USA > New York > Indian names in New-York : with a selection from other states, and some Onondaga names of plants, etc. > Part 4
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Con-ne-o-ga-ha-ka-lon-on-i-ta-de, another name for the Mo- hawk river. The first part sounds like the name of the nation, but A. Cusick was quite sure it meant a Small continuing sky. perhaps in allusion to the glimpses of the heavens afforded by the reflections in the water.
Tu-ech-to-na. a creek south of Amsterdam.
Tingh-to-nan-an-da, a creek east of the same place.
Schan-a-tis-sa, a village near the middle Mohawk castle, on a map of 1655. The interpretation given me was rather odd. Little long short village, but in the Indian way of speaking this might be rendered, " Not a very long, in fact a very short village."
Cung-stagh-rat-han-kre, Creek that never runs dry. at Stone Arabia. 1753.
Tha-yen-dak-hi-ke, a cliff on the Mohawk, near the Nose.
Et-a-gra-gon, a rock on the south bank of the river. O-na-we-dake, a great flat on the south side.
Was-cont-ha appears on the map of N. Y. grants, south-east of Canajoharie, and seems the same name as that given by French for Little Lakes, Wa-ri-cont-ha. It means falls.
Ki-na-qua-ri-o-nes, She arrowmaker. " Where the Last Battle was between the Mohawks and the North (river) Indians," men- tioned in the Schenectady grant of 1672. Gen. J. S. Clark says this " is the steep rocky hill on the north side of the Mo- hawk river, just above Hoffman's Ferry. The ancient aboriginal name is still preserved in the contracted form of To- we-re-ou-ne." This battle was in 1669, after the unsuccessful Mohegan attack on Gan-da-oua-gue. Pearson gives two other forms of the name, and the three vary in sex or person, accord- ing to Albert Cusick.
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INDIAN NAMES.
Hin-qua-ri-o-nes is He arrowmaker, and Can-a-qua-ri-o-ney is I arrow maker, as though the one or the other dwelt there.
Caugh-na-wa-ga, or Gan-da-oua-gue, On the rapids. Fonda. A frequent name, here given to one of the Mohawk castles. It has been erroneously rendered Stone in the water, perhaps from the location of the town on the stream next mentioned.
Ca-ya-dut-ta, or Can-i-a-dut-ta, Stone standing out of the water.
Besides other villages mentioned already. Ca-ha-ni-a-ga and Ti-on-on-do-gue, double stockaded towns, and Ca-na-go-ra, a single stockade, were on the north side of the river in 1677. On-eu-gi-ou-re, or Os-ser-ue-non, were among the names of one town in 1645. Megapolensis, in 1644, assigns As-ser-ue, the same as the last, to the Turtle clan. The Bear clan occupied Ba-na-gi-ro, undoubtedly an erroneous rendering of Canagora. The Wolf clan, derived from the Bear, dwelt at The-non-di-o-go. The Mohawk villages varied much in number, and their situation was often changed. There were no villages in their home ter- ritory until about the end of the sixteenth century.
NEW YORK COUNTY.
Man-hat-tan, The island, on which New York city is built. Probably from the Delaware word Man-a-tey, an island. Hec- kewelder could not find that there was ever a nation of this name, and concluded that the island still called Man-a-hat-ta-ni by the Delawares, was inhabited by them. DeLaet, however, in 1625, said that the Manatthans were a wicked nation, and deadly enemies of the Sankikani, who lived opposite, on the west shore of the river. Other early writers take notice of them. The Monseys also called the site of the city La-ap-ha-wach-king, Place of stringing wampum beads. Heckewelder observes that " They say this name was given in consequence of the distribu- tion of beads among them by Europeans, and that after the European vessel returned, wherever one looked, the Indians
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INDIAN NAMES.
were seen stringing beads and wampum the whites gave them."
The same author also gives to New York the name of Man-a- hat-ta-nink, Place of general intoxication, from a great carousal there in early days.
By way of variety part of Washington Irving's observations may be quoted, "The name most current at the present day. and which is likewise countenanced by the great historian Vander- Donck, is Manhattan; which is said to have originated in a cus- tom among the squaws, in the early settlement of wearing men's hats, as is still done among many tribes. 'Hence,' as we are told by an old governor, who was somewhat of a wag. and flour- ished almost a century since, and had paid a visit to the wits of Philadelphia, . hence arose the' appellation of man-hat-on, first given to the Indians, and afterwards to the island'-a stupid joke !- but well enough for a governor. There is an- other, founded on still more ancient and indisputable authority, which I particularly delight in, seeing it is at once poetical, me- lodious, and significant. and this is recorded in the before-men- tioned voyage of the great Hudson, written by master Juet: who clearly and correctly calls it Manna-hatta, that is to say, the is- land of Manna, or in other words, 'a land flowing with milk and honey.'"
