USA > New York > New York City > History of New Netherland; or, New York under the Dutch, Vol. II > Part 2
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Affairs at the South River-Jean Paul Jacquet appointed Vice Director of that district- His instructions-Treats with the Indians-A Swedish ship arrives in the river-Pro- ceedings against her-Intelligence of the expulsion of the Swedes received in Holland -Protest of the Swedish resident-Stuyvesant's conduct approved-Fort Casimir ceded to the city of Amsterdam-Erected into the colonie of New Amstel-Conditions for the encouragement of settlers-Emigrants sent out-Incidents of the voyage-The Prince Maurice wrecked-Suffering of those on board-Director Alrichs arrives at New Amstel, and supersedes Jacquet-Fort Christina called Altona-Government of the city and colonie-The first Dutch clergyman there-Condition of New Amstel at the end of the first year. . 324
CHAPTER VIII.
Causes which led to the colonization of New Netherland-Consequences of opening the trade-Privilege of " Burgher recht " conferred on the citizens of New Amsterdam- Nature of that law-Benefits accruing therefrom-Causes which modified that law in New Netherland-Further intrigues of George Baxter and Hubbard-Another petition sent to Cromwell-Result of the mission-The Protector's letter-Proceedings there- upon at Gravesend, Gemeco, &c .- Final disposition of the letter-Revival of religious persecutions-A Lutheran minister arrives-Is expelled the province, and forced to ·return to Holland-Controversy about the form of baptism-Arrival of Quakers at the
11
CONTENTS.
Manhattans-Their reception-Conduct of a Heemstede magistrate towards one of the Friends-Inhuman treatment of Robert Hodshone-Richard Townsend prosecuted -The people of Flushing vindicate the rights of conscience-The magistrates of that town arrested and prosecuted-Quakers re-appear at Rustdorp, (Gemeco.) also at Gravesend-Prosecutions against offenders in these towns-The charter of Flushing altered-Town taxed to support orthodoxy-A Catholic prosecuted-Proclamation against Quakers-Mary Scott and Mrs. Weeks fined-Re-appearance of Friends at New Amsterdam-Banished-The Dutch clergy report the spread of sectarianism to the Classis at Amsterdam. Page 333
CHAPTER IX.
Proclamation to form villages-First settlement at the Esopus-Indian name of that tract-Difficulties with the natives-Stuyvesant visits the place-Interview with the Indians-The settlers concentrate their dwellings-Indian free gift-The French repair to the western part of the province-Settle at the Salt Springs of Onondaga-Père Le Moyne visits New Amsterdam-Trade to the St. Lawrence opened to Dutch ships- The St. John sails for Quebec-The Onondagoes conspire against the French, who abandon the Salt Springs-Mohawk delegation to Canada-Apply for an interpreter at Fort Orange-Result-Stuyvesant visits the Esopus a second time-His speechi to the Indians-Their reply-The result of the talk. 356
CHAPTER X.
Affairs of the South River-Stuyvesant visits that quarter-Willem Beekman succeeds Jacquet-His powers-The city of Amsterdam purchases the Whorekill-Condition of New Amstel-Sufferings of the colonists-Bad reputation of the place-Several set- tlers wish to quit the country-Will not be allowed-Fly to Maryland-Messengers sent to reclaim them-Learn that Lord Baltimore claims the Delaware-Delegates from Maryland to New Amstel-Demand that the Dutch leave the river-Result of the conference-The city of Amsterdam tired of its colonie-Desires to reconvey it to the West India Company-Stuyvesant sends an embassy to Maryland-Particulars of that mission-Existence of the present State of Delaware owing to the stand taken by the Dutch on this occasion-Continued unfavorable condition of New Amstel-Deaths of the clergyman and Vice Director. 372
CHAPTER XI.
Indian affairs :- Treaty with the Mohawks-Collision at Esopus-War with the natives there-Efforts to raise troops at New Amsterdam-Expedition to the Esopus-Siege raised-Stuyvesant's report to the Company-Massachusetts claims the country west- ward to the Pacific-Makes a grant of land in the neighborhood of Fort Orange-De- mands a passage through the North River-Negotiations in consequence. . 389
12
CONTENTS.
