USA > New York > Erie County > Our County and Its People: A Descriptive Work on Erie County, New York (Volume 1) > Part 1
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OUR COUNTY AND ITS PEOPLE
A DESCRIPTIVE WORK ON
ERIE COUNTY
NEW YORK
EDITED BY TRUMAN C. WHITE 11
VOLUME I
THE BOSTON HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
1898
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INTRODUCTORY.
It is not thought by the editor or the publishers of this work that apology is demanded for either its production or its character. While various attempts have been made in past years towards placing in per- manent form the interesting history of Erie county and the Niagara frontier, it is generally conceded that such attempts, although em- inently worthy in some of their features, have not as a whole resulted satisfactorily. In undertaking the preparation of a work bearing the title, "Our County and its People," as a successor to such books of local history as previously have been issued, the editor and his assist- ants chiefly realized their position and the burden of responsibility they were assuming. It was fully comprehended that if a favorable verdict was desired and expected from readers it could be secured by nothing less than a publication that would stand as the best of its kind, containing a complete, comprehensive, and reasonably correct historical and biographical record of the county, in which the objectionable com- mercial features of many local works should be substantially eliminat- ed. An earnest, painstaking and conscientious effort has been made by all who have shared in this task to reach that high standard. It re- mains with the public to determine how far the effort has been suc- cessful.
To those whose ancestors settled and who have long dwelt in this locality; who have figured in its memorable historical incidents or shared in its important events; who have watched the growth and contributed to the welfare of a community; who have aided in develop- ing its great industries and founding its great institutions, the skillfully- told history of the region will have a peculiar interest and charm. Events and objects long familiar, perhaps, gain a new and more vivid fascination when the story of their creation or occurrence is placed upon the printed page, possibly linking them closely with vastly more momentous events of early times. The often-rehearsed story of a local
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battle ground is read with renewed interest by one who learns that his neighbor's sire or grandsire there shed his blood. A road so often traveled that its every feature is permanently pictured on the mind's eye, becomes more than a familiar highway when the reader learns its history as an early Indian trail. The very hills and valleys and streams assume a new aspect when the historical record peoples them with the men and women of long ago. These are facts which enhance the value of all properly prepared local history and biography, through which the reader is made acquainted with the past of his dwelling place and its vicinity, and in which are preserved records that no com- munity can afford to lose.
Local history bears to general history a similar relation to that of a microscopical examination and one made with the naked eye. In other words the former must take cognizance of a multitude of minute de- tails which of necessity must be passed over in the latter. Minor facts of little value in themselves, often assume great importance when con- sidered with their attendant circumstances and surroundings. It is the gathering, compilation, and arrangement of these minute details that demand patience, time, and skill. Descriptions of local events, unless of paramount importance, frequently went unrecorded in early years, thus doubling the task of obtaining them at the present time. The placing on record of hundreds of dates and thousands of names is alone a long and arduous task and one demanding the utmost watchfulness and care to prevent error. Harsh criticism will, therefore, be tem- pered with mildness by the fair minded reader who may find a single error among a myriad of correct statements.
The historical record of Erie county, which was until a comparatively recent date a part of Niagara, the latter including most of the western frontier of the Empire State, is replete with tales of stirring events and picturesque scenes. At various periods the fate of the whole country seemed to depend upon that of this frontier. The Niagara River saw the advent of white men almost contemporaneously with the landing of the Pilgrims on the rugged coast of Massachusetts Bay. Before and during the long struggle of the European powers for su- premacy on this continent the territory of our western frontier was peopled by the bravest and most warlike of the aboriginal nations, who made it their battle ground. Across and near the territory of Erie county led some of their most important trails, and close at hand in later times were established some of the principal trading posts where
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INTRODUCTORY.
the white men initiated them into doubtful expedients of barter and too frequently prompted them to habits that eventually contributed to their downfall. The storied Niagara, with its mighty cataract, became a waterway of the highest importance during the struggle for con- quest in the western world, and upon its banks were laid the founda- tions of cities that are only just beginning to realize the greatness of their future. In later years, after the Revolution had given birth to the new republic, and when the young nation was drawn into a second war with the mother country, this frontier was the theater of mo- mentous events which were powerful factors in bringing the contest to a successful close. No pen, however facile, can do justice to the story of the burning of Buffalo village in 1813, and the mad flight of itsfrenzied inhabitants. It is almost equally difficult to portray in words the marvelous development of the city that is rapidly extending its bound- aries far beyond the site of the ruins of 1813 and drawing within its gates a vast volume of human activity.
