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M. L
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
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ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01147 7566
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1 3Day of my
HISTORY
OF
NEW NETHERLAND;
OR,
NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH.
BY E. B. O'CALLAGHAN, M.D.
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, AND HON. MEMBER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT.
VOL. II.
"PLERAQUE EARUM QUE REFERAM PARVA FORSITAN ET LEVIA MEMORATU VIDERI, NON NESCIUS SUM. NON TAMEN SINE USU FUERIT INTROSPICERE ILLA, PRIMO ADSPECTU LEVIA, EX QUIS MAGNARUM SEPE RERUM MOTUS ORIUNTUR." TACITUS.
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NEW YORK : BARTLETT AND WELFORD, 7 ASTOR HOUSE. D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NO. 200 BROADWAY.
MDCCCXLVIII.
ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by EDMUND B. O'CALLAGHAN, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.
CONTENTS.
1139043
BOOK IV.
D
4 FROM THE APPOINTMENT OF DIRECTOR STUYVESANT TO THE INCORPORATION OF NEW AMSTERDAM. 1646-1652.
CHAPTER I.
New system of government for New Netherland-Instructions for the Director and Council-Stuyvesant's Commission-He sails from the Texel-Incidents of the voyage -Arrives at the Manhattans-His reception there, and his promises to the Burghers- Further appointments to office-State of affairs at New Amsterdam-Divers regulations -Stuyvesant a thorough reformer-The leaders of the popular party arraign Kieft- Stuyvesant takes sides with the accused-The tables turned-The popular leaders arraigned-Their reply-Ordered to be prosecuted-Their trial-Sketch of Stuyvesant's speech-The sentence-Kieft sails for Holland, with Rev. Bogardus and others-All on board perish-De Vries' prophecy-A new clergyman appointed to Fort Amsterdam -His salary-Indians discontented-Election of the Nine Men-Origin of this Insti- tution-The members-Stuyvesant's message to them-Arrangements to promote edu- cation-They refuse to repair the fort. Page 17.
CHAPTER II.
Correspondence with the New England Colonies-Stuyvesant to Governor Winthrop- His letter laid before the United Colonies-Their resolution thereupon-Governors of Rhode Island, &c., complain of the Dutch tariff-The Indians assume a threatening appearance-Messengers sent to allay their discontents-A Dutch vessel discovered at New Haven-Obtains a permit to trade at the Manhattans on certain conditions-The Dowager Lady Stirling claims Long Island-Her agent visits New Amsterdam-Inter- view between him and Stuyvesant-Is arrested and shipped to Holland-Escapes to England-The owner of the Dutch vessel fails to comply with the conditions on which he was permitted to trade-Stuyvesant determines to seize the ship, which is cut out of the harbor of New Haven-Great excitement in consequence-Governor Eaton's
4
CONTENTS.
letters to Stuyvesant-The Director-general explains his conduct-Fails in satisfying the New Haven Governor, who threatens retaliation-Stuyvesant rejoins-Corre- spondence broken off-New Haven harbors fugitives from New Amsterdam-Stuyve- sant, in return, offers protection to all runaways from New Haven-Comments on such proceeding-Stuyvesant writes to Massachusetts and Virginia-Outwits Governor Eaton-Succeeds in persuading the Dutchmen to return-Recalls his proclamation. Page 43.
CHAPTER III.
Melyn and Kuyter arrive in Holland-Appeal from the sentence pronounced by Stuyve- sant-Lay a statement of the affairs of New Netherland before the States General- Writ of appeal granted-Stuyvesant's judgment virtually quashed-Appellants per- mitted to return to New Netherland-Obtain letters of safety from their High Mighti- nesses and the Prince of Orange-Stuyvesant rebuked by the Amsterdam Chamber- The Nine Men present a remonstrance to the Director-general-An order issued con- fining the privilege of trade to resident settlers-A free market established in New Amsterdam-Trade of the North and South Rivers regulated-The East River declared free to all nations-Port regulations-Effect of Stuyvesant's proclamations- The placards prohibiting sales of arms and ammunition to the Indians enforced- Informations against several traders-Proceedings against Schermerhorn and others -Stuyvesant contracts for guns for the Indians-Discontent against the tariff and revenue laws-Other causes of dissatisfaction-The Nine Men propose a delegation to Holland-Stuyvesant insists that their representation be sent through him-Differences in consequence-The English settlers withdraw their co-operation-The project of a mission postponed-Stuyvesant writes to the Company on the subject. 58
CHAPTER IV.