BOOK VI.
FROM THE FIRST ESOPUS WAR TO THE SURRENDER OF NEW NETHERLAND TO THE ENGLISH. 1660-1664.
CHAPTER I.
Continued misunderstanding with the Esopus Indians-Further enlistments decided on -Embassy to Virginia-Treaties with the River tribes-Stuyvesant visits the Esopus -Operations against the savages there-The Dutch transport their prisoners to Cura- çoa-Continuation of the war-Other tribes mediate-Result of the embassy to Vir- ginia-Renewal of negotiations at the Esopus-Stuyvesant's speech to the Indians- Re-establishment of peace-Stuyvesant sows the seed of another Indian war-Trouble with the Runners at Fort Orange-Stuyvesant proceeds thither-Meets delegates from the Seneca country-Their address, and his reply. Page 407
CHAPTER II.
New effort to colonize Staten Island, which is again purchased from the Indians-Sale declared null in Holland-Melyn returns to Europe-Conveys all his right in the Island to the West India Company, who purchase also the claims of the heirs of Van der Capellen-A number of Palatines form a village there-New Haerlem incorporated -Bergen and New Utrecht planted-Bushwick settled-Its progress and charter- Efforts to obtain a court of justice for the Esopus-Roeloff Swartwout appointed sheriff-Stuyvesant objects-Rev. Harmanus Blom ordained minister of that place- Charter of Wiltwyck-Rev. Dom. Selyns minister at Breukelen-Progress of settle- ments westward-Schenectady, or the great Flatt of Schonowe, purchased from the Indians-Conditions of that plantation-Impediments to its first settlement-Finally surveyed. 425
CHAPTER III.
Probable effects of the Restoration on New Netherland-Proclamation inviting persons of tender conscience in England to settle between the North and South Rivers-Con- ditions-Several persons from New Haven propose settling behind Staten Island- Privileges demanded by them-Consequent negotiations-Ultimate failure of the pro- jected settlement-Revival of the persecutions against the Quakers-Townsend, Spicer, and Tilton prosecuted-Soldiers quartered on the suspected-Demonstrations in consequence-No relaxation follows-Workings of Providence in favor of the per- secuted-John Bowne turns Quaker-Is arrested-Further penal statutes against dis- senters-Bowne required to recant-Refuses, and is banished-Singular retribution- Bowne lays his case before the West India Company-Stuyvesant censured. 443
13
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV.
Alexander D'Hinoyossa succeeds Alrichs at New Amstel-Changes in consequence- Lord Baltimore sends an agent to Holland to support his pretensions to the Delaware -The West India Company resist his claims-Apply for protection to the States Gen- eral-Renewed efforts to colonize the South River-Enlargement of the charter of New Amstel-New civil list-Private merchants admitted to take stock in the city's colonie-Disagreements between D'Hinoyossa and Beekman-Consequent disorders- The former visits Holland-Mennonists propose emigrating to the South River-Their peculiar rules-Obtain a grant of land at the Whorekill-The whole of the South River surrendered to the city of Amsterdam-Further emigration-D'Hinoyossa appointed Director over the Delaware, and Beekman commissioned Sheriff of Wilt- wyck. Page 458
CHAPTER V.
Renewal of Indian hostilities-Massacre at Esopus-Efforts to liberate the Christian captives-Captain Krygier proceeds against the savages-Captures an Indian fort- The savages build a second fortress-Another expedition-The Indians attacked- Routed-The Christians liberated-A third expedition against the savages-Its result- Earthquake in New Netherland-Freshet at Fort Orange-Small pox breaks out among the whites and Indians-Stuyvesant visits Boston-Fresh troubles on Long Island-Proceedings at Boston-The English towns on Long Island apply to be an- nexed to Hartford, and demand the reduction of the neighboring Dutch villages- Their petition-Descent on the Dutch towns-Stuyvesant sends delegates to Hartford -Their negotiations-Delegates from the majority of the Dutch settlements meet at New Amsterdam-Their remonstrance on the state of the province-Recommenda- tions of Stuyvesant thereupon-The English of the west end of Long Island proclaim the King and the laws of England-Their independence agreed to-Descent on the Raritan-Proceedings between the English, Dutch, and Indians in that quarter. 473
CHAPTER VI.
