History of the state of New York, political and governmental, Vol. IV 1896-1920, Part 1

Author: Smith, Ray Burdick, 1867- ed; Johnson, Willis Fletcher, 1857-1931; Brown, Roscoe Conkling Ensign, 1867-; Spooner, Walter W; Holly, Willis, 1854-1931
Publication date: 1922
Publisher: Syracuse, N. Y., The Syracuse Press
Number of Pages: 524


USA > New York > History of the state of New York, political and governmental, Vol. IV 1896-1920 > Part 1


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org.


Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33


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Gc 974.7 Sm57h v.4 1485711


GENEALOGY COLLECTION


ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01152 1405


Gc 974.7 5m57h v. 4 History of the state of New York : political and governmental


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William J. Mullow.


Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015


https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof04smit 0


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Einnave . by C. a.s. B. Hall N.Y.


Proglas & Higher


CHARLES E. HUGHES


Charles E. Hughes, statesman; born at Glens Falls, N. Y., April 11, 1862; graduated from Brown university, 1881; pro- fessor in Cornell law school, 1891-1893 and special lecturer, 1893-1895; practiced law in New York City, 1884-1891 and 1893-1906; counsel for the Armstrong insurance committee (N. Y. legislature), 1905-1906; special assistant to the United States attorney general in the coal investigation, 1906; declined repub- lican nomination for mayor of New York City, 1905; governor of New York for two terms, January 1, 1907 to October 6, 1910 when he resigned to become associate justice of the supreme court of the United States; nominated for president of the United States in the republican national convention at Chicago on June 10, 1916 and resigned from the bench the same day; defeated by President Woodrow Wilson; practiced law in New York, 1916-1921 and on March 4, 1921 was appointed by Presi- dent Harding as secretary of state of the United States.


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HISTORY


OF THE


STATE OF NEW YORK


POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL


EDITED BY RAY B. SMITH


EXCELSIOR


VOLUME IV 1896 - 1920 BY


ROSCOE C. E. BROWN


THE SYRACUSE PRESS, INC. SYRACUSE, N. Y. 1922


COPYRIGHTED THE SYRACUSE PRESS, INC. 1922


1485711


CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV


CHAPTER I, 1896


THE FIGHT AGAINST SILVER


Preparations for the Republican National convention 15


Activity of the Mckinleyites in New York. 16


Platt's opposition to Mckinley 17


Genesis of the gold plank 18-21


Mckinley nominated. 22


The Republican State convention. 23


Frank S. Black for Governor 25-26


The Democrats at Chicago 26


Hill and the conservatives beaten; Bryan nominated. 28-29


Dilemma of the New York Democrats 29


John Boyd Thacher gives way to William F. Porter


30


The Gold Democrats.


30


Cockran's famous speech for Mckinley 32


Republicans carry the Nation and State. 33


CHAPTER II, 1897


VAN WYCK ELECTED MAYOR OF GREATER NEW YORK


Platt chosen United States Senator. 34-36


Presidential appointments.


36


Governor Black's assertive partisanship.


37


Starchless civil service. 38


The Greater New York campaign. 39


Citizens Union nominates Seth Low for Mayor. 41


Non-partisanship distasteful to Platt 42


Republicans run Benjamin F. Tracy. 43


Robert A. Van Wyck named by the Democrats ; elected 43-44


Alton B. Parker elected Chief-Judge 44


CHAPTER III, 1898


BLACK ABANDONED FOR ROOSEVELT


Platt seeks to restrain the press. 45


New Primary law; canal investigation.


46-47


Troops in the Spanish War. 47


Roosevelt found to possess the political asset. 49


The Citizens Union rebuffed 51


Black's fight for renomination 51


A question of residence.