Johannes van Rensselaer, Patroon of Rensselaerswyck-Van Wely and Van Twiller his guardians-Render fealty and homage to the States General in his name-Brant Arent van Slechtenhorst appointed Director of the colonie-Sails for New Netherland -His son Gerrit acts as sheriff-The Directors in Amsterdam oppose the establish- ment of colonies-Endeavor to persuade the Patroon of Rensselaerswyck to surren- der his lands-Fail in that object-Consequences to the colonie-Stuyvesant claims to be supreme ruler of the whole province-Opposed by Slechtenhorst-Visits Fort Orange -His reception there-Summons Van Slechtenhorst and protests against him-Claims jurisdiction for the fort within range of cannon shot-Orders that the colonists be allowed to appeal from the decision of the Patroon's court, and calls for a copy of Slechtenhorst's commission-The latter's reply-Claims the soil around the fort, and persists in enforcing the Patroon's rights-Is threatened with force-Slechtenhorst's counter-blast-Forbids the Company's servants to use the stone or timber of the colo- nie to repair Fort Orange-Soldiers sent for the first time to Beverwyck-An order issued for Slechtenhorst's arrest-Excitement at Rensselaerswyck-Van Slechtenhorst insulted-The Indians assemble-Demand if "Wooden Leg" designs to pull down the houses-Invite Slechtenhorst to move to the Mohawk country-Further proceed- ings of the soldiers-The Indians return-Enquire for "Wooden Leg's dogs "-Paci- fied by Slechtenhorst, who again protests against the Director-general-Judicial rights of colonies described-Stuyvesant rejoins-The Schout-fiscaal also replies-Van Slech- tenhorst summoned to appear at Fort Amsterdam-The Director-general transmits a report on the whole matter to Holland-Dutch interests at the South River-The Swedes pull down the Dutch house at the Schuylkill, and erect a fort in its place-The
5
CONTENTS.
Passayunk Indians invite the Dutch to trade with them-Fort Beversreede rebuilt- Swedes renew their opposition-Van Dinclage and La Montagne arrive at the South River-Obtain a confirmation of the lands around the Schuylkill-Protest against Printz-Grant lands to the Dutch settlers there-The Swedes pull down their houses and block up Fort Beversreede-Dutch force on the river-A Dutch company purchase the lands-Opposed by the Swedes, who cut up their building materials-The Dutch protest-Their commerce on the South River nearly destroyed. . Page 68
CHAPTER V.
Melyn arrives at New Amsterdam-The commonalty meet in the church-Letter from their High Mightinesses proposed to be read-Scuffle ensues-Seal torn off-Stuyve- sant summoned to appear at the Hague-Melyn demands a written answer from the Director-general-Reply of the Council-Melyn's son-in-law forbidden to visit the South River-Protests against the Director-general-The latter's letter to the States General-Sends agents to the Hague-Melyn also returns thither-The Nine Men pro- pose again to send a remonstrance to Holland-Stuyvesant calls on them to communi- cate their grievances to him-They are not inclined to comply-Go from house to house to learn the sentiments of the commonalty-Consequent rupture between them and the Director-general-The " Bellwethers " prosecuted-Delegates from the militia and citizens called together-The Nine Men prepare a remonstrance-Adriaen van der Donck employed for that purpose-Stuyvesant arrests him and seizes his papers- The Vice Director protests against Stuyvesant-Further proceedings-Van der Donck expelled the Council and the board of the Nine Men-The Prince William arrives with arms for the Indians-Consequent excitement-Stuyvesant explains his con- duct-Council satisfied-The Directors at Amsterdam censure him-Impediments thrown in the way of the remonstrants-Dominie Backerus resigns his charge-Re- turns to Holland-Delegates sent by the commonalty to the Hague-A Dutch settler killed by the Indians-The Director-general concludes a treaty with the Hackinsacks -Speech of the Sachem-The Rev. Mr. Megapolensis appointed Minister at New Amsterdam. 84
CHAPTER VI.