In the preparation of these volumes it was not expected that very much new material would be discovered. The historical field has been many times worked over, though frequently in a fragmentary or dis- connected manner. The dominant purpose has been to so compile and arrange the story of the frontier and the later development of the locality as to give the reader a continuous narrative and save him the task of searching through many incomplete volumes in scattered libraries for what he may here find. Chronological sequence has been preserved in the narrative as far as consistent, in preference to a gen- eral classification of subjects, in the belief that through this method the reader will be better enabled to follow the course of events as a whole. This plan has been followed even to the insertion in the body of the work of records of most of the settlements and early events in the various towns and villages of the county, leaving for treatment in the final gazetteer of towns only some of the features of modern de- velopment and present condition. Separate chapters have been given to only those broader and more important subjects of the professions, legal, medical and educational, the press and the German population, and institutions of the county. To the Indian occupants of this region only brief space has been accorded. The reason for such a course is apparent; the subject was long ago substantially exhausted. There is no library of any importance that does not contain scores of volumes on the subject, written by men who made a life study of the history of
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the Indians, to which all readers can have access. Moreover, a treat- ment of the matter much more comprehensive than is here attempted would require a volume in itself.
It is impossible to perform the otherwise pleasant task of expressing gratitude to the many who have given substantial aid during the prep- aration of this work; but it will not be out of place to mention a num- ber of those who have been prominently identified with certain of its departments, among whom are the following persons: Dr. A. L. Bene- dict, who rendered valuable assistance on the chapter devoted to Indian archaeology; Dr. William Warren Potter, on the chapter devoted to the medical profession and medical institutions; William Keilmann, in the preparation of the history of the Germans and their institutions; Prof. Henry P. Emerson, and his office assistants, on the history of educational institutions; Hon. James M. Smith, in revising the chapter on the bar of the county; the heads of departments of the city govern . ment, pastors of various churches, assistants in the several libraries of the city, and a multitude of others throughout the county. To all of these the gratitude of editor, publishers and readers is due.
Especial thanks are due to H. Perry Smith for his indefatigable services in gathering the material used in these volumes, and for inval- uable assistance in its compilation and in the editorial labor. Mr. Smith has had large experience in similar work and in this connection his services have been indispensable.
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. DESCRIPTIVE OF THE SUBJECT.
The Original Divisions of New York State-Genealogy of Erie County-Situation and Boundaries of the County-Its Topography and Geology-Lakes and Streams-A Part of the Domain of the Senecas-Cession of Indian Lands- Under British Dominion-As a Part of the Holland Purchase-Its Survey __ 1-21
CHAPTER II. INDIAN OCCUPATION AND ANTIQUITIES.
Characteristics of Indian Archaelogy-Local Indian History-Aboriginal Occu- pants in the Vicinity of Erie County-Conquests of the Senecas Over the Eries and Kahquahs-Seneca Villages-Remains and Relics of the Senecas --- Burial Places and Earthworks-Geological and Archaeological Antiquity of Buffalo Relics-Sites of Indian Occupation Around Buffalo-Description of Various Kinds of Relics-Conclusion 22-39
CHAPTER III.
1534-1697.
Struggle of Three European Powers for Conquest of the Western Continent- Accidental Discoveries-Cartier's Explorations-Basis of the French Claim - Champlain and His Encounter with the Iroquois-The English Claim-The Plymouth Company-Henry Hudson's Discoveries-Basis of Dutch Claims -Richness of the Fur Trade-Coming of the Jesuits-French Colonization -Dutch Aggressiveness in Fur Trade-A New Era for the French-La Salle and His Success-Building of Fort Frontenac-La Salle's Patent-His Arrival at Niagara-Building of the Griffin-Death of La Salle-French War with the Iroquois-Niagara Abandoned-Treaty of Ryswick 40-61
CHAPTER IV. 1698-1748.
Continued Teritorial Contention between France and England-Renewed Vigor in the Fur Trade-Beginning of Queen Anne's War-Importance of Niagara
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as a Military Post-Treaty of Utrecht-Building of a Picketed Post at Niag- ara-Opposition by Governor Burnet of New York-Restriction in Sale of Indian Goods by the English to the French-Erection of Fortified Post at Oswego by the English-French Opposition to the Work-Attitude of the Iroquois-Building of a Stronger Work at Niagara-Rivalry between Os- wego and Niagara-Beginning of Another War-Its Relation to the West- 62-71 ern Frontier-Joncaire's Influence-Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle
CHAPTER V. 1749-1755.
The French Position Strengthened-Results of Competition in Fur Trade-Im- portance of Oswego-Building of a Fort Above Niagara Falls-Congress of English Commissioners-General Braddock's Council-Campaign Plans- Braddock's Defeat-Shirley's Operations at Oswego-His Failure to Reach Niagara-The French Elated-Improvements at Niagara-Plan of Campaign of 1756 71-78
CHAPTER VI.