52


Roosevelt the Republican nominee for Governor. 54 Augustus Van Wyck nominated by the Democrats 56 A close contest. 57 Croker's rejection of Justice Daly 57 Roosevelt wins the election 58


CHAPTER IV, 1899-1900 THE "SHELVING" OF ROOSEVELT


"Practical idealism" 59


Nixon's first election as Speaker. 59


Depew succeeds Murphy in the Senate. 60


The 1,000-ton Barge canal: cost, $101,000,000 61


Roosevelt reverses Black on the civil service 61


Taxation of franchises 62


Hill impresses Roosevelt. 63


The Mazet committee; assessment of judicial candidates. 64


Elihu Root in the President's cabinet. 65


The Ramapo contract. 66


Roosevelt nominated for Vice-President 68-70


Benajmin B. Odell for Governor. 70


Bryan again runs for President. 71-73


Democrats nominate Stanchfield for Governor. 74-75


Republican victory. 76


CHAPTER V, 1901-1902 PLATT'S POWER WANING


Odell and Platt differ. 77-78


Assassination of Mckinley-Rosevelt President. 79


New York City Mayoralty fight. 79


Fusionists elect Seth Low 80


Odell renominated; the Sheldon incident.


81


Charles F. Murphy becomes leader of Tammany.


83


Hill proposes nationalization of coal mines. 83


Democrats nominate Coler against Odell 84


"Commercialism in Politics" 86


Odell reelected by a narrow margin. 88


CHAPTER VI, 1903-1904


ODELL IN CONTROL


Platt returns to the Senate 89


Masterful Governor Odell. 90


McClellan elected Mayor of New York 90-92


Odell assumes chairmanship of the State committee. 92


President Roosevelt renominated 94


Woodruff set aside for Higgins .. 94-96


Both parties support Cullen for Chief-Judge. 96-97


CHAPTER VII, 1904 JUDGE PARKER LEADS THE DEMOCRATS


Striving for a "sane and safe" Democracy. 98


New York Democratic delegates instructed for Parker 99


Bryan's hostility


100


The silver question in the Democratic convention. 101


Parker nominated 102


His telegram to Sheehan. 103


D-Cady Herrick heads the Democratic State ticket. 106


Parker's charges about contributions. 108


Accusations in the State campaign. 109


Brilliant Republican success 110


CHAPTER VIII, 1904-1905 ODELL OVERTHROW


Black aspires to be Senator 111


Depew reelected. 113


Odell's prestige injured, but he retains control 113


The ways of New York politics. 114


Water for New York City from the Catskills 115


Four-year term for the New York Mayor. 115


The insurance scandals-Charles E. Hughes 116-117


McClellan reelected Mayor over Hearst 118


Death of Speaker Nixon 119


Odell's counsels ignored. 120


"Two senile old men" 121


James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Speaker 123


CHAPTER IX, 1906


TAMMANY FOLLOWS HEARST IN VAIN


The Armstrong committee bills passed. 124


Eighty-cent gas for New York City 124


The elder Wadsworth suffers a defeat. 125


Governor Higgins decides to retire. 126


Republicans nominate Hughes for Governor 128


William R. Hearst nominated by the Democrats


128-131


An Independence League platform. 132


A bitter campaign. 132


Some Hearstisms; Roosevelt on Hearst 133-134


Victory for Hughes; Democrats elect other officers 134


Death of Higgins; character and administration 135


CHAPTER X, 1907-1908 HUGHES THE UNCOMPROMISING


Important recommendations of Governor Hughes. 136


Conflict with the organization leaders 137-138


139


Acceptance of his program; vetoes.


Growing antagonism. 140


Roosevelt's coldness. 141-142


Further Hughes policies


143


The racetrack issue


144


More vetoes. 145


Movement for Hughes for President. 146


Roosevelt checks it. 147


The ticket of Taft and Sherman. 150


Opposition to Hughes's renomination for Governor. 151


Failure of adversaries to agree ... 153-154


Hughes renominated. 155


Bryan's third Presidential nomination 155-157


State Democratic convention; Chanler for Governor. 158-159


Hughes and Chanler in discussion 162


Republican National and State candidates win. 163


Hughes heavily cut .. 163


CHAPTER XI, 1909-1910


THE TIDE TURNS AGAINST ROOSEVELT


Woodruff thinks his opportunity has come at last. 164


Disappointment


165


Root takes Platt's place in the Senate.


166


Hughes urges direct nominations. 166


The Hinman-Green bill. 168


The Governor fails to overcome opposition


169


Country telephones. 170


William J. Gaynor elected Mayor of New York.