Continued misunderstanding between the English and the Dutch-Gov. Winthrop en- deavors to produce a reconciliation-Stuyvesant vindicates his conduct-Proposes a meeting at Connecticut-Renews his correspondence with New Haven-Writes to Gov. Bradford-Replies of Governors Winthrop and Eaton-The meeting postponed- Effect of Stuyvesant's letters on the Commissioners of the United Colonies-Com- plaints against the Dutch renewed-Retaliation threatened-Stuyvesant rejoins-Ex- presses a favorable disposition towards the English-By Cape Cod he meant Point Judith-State of England-The King a prisoner-An entirely new form of government about to be established there-Stuyvesant advised to cultivate peace with his English neighbors-Gov. Eaton writes again to the Director-general-Proposes a meeting at Boston-Death of Gov. Winthrop-Stuyvesant objects to Boston-Re-urges Connec- ticut-Proposes a visit to New Haven-Gov. Eaton disapproves thereof-His reasons -Inquiries about the Dutch tariff-Stuyvesant replies-Gov. Eaton advances in his demands-Is resisted-Meeting of the United Colonies-Gov. Eaton proposes the immediate settlement of the Delaware-Negatived by the Commissioners-Who write to Stuyvesant-Assert their right to lands on the Delaware-Complain of the Dutch selling ammunition and arms to their Indians-Exclude the Dutch and French from all trade whatsoever with the Indians within the New England plantations-Evil effects thereof to the Dutch-Stuyvesant censured by the Directors at Amsterdam-Efforts of the delegates in Holland. 98
6
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VII.
The delegates from New Netherland present their petition to the States General-Pecu- liarity of its plan-Commences with the discovery of the country-Describes its physical character and productions-The aborigines and their manners-The back- wardness of the colony-Causes thereof-Misgovernment-Discouragement of emi- gration-Useless expenditure-Obstruction of free trade-High prices of merchandise -Lofty pretensions of the Directors, who claim sovereign power-Maintain to be above the law-Errors of Kieft's administration-Church affairs-Schools-No provision for the poor, the orphans and the sick-Origin of the excise-Party spirit-Stuyvesant imi- tates Rehoboam-Estimated revenue-Negroes-Kieft's Council-Van Tienhoven the cause of the war-Stuyvesant's administration-He is accused of haughtiness, par- tiality, imperiousness-Denies the right of appeal-Threatens those who attempt to exercise it-Public discontent-Weights and measures-Currency-Fort-The sheep are sheared, but the wool is unwashed-Characters of Stuyvesant's Councillors-The Nine Men, rascals-Further complaints against the Company-Efforts to accomplish this mission-Seizure of Van der Donck's papers-Dangers incurred by those who meddle with public affairs-Motives for making this remonstrance-Concluding demands-Petition referred-Van Tienhoven's reply-Regulations of trade-Appeal refused conformably to the Exemptions-Directors have a right to banish-Explana- tion about the church and school-house-No Latin school-Deacons responsible for the poor money-Complaints against the excise not justifiable-Dutch not taxed as heavily as those of New England-Revenue from the excise-Stuyvesant's character defended-His motives for furnishing the Indians with guns-Was always favorable to a mission to Fatherland-Imprisonments during his time-The demand that the Company should surrender New Netherland, frivolous-The people should provide such public buildings as they require-A new clergyman for Fort Amsterdam. Page 110
CHAPTER VIII.