1756-1758.
Beginning of the Final Struggle for Supremacy-Three Expeditions by the Eng- lish-Their General Failure-Capture of Fort Bull by the French-Formal Declaration of War-Montcalm's Preparations for an Expedition against Oswego -- His Capture of that Post-The French Jubilant-Indians Hasten to French Posts-Campaign of 1757-Deplorable Condition of English Affairs -A Change Approaching-Pitt's Accession to the Prime Ministry in England -Energetic Action in Raising English Troops-Capture of Fort Frontenac by the English-Famine in Canada -- Former French and English Conditions Reversed .78-89
CHAPTER VII. END OF FRENCH DOMINION.
The Last Campaign-Desperate Situation of the French-English Preparations for the Last Struggle-Discontent Among the Five Nations-They Go over to the English-Pouchot Returned to Niagara-Repair of the Fort-English Campaign Plans-Expedition Against Quebec-Organization of an Expe- dition against Niagara-Beginning of the Siege of that Post-Success of the English-Death of General Prideaux-A Doomed Fortress-French Rein- forcements-They Meet the English-A Sanguinary Battle-Rout of the French-Surrender of Niagara to the English-End of French Dominion -- Treaty of Peace'. 89-100
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CHAPTER VIII. 1760-1774.
Control of the Frontier by the English-Animosity of the Senecas-Building of Fort Schlosser-Repair of Fort Niagara-Marauding by the Senecas-Visit of Sir William Johnson to Niagara and Detroit-Encroachments on the Niagara Portage-The Massacre at Devil's Hole -- Pontiac's War-Brad- street's Expedition to Detroit-Peace with the Indians-A Battle in Erie County Territory-A Period of Quiet-Formation of Tryon County ..... 101-108
CHAPTER IX. THE REVOLUTION.
Relations of Western New York to that War-Renewed Importance of Indian Co-operation-Col. Guy Johnson's Flight-Sir John Johnson Fortifying Johnson Hall-His Final Flight to Montreal-Butler at Niagara-Campaign of 1776-British Aggressiveness in 1777-Their Important Successes-St. Leger Before Fort Schuyler-Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley -- Other Indian Forays-Sullivan's Expedition-The Senecas Flee to Niagara -Buffalo Creek-Seneca Settlement at that Point-Peace Treaty ...... 108-116
CHAPTER X. THE REIGN OF PEACE.
Beneficent Results of the Revolutionary War-British and American Treatment of the Indians Compared-Emigration Westward-Early Importance of Fort Erie-Origin of the Name of Buffalo Creek-Miss Powell's Description of an Indian Council-Rev. Samuel Kirkland's Journal-First Permanent Settler at Buffalo-Col. Thomas Proctor's Expedition-The First Inn Keeper at Buf- falo-William Johnston's Title to Erie County Lands-Early Settlers. ... 117-129
CHAPTER XI 1800-1807.
Beginning of Commerce on Lakes Erie and Ontario-Conditions in the First Years of the Century-Tax Roll of 1800-The First School in Buffalo-Cy- renius Chapin's Negotiations for Land-Ellicott's Removal to Ransom's Grove-Gen. Wilkenson Lays Out a Road-Efforts to Establish a Fort at Black Rock-Settlers in Newstead-Genesee County Formed-Difficulty in Selling Land-Brighter Prospects-The First Murder in the County-Sur- vey of New Amsterdam-Changes in Street Names-First Town Meeting on the Holland Purchase-Opening of the Middle Road-Dr. Chapin and Other Early Settlers in Buffalo-Prices of Land-Rev. Theodore Dwight's Description of the Village-Samuel Pratt's Arrival at Buffalo-First Post Route-Organization of Willink and Erie-Settlers Outside of Buffalo-The First Lawyer-First School House-Settlements in the Towns. 130-157
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CHAPTER XII.
1808-1810.
Further Territorial Changes-Erection of Niagara County-The New County Seat-Beginning of Court House and Jail-The First Courts and Judges- Impetus to Immigration-Lot Buyers in Buffalo in 1808-Settlements Out- side of Buffalo-First Town Meeting for Clarence-Settlements in Northern Part of the County-Glezen Fillmore's Arrival in the County-Letters of Juba Storrs-Attempt to Remove the Port of Entry-Erastus Granger's Protest-Religious Meetings in Buffalo. 157-167
CHAPTER XIII. JUST BEFORE THE WAR.