171


Allds becomes President pro tem. of the Senate 172


Compromise Primary bill fails. 173-175


The Allds and other charges. 175-177


Hughes made Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. 179


Succeeded at Albany by Horace White. 179


Roosevelt declares for Primary reform 179-180


Organization legislators still obdurate. 180


Roosevelt resumes leadership 181


Dominates the Republican State convention. 182-183


His candidate, Henry L. Stimson, nominated for Governor 183


High praise of Taft. 183-184


John Alden Dix nominated by the Democrats. 184-188


Roosevelt makes an aggressive campaign. 189


Root's warning to the disgruntled. 190


Complete Democratic victory. 191


Palisades Park.


191-192


Passing of Platt and Hill 192


CHAPTER XII, 1911 THE DEMOCRATS TAKE CONTROL The Senatorial question. 193


Shepard against Sheehan


193-195


Sheehan receives the caucus nomination.


196


Bolt of the Twenty-five.


196


199


James A. O'Gorman elected Senator.


Governor Dix's measures. 200


Passage of the Blauvelt-Ferris bill 201


Appointments ; proposed N. Y. City charter; Boxing commission 201-202


Republicans regain the Assembly. 203-204


Tammany wields State power


204-205


Employers' Liability amendment 205


CHAPTER XIII, 1912 THE PROGRESSIVE SCHISM


Roosevelt's radicalism. 206-207


The "Invitation of the Seven Governors". 207-208


New York primaries carried for Taft. 208


Recall of Judges opposed. 208


Line-up at the Republican National convention 209


The steam-roller; Root chosen chairman. 210


The contests; Roosevelt beaten


211


Taft and Sherman renominated.


211


The Progressive party: Roosevelt and Johnson. 212-213


Democratic National convention 213


Bryan's activities. 214-215


New York for Harmon, changes to Clark.


216


Wilson and Marshall 217


Progressives nominated Oscar S. Straus for Governor.


218-220


Republicans nominate Job E. Hedges. 220-222


Democrats nominate William Sulzer. 222-225


Sulzer's personality 226


A triangular national contest. 226


Wilson elected.


227


Democrats carry the State and Legislature 227-228


CHAPTER XIV, 1913-1914


THE TRAGEDY OF SULZER


Sulzer says he will be The Governor; Murphy's retort. 229


Evolution of the trouble. 229-232


Wishbone or backbone ?- Morganthau's admonishment. 232


Preparing the case against Sulzer. 233-234


His explanations 235


The impeachment articles. 236-237


The Governor retreats to "The People's House" 237


The testimony. 238


Judge Cullen's analysis. 239


Sulzer's indiscreet telephone talk. 240


Conviction ; removal from office. 241


Constituents vindicate him.


242


Political overturn at legislative elections of 1913


242


Rosenthal case; John Purroy Mitchel elected Mayor. 243-244


Great majority for Workmen's Compensation 244


Martin H. Glynn Governor .. 245


Investigations and contentions 246-247


The new order as to party nominations. 247-248


Roosevelt seeks Republican-Progressive harmony. 248


Failure of his efforts. 249


State nominations of 1914 250-251


Whitman elected Governor, Wadsworth, Senator. 253


The World blames Tammany. 254


CHAPTER XV, 1915-1916


REPUBLICANS AND PROGRESSIVES JOIN FOR HUGHES


Official changes. 255


Removal of McCall 256


Alien labor .. 257


Barnes's suit against Roosevelt. 258-260


Constitutional convention of 1915 260-263


Democrats and Progressives condemn its work.


263


Judge Cullen's criticism 264


The cry of "Root's Constitution" 265


Overwhelming defeat of the Constitution


265


Tammany starts to come back.