Captain John Scott-His previous history-Intrigues in England-Returns to America- Is commissioned by Hartford-Invited to the west end of Long Island-Elected Presi- dent of the English towns-Proceeds against the neighboring Dutch villages-Conse- quent collisions-Delegates from the Dutch towns meet at Midwout-The Burgomasters and Schepens of New Amsterdam raise funds to fortify the city-Meeting of the English towns at Heemstede-Stuyvesant proceeds thither-Enters into a convention with Scott-A general Representative Assembly held in New Amsterdam-Its delibe- rations-Efforts in Holland to engage the States General to uphold the rights of the Company-The result-Peace with the Esopus Indians-Scott arrested by order of Hartford-Gov. Winthrop visits Long Island-Manifests the greatest hostility to the Dutch-Abets the designs of the Duke of York. 497
CHAPTER VII.
Causes of the ill-will in England towards the Dutch-The Duke of York's motives- Obtains a grant of New Netherland-Sends an expedition against New Amsterdam- Intelligence received by Stuyvesant, who is thrown off his guard-Repairs to Fort
14
CONTENTS.
Orange-Arrival of the English fleet under Nicolls-Stuyvesant returns to New Am- sterdam-Progress of affairs there-Citizens demand communication of the letter of summons-Difficulties between them and the Director-general-Another letter sent in by the English-Burgomasters demand a copy thereof-Stuyvesant indignantly refuses their request-Is obliged, however, to comply-Citizens abandon the works-Stuyve- sant vindicates the Dutch title to the country-Nicolls orders the fleet to take up a position before the fort-Stuyvesant inclined to fire on the ships-Is dissuaded there- from-Remonstrance of the citizens-Commissioners appointed to negotiate-The surrender-Reduction of Fort Orange and the South River-Conduct of the English at the latter place-Name of the province changed. Page 515
CHAPTER VIII.
Recapitulation-Immigration -Population-Trade-Duties-Domestic industry-Cur- rency-Revenue-Provision for the poor-Schools-Reflections on Director Stuyve- sant's administration and character-Review of the progress of popular liberty- Subsequent histories of Van der Donck-Jeremias van Rensselaer-Captain Scott- Baxter-Krygier and D'Hinoyossa-Conclusion. 539
CONTENTS
OF
THE APPENDIX.
Page.
A .- Instructions to the Director and Council of New Netherland,
.
559
B .- Commissions of Vice Director Dinclage and Schout-Fiscaal Van Dyck, and the Instructions to the latter officer, 561
C .- Commission and Instructions to the Schout of Rensselaerswyck,
564
D .- The Rev. Gideon Schaets, . 567
E .- Muster roll of the Burgher Corps of New Amsterdam, · 569
F .- Captain Underhill's deed of the Dutch land at Hartford, 570
G .- Pamphlet published in London against the Dutch of New Netherland, anno 1653, . · 571
H .- Memorial in support of the right of the Swedish Crown to New Sweden, . 573
I .- Papers relating to Staten Island, 575
K .- Agreement between Captain Scott and Governor Stuyvesant, .
.
578
L .- Order of the States General confirming the right of the Dutch West India Company to New Netherland ; Letter of their High Mightinesses to the several villages in New Netherland, 579
M .- List of Dutch Patents from 1630 to 1664, 581 N .- Instructions to Sir Robert Carr for the reduction of Delaware bay, and Arti- cles of Capitulation of New Amstel, . 593
Francois all ar for
Sorin Low Martin Premier
Ohonumir Samuel Drisius 9. Szbart Eccles. Alexander o hinógica pappa A sean mcklayg
The illet Balt Prazan Zabijast Filbert Van Ambroof3
Dith. Bachman
Carmelier mulig
1
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G. & W. Endicott Lith. N. York
BOOK IV.
FROM THE APPOINTMENT OF DIRECTOR STUYVESANT TO THE INCORPORATION OF NEW AMSTERDAM. 1646-1652.