Efforts of the delegates in Holland to obtain a redress of grievances-Melyn again com- plains of Stuyvesant to the States General-Affairs assume a perilous aspect-The Directors obliged to apply for countenance to the Burgomasters of Amsterdam-New Netherland benefited by the collision-Revival of emigration-Jonkheer van der Capellen takes an interest in Staten Island-Sends a ship and settlers thither-Van Couwenhoven and Bout return to New Netherland-The first notary public in that province-The committee of the States General bring in a report-Provisional Order for the future government of the colony-Remarks of the Amsterdam Chamber there- upon-Reflections-Freedoms and exemptions of 1650-Monopoly triumphs-Van Tienhoven about to depart-Is prevented by Van der Donck-Feelings at the Manhat- tans on the return of the popular delegates-Stuyvesant called on to produce the letters of the States General-Refuses to communicate them-Consequences of such refusal -Great scarcity in New Netherland-Public discontent on the increase-The Nine Men ejected from their pew in the church-Oloff Stevensen protests against the Director-general-His reply-Outpourings of the commonalty-The Nine Men address the States General-Stuyvesant's counter-representations to the Directors in Holland -Supported by Baxter and the town of Gravesend-Singular and unenviable position of the Director-general. . 12S
CHAPTER IX.
The Director-general visits Hartford-Opens a negotiation about boundaries, &c .- Dates his first letter "New Netherland "-The Commissioners of the United Colonies
7
CONTENTS.
demand an explanation-Misunderstanding cleared up-Progress of the correspondence -Discussion about titles-Stuyvesant proposes an arbitration-The commissioners, a conference, and bring forward new matter-Stuyvesant waives the discussion of these, and submits the basis of a treaty-The commissioners cavil-Mutual explanations- Negotiation proceeds-Arbitrators named-Their powers-A treaty agreed to-Stuy- vesant proposes a league, offensive and defensive, against the Indians-Terms offered by the commissioners-Project falls through-Stuyvesant returns to the Manhattans- Renewed popular discontent-Additional complaints to the States General-The Hart- ford treaty condemned by the popular party-Condition of affairs at New Amsterdam -The Nine Men no better than ciphers-Petition their High Mightinesses-Send in a list to the Director, from which to fill up vacancies in their board-Stuyvesant refuses to make any nominations-The board unable to meet-Further letters against the Director-general-Melyn returns to New Netherland-Lands purchased for Van der Capellen on the Raritan-Stuyvesant confiscates Van der Capellen's ship and cargo- Prosecutes Melyn-Sells his property at the Manhattans-Effects of these proceedings on the colonization of Staten Island and the country in its rear. Page 145
CHAPTER X.
Van Slechtenhorst extends the limits of Rensselaerswyck-Purchases Katskill, Clav- erack, &c .- Van Twiller claims the monopoly of the North River-The Company determined to resist his pretensions-Slechtenhorst grants leases in Katskill-Stuyve- sant protests-Remonstrance from Rensselaerswyck-School and schoolmaster- Indian alarm-Deputation to the Mohawks-The people of New Haven fit out an expedition to the Delaware-Stuyvesant's proceedings thereupon-Condition of the Dutch on the South River-Swedish opposition-Complaints of the Dutch settlers- Stuyvesant visits the Delaware-Negotiations with the Swedish Governor and Indians -Fort Nassau razed-Fort Casimir erected-Printz protests-Agreement between him and Stuyvesant-Further proceedings of the people of New Haven-Its jurisdiction extended to English plantations on the Delaware-Van der Donck harasses Van Tien- hoven-The latter seduces a girl in Amsterdam-Fined-Summoned to the Hague- Receives further favors from the Directors at Amsterdam-Returns to New Nether- land-Prosecuted by the mantua-maker's daughter-Further clamors of the popular party-Public discontent continues-Complaints against the Director-general-Van Dinclage expelled the Council and imprisoned-Sad state of things-Gravesend and Heemstede vote addresses to the Amsterdam Chamber, approbatory of Stuyvesant's administration. 159
CHAPTER XI.