266


Sing Sing prison. 267


Whitman wishes to be President. 268


Decides to lead the Hughes movement. 269


The ever-recurring Roosevelt question. 272


Republicans nominate Hughes for President. 276


Progressives nominate Roosevelt, who declines 277


Progressive indorsement of Hughes. 277


CHAPTER XVI, 1916-1917


WILSON RE-ELECTED PRESIDENT WITHOUT THE EAST


President Wilson and the European War. 278


Tammany's attitude toward him 279


Glynn's keynote speech at St. Louis. 280


Wilson and Marshall unanimously renominated 281


State nominations of 1916. 282-285


Wilson in the campaign. 286


Hughes's speeches; the Adamson law 287 The great public discriminates 288-290 East against west. 290


Hughes's fatal mistake in California. 290


Wilson wins 291


New York reelects Whitman Governor. 291


He takes the upper hand in party affairs. 292


George W. Perkins fails to secure an office. 294


Tammany comes back; Hylan elected Mayor 294-297


Republicans still predominant in the State. 297


Ratification of the State Woman Suffrage amendment. 298


CHAPTER XVII, 1918-1920


SMITH SUPPLANTS WHITMAN


Legislation in support of the war. 300


Onward sweep of prohibition. 301


Whitman's candidacy for a third term. 302


Francis Hendricks retires from politics 304-305


306


Whitman renominated.


307


Hearst again a problem for the Democrats


307


His boom put to an end by Seabury.


309-310


Alfred E. Smith the Democratic nominee 310-311


The Socialist party in bad odor. 312


Smith's aggressive campaign. 312-313


313


Smith elected.


314


Other State officers and Legislature Republican .. 314-315


Governor Smith's moderate spirit. 315


National constitutional prohibition 316


State Income Tax law.


317


The Lusk committee investigates the reds.


317


Ratification of National Woman Suffrage.


317


New York City election of 1919


318-319


Suspension of the Socialist Assemblymen.


320


Conflicting views on the subject.


321


The Socialists expelled after trial 322


Sedition and other bills vetoed. 322-323


2.75 per cent. beer; rent profiteering; bonus. 323


The Governor's program fails. 323-324


Special session of September, 1920


324


The reelected Socialists 324


Three are expelled and two resign.


324-325


Rent laws.


325


The Lockwood committee. 325


Roosevelt declines to run for Governor.


The President's appeal for a Democratic Congress


CHAPTER XVIII


THE CAMPAIGN OF 1920


Republican unofficial State convention of February 327


Nicholas Murray Butler a candidate for President. 328


The Republican National convention and its platform 329-332


The contestants 332-333


Harding and Coolidge 334-335


Democratic unofficial State convention of February .. 335


San Francisco convention; platform 337-338


McAdoo, Palmer, Cox 338-339


Cox nominated; Franklin D. Roosevelt for Vice-President 340-341


Republican unofficial State convention of July.


341


Republican State platform.


341-343


Republican State nominations


343-345


Democratic unofficial convention of August.


345


Democratic State platform.


345-346


Democratic State nominations. 346-347


Other State nominations 347-348


The Presidential campaign 348


Harding's great triumph 349


Nathan L. Miller elected Governor. 350


Wadsworth reelected Senator. 350


Soldiers' bonus proposition approved. 351


ILLUSTRATIONS


with BIOGRAPHIES


Willard Bartlett 144


Archie Easton Baxter


32


Frank Swett Black. 48


William M. Calder.


288


Bainbridge Colby. 288


Edgar Montgomery Cullen


128


John Alden Dix


208


James Watson Gerard


224


Martin Henry Glynn. 240


John Clinton Gray. 144


George Brintom McClellan Harvey 160


William Randolph Hearst 176


Frank Wayland Higgins. 112


Frank Harris Hiscock. 304


Charles Evans Hughes Frontispiece


John F. Hylan


336


Robert Lansing


320


Seth Low.


80


George Brintom McClellan


96


Nathan L. Miller.


336


S. Frederick Nixon


64


Benjamin Barker Odell, Jr.


80


James Aloysius O'Gorman. 208


Alton Brooks Parker 112


Horace Porter. 16


Edward Schoeneck 304


Edwin Morse Shepard 16


Alfred Emanuel Smith 320


Nathan Straus 96


William Sulzer. 240


Benjamin Franklin Tracy


32


Irving G. Vann. 192


Robert A. Van Wyck 64


James Wolcott Wadsworth, Sr. 128


James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr. 256


Horace White


192


Charles Seymour Whitman 272


Stewart L. Woodford 160


.