Continued Immigration-Census of 1810-Erection of the Town of " Buffaloe"- Holland Company's Sale of Rights in Indian Territories-Completion of Court House and Jail-Settlers in Buffalo in 1810-11-The Firm of Town- send & Coit-Grosvenor & Heacock-Removal of Custom House-Surveys of Black Rock-The Old Ferry-Its Removal to Ferry Street-A Moral So- ciety-Settlement in the Various Towns-Characteristics of the Pioneers- The Buffalo Gazette-Division of Willink-Erection of New Towns-Prepa- rations for War.
167-187
CHAPTER XIV. WAR OF 1812.
Incentives to the Conflict-President Madison's Attitude-Congress Assembled -Elements of Opposition to the War-Its Effects upon Commercial Affairs -The Local Military Situation-Dismay on the Frontier-British Superior- ity on the Lakes-An Indian Declaration of War-Plan of Campaign of 1812 -Hull's Failure at Detroit-General Harrison's Operations in the West- Sackett's Harbor Attacked-Captain Chauncey to Build a Fleet for Lake Ontario-Attack on Kingston-Arrival of General Van Rensselaer at Fort Niagara-Plans to Invade Canada-Lieutenant Elliott's Brilliant Naval Ex- ploit-Battle of Queenston-Surrender of the Americans-General Smyth and his Proclamations-Concentration of Troops at Buffalo-Smyth's Abor- tive Operations-Invasion of Canada Indefinitely Postponed- A Riot in Buf- falo-Naval Operations-An Epidemic. 188-209
CHAPTER XV. CAMPAIGN OF 1813.
Preparations for Building a Fleet for Lake Erie-Arrival of Commodore Perry -Troops in Buffalo-Capture of Toronto-American Victory at Fort George -- Fort Erie Abandoned-The Niagara River in Possession of Americans- Building of Stockades in Erie County-Chapin's Riflemen-Battle at Beaver
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Dams-Chapin's Bold Escape-Dearborn Superseded-Enlistment of Sen- ecas-Battle of Black Rock -- Flight of the Militia-General Porter's Efficient Action-Defeat of the British-Death of Bishopp -- Porter and Chapin at Burlington Heights -- Toronto Again Attacked-Perry's Operations-The Battle of Lake Erie-Effects of the Victory-American Mismanagement- Forts George and Niagara Left Defenseless. 210-223
CHAPTER XVI. CAMPAIGN OF 1813-(Continued.)
Its Importance to Erie County-Disheartening Situation of the Americans -- Fort George Abandoned-Burning of Newark-The Act Condemned-Brit- ish Retaliation-Capture of Fort Niagara by the British-McClure's Retreat to Batavia-Sacking and Burning of Youngstown and Lewiston-Advance of the Enemy-Battle of Black Rock -- Erie County Participants-Rout of the Americans-Burning of Buffalo and Black Rock -- Flight of the Inhabit- ants-Scenes and Incidents-Bravery of Mrs. St. John-Murder of Mrs. Love- joy-Return of the Enemy-Destruction of Buffalo Completed -- Suffering During the Winter-Measures for Relief. 223-238
CHAPTER XVII. CAMPAIGN OF 1814.
The Americans Under Better Conditions-The Situation -- Erie County-Changes in Local Militia-Arrival on the Frontier of Winfield Scott-General Porter's Command-A More Vigorous Military System Inaugurated-Execution of Deserters-Rebuilding of Buffalo-Beginning of Public and Private Business -Military Operations in Progress -- Capture of Fort Erie-The Enemy Pur- sued-The Battle of Chippewa-Failure of Co-operation of Chauncey's Fleet-General Brown's Plans to Attack the British-Battle of Lundy's Lane -Heroism of the American Troops-Important Results of the American Vic- tory -- Ripley's Flight to Black Rock-Siege of Fort Erie-A Memorable Sortie-The British Defeated-General Izard Arrives on the Frontier -- Close of the Campaign-Treaty of Peace. 239-255
CHAPTER XVIII.
Erie County at the Close of the War-Its Deplorable Condition-Second News- paper in Buffalo-A Public Execution-The Cold Summer-Privations and Suffering-The First Bank in the County-A New Mail Route-Incorpora- tion of Buffalo Village-Travel in Western New York-Road Improvements -Four New Towns Created-Local Politics-Military Affairs - Church Work in the County-Increasing Commercial Importance of Buffalo and Erie County-The Early Lake Marine-The First Steamboat-Its Loss and Building of the Superior-Strife Between Buffalo and Black Rock-Incep- tion of the Erie Canal-A Struggle for the Western Terminus-Beginning
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of Harbor Improvement - Construction of the Erie Canal - Progress Throughout the County-Grand Island Affairs. 256-279
CHAPTER XIX. 1821-1825.
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