CHAPTER I.
New system of government for New Netherland-Instructions for the Director and Council-Stuyvesant's Commission-He sails from the Texel-Incidents of the voyage-Arrives at the Manhattans-His reception there, and his prom- ises to the Burghers-Further appointments to office-State of affairs at New Amsterdam-Divers regulations-Stuyvesant a thorough reformer- The leaders of the popular party arraign Kieft-Stuyvesant takes sides with the accused-The tables turned-The popular leaders arraigned-Their reply - Ordered to be prosecuted-Their trial-Sketch of Stuyvesant's speech-The sentence-Kieft sails for Holland, with Rev. Bogardus and others-All on board perish-De Vries' prophecy-A new Clergyman appointed to Fort Am- sterdam-His salary-Indians discontented-Election of the Nine Men- Origin of this Institution-The members-Stuyvesant's message to them- Arrangements to promote education-They refuse to repair the fort.
WHEN it was determined in 1645 to supersede Director BOOK Kieft, the resolution was concurrently taken to modify, in ~ IV. accordance with the Report of the preceding year, the 1645. system under which the affairs of New Netherland had previously been administered. The government of that province was, henceforward, to be entrusted to a Director- general, and a Council composed of a Vice Director and the Fiscaal ; with this understanding, that when the latter acted as public prosecutor, or conservator of the rights of the Company, the Military Commandant should sit in his place, and when accusations of a criminal nature were brought forward, two capable persons were to be adjoined from the district in which the offence was committed. VOL. II. 2
francois all ar fort Boyard way
Samuel Driving Martin Brevier The tillett 3Balt Prazan 3 hjärt e
G: Szbank
Alexander o Pinigai puffs
71 ffers van Ambon og3 1
van Dicklays
Tilh. Beckmans
philip Schiller
Junius Doughty Johannis de heustex
Black Lip
Johannes Ascadory Potbenig
Vicafuis de sille Be
Grund Limites
Schellmyne ferts 1
Jan Baptist van Kinsflacey
Can Cian hanpolaire. B.V.Schriftengump Arommannino Story
Jacob Rype Games
Honcus Solignes, Godinair Dos H. Evangeliums to Brückelen
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forA Lanot
BOOK IV.
FROM THE APPOINTMENT OF DIRECTOR STUYVESANT TO THE INCORPORATION OF NEW AMSTERDAM. 1646-1652.
CHAPTER I.
New system of government for New Netherland-Instructions for the Director and Council-Stuyvesant's Commission-He sails from the Texel-Incidents of the voyage-Arrives at the Manhattans-His reception there, and his prom- ises to the Burghers-Further appointments to office-State of affairs at New Amsterdam-Divers regulations-Stuyvesant a thorough reformer- The leaders of the popular party arraign Kieft-Stuyvesant takes sides with the accused-The tables turned-The popular leaders arraigned-Their reply - Ordered to be prosecuted-Their trial-Sketch of Stuyvesant's speech-The sentence-Kieft sails for Holland, with Rev. Bogardus and others -- All on board perish-De Vries' prophecy-A new Clergyman appointed to Fort Am- sterdam-His salary-Indians discontented-Election of the Nine Men- Origin of this Institution-The members-Stuyvesant's message to them- Arrangements to promote education-They refuse to repair the fort.
WHEN it was determined in 1645 to supersede Director BOOK Kieft, the resolution was concurrently taken to modify, in ~ IV. accordance with the Report of the preceding year, the 1645. system under which the affairs of New Netherland had previously been administered. The government of that province was, henceforward, to be entrusted to a Director- general, and a Council composed of a Vice Director and the Fiscaal ; with this understanding, that when the latter acted as public prosecutor, or conservator of the rights of the Company, the Military Commandant should sit in his place, and when accusations of a criminal nature were brought forward, two capable persons were to be adjoined from the district in which the offence was committed. VOL. II. 2
18
HISTORY OF
BOOK
IV Means were to be adopted to induce the colonists to form
n towns and villages, and to provide themselves with arms 1645. for their security and defence ; whilst the privilege of del- egating one or two persons, to give information to the Provincial Government on the state and condition of such settlements, was now solemnly reconfirmed. Instructions embodying these and other beneficial regulations were July 7. drawn up by the Assembly of the XIX,1 and immediately afterwards PETRUS STUYVESANT was appointed Director- general. It was not, however, until the summer of the suc- ceeding year, that his commission was obtained from the States General. It was as follows :-
1646. " THE STATES GENERAL of the United Netherlands, to all those to whom these Presents shall come, or who shall hear them read, Health !