FOREWORD


The writing of history is a task peculiar to itself. The collation and recording of consecutive events con- cedely should be done concurrently with their happen- ings. The final estimate as to the actuating motives and ultimate effect, however, can be determined only after a lapse of time sufficient to eliminate all personal con- siderations and afford a viewpoint absolutely unpreju- diced and impartial, tempered by time in the light of succeeding events.


Entirely removed from all influences of party strife and dispassionately reviewing the events of the past thirty years, with the first twenty-five of which I had something to do, I find that my personal viewpoint has materially changed. Matters regarded at the time of their happening as of vital importance, when reviewed now from a distance, appear to have been really of little account on the other hand those seemingly of trivial import and practically overlooked, have developed into real issues of far reaching effect in both party and governmental affairs.


It has been stated that history should not be written until after the lapse of at least a half century. With this I do not agree. Events with their producing motives and causes should be permanently recorded within the lifetime of those responsible for them so as to be sub- jected to all possible living criticism, in order that the absolute truth may be sifted out and determined and permanently prevail.


It is true that many men, each participating in some degree in a certain event, will each have a different ver- sion depending upon the part taken and the individual degree of participation. So it is that differences of opinion arise, capable of determination only by those who were in a position to know all of the surrounding facts and circumstances.


In this work, matters in doubt or controversy have been submitted personally to those who were in a posi- tion to know or the conflicting versions have been im- partially stated. On matters open to question and not capable of personal verification the most reliable au- thorities have been accepted.


To Willis Fletcher Johnson, Roscoe C. E. Brown and Walter W. Spooner, each of established reputation as editor and writer all credit is due. To our many friends, men who were active participants in the events chronicled and who have given freely of their time and effort in helping make this work accurate and authentic, we owe much.


Mindful that in all matters pertaining to public af- fairs the primary object to be attained is to help people to better know and appreciate the fundamental princi- ples of our government, the real signicance of our insti- tutions, what and why they are; what we should do in order to help our country fulfill its destiny as the leader of nations in firmly implanting the principles of free- dom, justice and humanity throughout the world; we submit this contribution to our national literature.


R. B. S.


CHAPTER I THE FIGHT AGAINST SILVER 1896


W HILE Morton was being put forward as a Presidential candidate in New York, the real struggle for the nomination was going on between William McKinley and Thomas B. Reed; for no one except the Governor took the Morton boom with seriousness, or believed it anything but an attempt to hold the New York delegation to serve Platt's purposes. Of the two leaders Platt preferred Reed, but Mckinley had many friends in the State, and their campaign to pick up district delegates wherever Platt's domination was not overwhelming contributed greatly to his final success.


The Tribune was friendly to Mckinley but slow to commit itself to him. On March 1 it published conspicuously a letter signed, "A Republican Since Fremont," which said: "If the one thing the people want is to get back to where they were, a natural response to their desire would have been the nomination of General Harrison. He himself prevents that. What is the next natural response? Is it not the nomination of the man whose very name expresses to every voter the system which was abandoned in 1892 and which he


15


16


POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK


[1896


wants now to restore as quickly as he can?" Though the Tribune for some little time in its editorial columns continued to maintain benevolent neutrality, its influence was strongly for Mckinley. Cornelius N. Bliss did active work in securing Mckinley delegates. In an interview he declared: "Mr. Platt says that he is honestly for Governor Morton for President. That I am not inclined to doubt, but I fear the Governor will get little from an advocate who deliberately so acts as to make it impossible for self-respecting men to be allied with him, even for a good purpose."1


Milholland and his friends organized the Mckinley League and made a demonstration at the State conven- tion, in New York City on March 24, intended to break the force of any claim that New York was solid against McKinley. Cornelius R. Parsons was temporary chairman of the convention and George N. Southwick permanent chairman. A platform was adopted declar- ing that, until there was a prospect of an international agreement as to silver coinage and while gold remained the standard of the civilized world, the Republicans of New York favored the firm and honorable maintenance of that standard. The convention instructed for Mor- ton and chose Platt, Depew, Miller, and Edward Lauterbach delegates-at-large. The Mckinley men offered a resolution to substitute General Samuel Thomas of New York and Mayor Edgar B. Jewett of Buffalo for Platt and Lauterbach, with instructions to the delegates to support Mckinley as a second choice if Morton was not nominated on the first ballot. This was


1New York Tribune, January 28, 1896.


