4.92
4.29
5.55
2.95
3 55
3.41
6.1:
3.50
4.60
1.69
361
3209
10.17
11 110
11.15
10,72
40 0
40 99
Concord,
1.01
8.80
0.21
12.36
1117
47.5
-. 44
13.34
11.46
47.5
31.50
45.00
.......
Farmouth, &
40
16.12
Orest Falls, ¢
17.62
15/10
37 46
TO 02
51.14
......
47.7
...
57.01
67.67
37.06
......
37.11
59.16
61 70
70.25
59 45
51.01
.....
21.14
14. 44
27.14
......
89 54
64 42
31.90
34.06
$6 47
09.60 69.37
61 00
70.95
31.80
19.55
31.00
3,55
85.70
Lopenburg, V1.
3.35
10.82
3.09
3.52
413.2
4.95
....
04.78
91.41
50 19
16.45
.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF TREES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE.
BY WILLIAM F. FLINT.
0 RIGINALLY the State, almost with- out exception, was elothed with a dense forcst. This forest presented the same characteristics as at tbe present day. Its only change is that it has been greatly re- stricted in area hy the hand of man. Its leading trees were pines, spruces, oaks, and hickories, tbe beech, chestnut, white, red, nnd sugar maples, tbe butternut, birehcs, elm, wbite nnd black ashes, basswood, and pop- lars. Among shrubs were the hlueberries, the huckleberry, mountain aslı, mountain laurel, azalea, alders, and willows; and, trail- ing over rocks and shrubbery, the wild grape, Virginia creeper, and virgin's bower.
A traveller, passing from one end of the State to the other, cannot fail to observe the contrast in the aspect of the vegetation of its northern and southern portions, caused hy the different temperature consequent upon the difference in altitude. The flora of New England has been classed in two divisions, based upon this faet, which may be termed tho Alleghanian and the Canadinn, because they seem to correspond with the faunas of the same naines described in the previous chapter. Of course, however, no separating live, or definite and sudden change, is any- wlicre noticed. The transition is gradual, some species hecoming scarce and finally dis- appearing, while others first appear in small numbers, but increase as the traveller advan- ces, and at length supply the place of the former as the prevailing forms of vegetation. Many other species, probably one half in number of our whole flora (not being so read- ily influenced by a difference of temperature), have a range extending over the entire State. If it were attempted to draw the line between thesc divisions, on each side of which would of course be included species more particu- larly characteristic of the other, it might be extended, approximately, from North Conway to Lake Wiunipiseogce, and thence to Han- over or vicinity. The transition area is thus at an elevation of about five or six hundred feet above the sea, corresponding approxi- mately to the isothermal line of 45° mean annual temperature, or to 20° during the win- ter and 65° during the summer montlis.
Among the species which are characteris- tic of the Alleghanian division, hut find their northern limit before reaching this line or soon after it is crossed, may be mentioned the chestnut, the white oak, spoonwood or moun-
tain laurel, and the frost grape ( Vitis cordi- folia). The range of our pines and walnuts, of white or river maple, red oak, and hem- lock, is also mainly southern.
The most characteristie trees of the Cana- dinn division nre sugar maple, beech, halsam fir, black and white spruce, and arhor-vitæ ; among its shrubs are the mountain and striped maples, and the mountain ash. Of these the white spruce and arbor-vitæ have the most limited range ; the foriner is abund- ant nbout Connecticut lake, but occurs rarely, if at all, south of Colebrook ; the latter, often incorrectly called " white eedar," is also com- mon in this section, extending south to the vicinity of the White Mountains. It is also occasionally found in highland swamps far- ther south.
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