July 28.
" BE IT KNOWN ; whereas, WE have deemed it advisable for the promotion of the affairs of the General Privileged West India Company, not only to maintain the trade and population of the coasts of New Netherland and the places situate thereabout, together with the Islands of Curaçoa, Buenaire, Aruba, and their dependencies, which have hitherto been encouraged thither from this country,. but also to endeavor to make new treaties and alliances with foreign princes, and to inflict as much injury as possible on the enemy, in his forts and strongholds, as well by sea as by land ; for which purposes it becomes necessary to appoint a person, Director :-
"WE, therefore, confiding in the probity and experience of PETRUS STUYVESANT, formerly entrusted with our affairs at, and the direction of, the aforesaid Island of Curaçoa and the places thereunto depending, WE, ourselves, being well pleased with his services there, have commissioned and appointed, and by these presents, do appoint and com- mission the said PETRUS STUYVESANT, Director over the aforesaid countries of New Netherland and the places there- unto adjoining, together with the aforementioned Islands of
1 For these Instructions, see App. A.
19
NEW NETHERLAND.
Curaçoa, Buenaire, Aruba, and their dependencies ; to ad- CHAP. minister, with the Council as well now as hereafter ap -~ I. pointed with him, the said office of Director, both by water 1646. and by land, and, in said quality, to attend carefully to the advancement, promotion and preservation of friendship, alliances, trade and commerce ; to direct all matters ap- pertaining to traffic and war, and to maintain in good order everything there for the service of the United Netherlands and the General West India Company ; to establish regu- larity for the security of the places and forts therein ; to administer law and justice, as well civil as criminal ; and, moreover, to perform all that concerns his office and du- ties in accordance with the charter, and the general and particular instructions herewith given, and to be hereafter given to him, as a good and faithful Director is bound and obliged, by his oath, in our hands, to do: which done, WE order and command all other officers and common soldiers there, together with the inhabitants and natives residing in the aforesaid places as subjects, and all whom it might concern, to acknowledge, respect and obey the said PETRUS STUYVESANT as our Director in the countries and places of New Netherland, and the Islands of Curacoa, Buenaire, Aruba, and their dependencies, and to afford all help, coun- tenance and assistance in the performance of these things, as WE have found the same to be for the advantage of the Company. Done in Our Assembly at the Hague, on the xxviiith of July, 1646."
The new Director-general was duly sworn before their High Mightinesses on the above day, when the Hon. Lub- bertus Van Dinclage, who had been appointed in the course of the preceding year, Vice Director of New Neth- erland and First Counsellor at Fort Amsterdam, also took the oaths. The other officers who were to proceed to New Netherland, were Hendrick Van Dyck, Schout-fis- caal ; Capt. Bryan Newton, an Englishman, who had already served the Company some twenty years, and had
1 Hol. Doc., iii., 82-88.
20
HISTORY OF
BOOK held office, both civil and military, under Stuyvesant at IV. Curaçoa ; Commissary Adriaen Keyser and Jesmer Tho- 1646. mas, Captain in the navy, afterwards appointed Com- mander-in-chief, in the absence of the Director-general, of all the Company's ships at New Amsterdam.1
All preliminaries having been thus, at length, arranged, four ships, the Great Gerrit, Princess, Zwol, and the Raet, sailed from the Texel on Christmas day, 1646, with the Director-general, the other servants of the Company, some soldiers, and a number of private traders and freemen, who were proceeding to New Netherland to improve their fortunes. This fleet having arrived in the latitude of the Canaries, altered its course and stood away to Cu- raçoa, to the great disappointment of those on board, some of whom, now exposed to rough and stormy weather, and those unhealthy latitudes, fell sick and died, some allege " of grief," to the number of sixteen or eighteen, either on the passage, or after their arrival at the last mentioned Island.