Further collision between the Director-general and Rensselaerswyck-Causes thereof- Van Slechtenhorst visits New Amsterdam-Is placed under arrest-Departs without leave-Sends his son to explore the Katskill mountains for silver-Result of the expe- dition-Stuyvesant claims a separate jurisdiction for Fort Orange-Opposed-Conse- quences of the conflicting pretensions-John Baptist van Rensselaer-Dyckman- Schuyler-Progress of the difficulties-The Beverwyck limits staked out-The court of Rensselaerswyck orders the stakes to be pulled up, and remonstrates-The Director- general lampooned-Dismisses Attorney-general Van Dyck-Visits the colonie-Calls on the authorities there to define their bounds-Orders the Patroon's flag to be struck -Van Slechtenhorst resists-A court of justice erected in Fort Orange-Van Slech- tenhorst offers further opposition-Is arrested and removed to Fort Amsterdam- Changes in consequence-Dominie Schaets appointed to Rensselaerswyck-New
8
CONTENTS.
regulations relative to the purchase of Indian lands-Katskill and Claverack excluded from the burthens of patroonship-Van Werckhoven's colonies on the Raritan and Long Island-Further proceedings of Van der Donck in Holland-His remonstrance against the Hartford treaty-Representations on the part of the several Chambers- The Amsterdam Directors conciliate the colonists-Trade with Africa opened- Another clergyman sent out-NEW AMSTERDAM INCORPORATED-Reflections-Pro- ceedings of the States General on Van der Donck's remonstrances-Stuyvesant recalled -The Amsterdam Chamber opposes his recall-The resolution reconsidered-Causes thereof. Page 173
BOOK V.
FROM THE INCORPORATION OF NEW AMSTERDAM TO THE FIRST WAR WITH THE ESOPUS INDIANS. 1652-1659.
CHAPTER I.
Effects produced in Holland by the death of Charles I .- Murder of Dorislaus-Death of the Prince of Orange-Office of Stadtholder abolished-Overtures to Cromwell- Ambassadors appointed by the commonwealth-Their demand-The Dutch temporize -Indignities offered to the English Envoys by the populace-Failure of the negotia- tions-The English Ambassadors return home-Passage of the Trade and Navigation Act-Dutch Ambassadors proceed to England-Progress of negotiation-Attempt to settle the boundaries between New England and New Netherland-Fails-Singular mirage-Sea fight between the English and Dutch fleets-Preparations for the protec- tion of New Netherland-Instructions from the Amsterdam Chamber-War pro- claimed-Patroon of Rensselaerswyck complains of Stuyvesant-Reply of the West India Company-Corporation of New Amsterdam-Government of Amsterdam ex- plained-Stuyvesant retains the appointment of the Schout, Burgomasters and Sche- pens, and their officers, in his own hands-Powers of the city court-Preparations for public defence-A loan raised-New Amsterdam palisaded. 197
CHAPTER II.
Excitement in New England on hearing of the war-Rumors that the Dutch had bribed the Indians to cut off the English-Proceedings of the United Colonies in consequence -Issue a manifesto-Stuyvesant disclaims all knowledge of the plot-Calls for an investigation-Commissioners appointed by the United Colonies-Their proceedings- Quit the Manhattans suddenly-Capt. John Underhill raises the standard of rebellion on Long Island-His seditious address-Flies to New England-Stuyvesant writes to the United Colonies in vindication of his government-Result of the enquiries into the plot-Connecticut and New Haven insist on hostile proceedings against the Dutch-
9
CONTENTS.
Massachusetts opposes their demand-First instance of nullification-New Haven applies to Cromwell for assistance-Rhode Island commissions Dyer and others- Underhill seizes Fort Good Hope, and sells it-Thomas Baxter turns pirate-Embassy to Virginia-De Sille, Van Ruyven and others appointed to office. .. Page 217
CHAPTER III.
Serious discontent prevails on Long Island-Causes thereof-A meeting of delegates at the City Hall-Rupture between them and the Director-general-Further proceedings of the delegates-Negotiations of the Burgomasters and Schepens-Reply of the Director-general-Another convention called-Delegates meet-Their remonstrance- Stuyvesant's action thereupon-The delegates retort-Threaten to appeal to the States General-Forbid to meet again on pain of corporal punishment-The Director writes to the Dutch villages on Long Island-Gravesend addresses the department of Amster- dam-Accuses them of only seeing through the eyes of interested persons-Warns them of the consequences of their policy-The Dutch at the Manhattans address the magistrates of Amsterdam in support of their remonstrance-Low state of the treasury -Burgomasters and Schepens called on for supplies-Call together the burghers-De- mand the surrender of the excise-Stuyvesant will not give it up-Supplies, therefore, refused-Stuyvesant submits-Further demands of the burghers, and further misun- derstanding-The city authorities appeal to Holland and dispatch a special agent thither. . . 238
CHAPTER IV.