HORACE PORTER


Horace Porter, diplomat and soldier; born at Huntington, Pa., April 15, 1837; educated, Lawrence scientific school, Har- vard; graduated at United States military academy, 1860; 2d lieutenant U. S. A., April 22, 1861; 1st lieutenant, June 7, 1861; captain, March 3, 1863; colonel and aid-de-camp to Gen- eral Grant, April 4, 1864; colonel of staff and aid-de-camp to the general in chief, U. S. A., July 25, 1866; assistant secretary of war, 1866; executive secretary to President Grant, 1869- 1873; ambassador to France, 1897-1905; orator at the dedication of Washington arch, New York City, May 4, 1895 and at the dedication of Grant's tomb, New York, April 27, 1897; re- covered the body of Paul Jones at his personal expense in Paris, April 7, 1905; delegate to The Hague peace conference, 1907.


EDWIN MORSE SHEPARD


Edwin Morse Shepard; born New York City, 1850; gradu- ated from college of the City of New York, 1869; civil service commissioner, Brooklyn, 1883-1885; chairman of commission, 1888-1890; democratic candidate for mayor of Greater New York, 1901; proposed for gubernatorial and other nominations by his party; died New York City, October 4th, 1911.


17


THE FIGHT AGAINST SILVER


1896]


lost, 621 to 109. Thirty-six delegates from Kings, 13 from New York, 13 from Chautauqua, and 7 from Cattaraugus were among those favoring the substi- tution.2


Platt carried his opposition to Mckinley to great lengths. On May 11 he published an interview saying of Mckinley: "He is not a great man as Mr. Reed is. He is not a trained and educated public man as Senator Allison is. He is not an astute political leader as Senator Quay is. He is simply a clever gentleman much too amiable and much too impressionable to be safely entrusted with a great executive office."3 He declared that he was not safe on the currency and that his prominence was due to the accidental advantage of having his name associated with the tariff. A little later Platt went still farther and said that Mckinley was not a free agent, that he was mortgaged up to his eyes with pledges that could never be performed.4


Although still ostensibly for Morton, Platt offered, so he tells in his Autobiography, "to combine the field against McKinley's nomination." "I had suggested the plan of New England being for Reed, New York for Morton, Pennsylvania for Quay, Indiana for Fair- banks, Iowa for Allison, and the various States each for a favorite son." But he could not effect the combina- tion and by the time the delegates assembled at St. Louis on June 16 it was clear that Marcus A. Hanna, the Mckinley manager, had made a success of his


2New York Tribune, March 25, 1896.


3Platt, Autobiography, p. 313.


4New York Sun, May 14, 1896.


5Platt, Autobiography, p. 403.


18


[1896


POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK


campaign. Miller, who led the Mckinley men in the New York delegation, sought to make Depew a candidate for its chairman against Platt, and failing became a candidate himself as part of the policy of contesting at every point Platt's claim to represent the solid sentiment of New York against Mckinley. Platt won by a vote of 53 to 17, and a resolution to stick to Morton to the finish was carried, 56 to 13.6


The wording of the money plank of the platform was a matter of difficulty, and its origin is a matter of dispute. Platt and Henry Cabot Lodge are said to have forced upon Hanna the wording of the unequivocal declaration for the gold standard, on which the cam- paign was subsequently waged. The only changes, however, alleged to have been introduced into the draft favored by Hanna at their suggestion were verbal alterations, which in no way modified the substantial meaning of the plank. The plank as finally adopted, with the amendments attributed to Platt and his friends in italics and the words discarded from the original Mckinley draft in brackets, was :


"We are therefore opposed to the free coinage of silver, except by international agreement with the leading commercial nations of the world, which we pledge ourselves to promote; and until such agree- ment can be obtained the existing gold standard must be preserved. [We favor the use of silver in our currency to the extent only that its parity with gold can be maintained.] All our silver and paper cur- rency must be maintained at parity with gold, and we favor all meas- ures designed to maintain inviolably the obligations of the United States and all our money, whether coin or paper, at the present standard, the standard of the most enlightened nations of the earth."




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