1647. These were not the only disagreeable incidents of the voyage. Touching at St. Christopher's, a vessel called the Love, belonging to Schiedam, was seized, owing, it is to be presumed, to some informality in her papers. Van Dyck, thereupon, claimed a seat in the Council, and a voice in the disposal of the prize. Stuyvesant, however, rebuked his pretensions. "Get out! Who admitted you into the Council? When I want you, I'll call you," was the haughty rebuff with which the recently appointed Fiscaal was saluted. When he renewed the offer of his services at Curaçoa, he was received in an equally ungra- cious manner ; and lest he should forget his position, he was confined three weeks to the ship, nor permitted during that time to "stroll ashore," though all the officers, and even the soldiers, were allowed to land to recruit them- May 11. selves. At length, the fleet arrived at the Manhattans, where the new Director-general, on making his public entry, was received by the whole of the commonalty
1 Van Dinclage's Commission, and Van Dyck's Commission and Instructions, are in App. B.
21
NEW NETHERLAND.
under arms ; among whom he diffused great joy by declar- CHAP. ing, on accepting Kieft's resignation, that he " should be,~ 1. in his government, as a father over his children, for the 1647. advantage of the Privileged West India Company, the Burghers, and the country."1
Doctor La Montagne was continued of the Council ;2 Cornelis Van Tienhoven, Provincial Secretary ; Paulus Leendertsen Van der Grist, commander of the Great Gerrit, was appointed to the responsible office of Equipage Mas- ter or Naval Agent; and "as none of the Company's officers could tolerably read or write the English lan- guage," Ensign George Baxter was retained as English secretary.
Stuyvesant found matters, on his arrival, in any but a satisfactory condition. Torn internally by contending factions ; externally, threatened by pretensions and usurpa- tions of foreign rivals, the Company's possessions seemed on the point of falling from their hands ; whilst smuggling and an active contraband trade seriously affected, and
1 Hol. Doc., vi., 32, 62, 63, 241-243 ; Alb. Rec., iv. 1; v., 36; xii., 30.
2 Dr Johannes La Montagne was born in the year 1592, and came to New Netherland, as has already been stated, in 1637. He was married twice : first, to Rachel Monjour ; secondly, to Agritta Fillis, widow of Arent Corssen, whom he espoused on the 18th August, 1647. By the latter, he had no family. His first wife left him Jan, [or John,] Rachel, Maria, Jesse, and William. Jan La Montagne, Jun., married Petronella Pickoll, by whom he had a son named VINCENT. He married next, Maria Vermilyea, who bore Abram, (who married Rebecca Teunissen,) Isaac, (who married Hester Van Vorst,) and Johannes. He was one of the leaders in the settlement of Haerlem, on the Island of Man- hattans. Rachel La Montagne was married to Surg'n Guysbert Van Imbroeck, who settled subsequently at the Esopus, where she was taken prisoner by the Indians in 1663. She died on the 4th October, 1664, leaving three young children. [See post. p. 475.] Maria, (as has been stated in Vol I. p. 180,) was born off the Island of Madeira, in 1637, and married on the 14th February, 1654, Jacobus Hendrickse Kip. [q. v. post. p. 213.] William Monjour La Montagne was born in 1641, and was for several years secretary to the town of Kingston. Jesse La Montagne died previous to 1660. VINCENT La Montagne, the eldest son of John, was born April 22d, 1657, and died 26th May, 1773, at the advanced age of One hundred and sixteen years. He may be said to have been the con- necting link between the Dutch Directors and the American Revolution-be- tween Stuyvesant and Washington. He married Ariantje Jans in 1684, and from this couple spring all the members of the La Montagne family in these States. They are scattered through New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Ohio. The original La Montagne farm was situated on New York Island, east of the Eighth Avenue, and north of Ninety-third st., whence it extended to the Haerlem River. It has wholly passed out of the hands of the family.
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