The Burgomasters and Schepens demand again the privilege of nominating their suc- cessors-Refused-Piracies on the Sound-Measures to prevent these-Libellous pamphlet published in London against New Netherland-The Protector sends a fleet against the province-Hostile preparations in New England-Connecticut seizes Fort Good Hope-Stuyvesant receives information of the preparations at Boston-Sum- mons the Council-Places New Amsterdam in a state of defence-The English on Long Island plot against their adopted country-Providence favors the Dutch-Peace between Holland and England-Action of the Amsterdam Directors on the remon- strance of 1653-Stuyvesant proceeds against the disaffected of Gravesend-Baxter and Hubbard dismissed from office-Reply of the Directors to the petition of the Bur- gomasters and Schepens for increased privilege-A sheriff for the city commissioned -Declines to act-Renewal of the difficulties between Stuyvesant and the city authori- ties-Re-assumes the excise, and pays the salaries of the city officers-The views of the Burgomasters declared to be visionary-Expulsion of the Dutch by the Swedes from the South River-Stuyvesant retaliates-Proceedings in Europe regarding the boundary question-Plan of the Directors-Is forwarded to London-The Dutch Ambassador's remarks-Further representations on the part of the Directors-Crom- well refuses to decide without hearing New England. 257
CHAPTER V.
Baxter proceeds to New England-Returns to Gravesend and proclaims Cromwell-Is arrested with Hubbard-Progress of affairs at Gravesend-Further encroachments on Long Island-Pell's settlement at Westchester-Steps taken by the Directors to re- cover the South River-Result of Stuyvesant's visit to Barbadoes-The Dutch expe- dition to the South River-Expulsion of the Swedes-Agreement with Gov. Rysingh-
10
CONTENTS.
The Indians unexpectedly invade New Amsterdam-Collision between them and the Dutch-Massacre at Pavonia and Staten Island-Stuyvesant returns from the South River-Negotiates with the Indians-Rysingh arrives at New Amsterdam-Protests against Stuyvesant-The latter's reply-Rysingh's rejoinder-Memorial sent by the Dutch to Holland-Deliberations of the Council-Excise increased-Treaty with the Long Island Indians. Page 280
CHAPTER VI.
Further labors of the Jesuits in the Mohawk country-Death of Father Jogues-Ill treat- ment of Father Poncet-Kindness exhibited towards him by the Dutch-Father Le Moyne accompanies the Onondagoes to their country-The Kayingehagas or Mo- hawks displeased-Their speech-Discovery of the Salt Springs-Renewal of difficul- ties at Fort Orange-Stuyvesant extends the Company's jurisdiction-Claims the excise and the tenths of the colonie-Commissary Dyckman superseded-De Decker appointed Vice Director-Father Le Moyne visits Fort Orange-A new church erected in Beverwyck-The authorities of the colonie remonstrate against paying excise or tenths-Sequence of that misunderstanding-De Decker resigns-Councillor La Mon- tagne appointed in his place-The Burgomasters and Schepens of New Amsterdam renew their demand to nominate their successors-Proceedings in consequence-Ex- pedition against Pell's settlement at Westchester-Result thereof-Population of that town-Religious persecution breaks forth in New Netherland-Proclamation against dissenters-State of religion throughout the province-Effort to convert the Indians- Proceedings against the Lutherans and Baptists-Cornelis and Adriaen Van Tienho- ven disgraced-Burgomasters and Schepens demand a Burgher Schout-Nicasius de Sille succeeds C. van Tienhoven-The jurisdiction of the court of the Burgomasters and Schepens enlarged. 299
CHAPTER. VII.
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