The Sankhicanni, before mentioned, were the Fire workers.
The name of Tam-ma-ny has become local in New York, in a sense, and can hardly be omitted. He was an early and em- inent Delaware chief, so virtuous that "his countrymen could only account for the perfections they ascribe to him by suppos- ing him to be favored with the special communications of the Great Spirit." More than a century ago he was greatly admired by the whites, and they conferred on him the title of St. Tam- many, keeping his festival on the first of May. The Philadelphia society wore buck-tails in their hats, and went to the wigwam on that day, where the calumet was smoked, and speeches and dan-
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INDIAN NAMES.
ces followed. Out of all those formed the New York society alone survives, Heckewelder says that most of the stories about him were made up by the whites.
Min-na-hau-ock. At the island. Blackwell's island.
Ka-no-no is the Onondaga name for New York, but the mean- ing has been lost, and it is applied to the city only.
O-jik-ha-da-ge-ga, Salt water. Atlantic ocean.
Hoboken. said to mean Smoke pipe, or tobacco pipe, may be noted here, but Zeisberger defines Ho-po-a-can, as Pipe or flute, and gives quite a different word for tobacco pipe. In the New England dialects, however, Hopuonk meant a pipe, or pipes and tobacco.
Wee-haw-ken has been called Maise land, but the translation may not be sound.
NIAGARA COUNTY.
Though recently in possession of the Senecas this county was originally part of the territory of the Neutrals, who had three villages east of the river in 1626, most of their towns being in Canada. They called themselves Akouanke, but the Hurons teimed them Attiwandaronk, A people with a speech a little dif- ferent from their own. They were destroyed by the Iroquois im- mediately after the Huron war. In 1640 they had a village at the mouth of the Niagara river called On-gui-a-ah-ra, and they gave the river the same name. The variations of this are many. Ni- a-ga-ra means A neck, and has no relation to the cataract. It was written O-ne-i-gra and O-ni-a-go-rah in 1687. The Tusca- roras call Lewiston, Ne-ah-ga. The carrying place was formerly called Ja-ga-ra, or On-ja-ga-ra. Sometimes it had the name of Och-swee-ge.
O-ne-a-ka, A neck. The mouth of the river.
Ga-sko-sa-da, The falls ; Date-car-sko-sase, Highest falls ; Kas- sko-so-wah-nah, Great fall, are all applied to the cataract.
Ca-ha-qua-ragh-e was a name applied to the upper part of the
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INDIAN NAMES.
river, in 1726, and A. Cusick thinks it means the Neck just under the chin. This is the same as D. Cusick's name for Lake Erie, interpreted a cap. It appears as A-qua-ra-ge in 1687.
Shaw-nee, Southern people, is the name of an early nation which has been applied to a hamlet. They were once subject to the Iroquois.
Date-ge-a-de-ha-na-geh, Two creeks ncar together. Eighteen mile creek.
Te-car-na-ga-ge, Black creek, the east branch of the Tuscaro- ra creek.
De-yo-wuh-yeh, Among the reeds. West branch of the Tus- carora creek.
O-yon-wa-yea, or O-non-wa-yea, Johnson's creek. A. Cusick called it O-yong-wong yeh, and thought it meant Something sunk to the bottom of the water. This might allude to something done at the siege of Fort Niagara.
A-jo-yok-ta, Fishing creek. This is Morgan's name for the same stream. The British army landed here in 1759
De-o-do-sote, The spring, referring to the Cold Spring two miles north-east of Lockport. Morgan gives this, but adds De- o-na-ga-no as the name of the spring, and Ta-ga-ote as that of Lockport. There is often quite a difference in his list and itinerary.
Kah-ha-neu-ka, or Ki-en-u-ka, Where the cannon point down, as given me. David Cusick describes the fort as existing under this name about 800 years ago. A supposed old fort on the rocks on the Tuscarora reservation. Turner defines Kiennka as Fort with a fine view, and it may have been derived from Gaanc- geh, mentioned below.
Gwa-u-gweh, Place of taking out boats. Carrying place at the falls.
Duh-jih-heh-oh, Walking on all fours. Leviston Heights, in allusion to carrying burdens up the ledge, at the old portage.
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INDIAN NAMES.
Te-ka-on-do-duk, Place with a sign post. Middleport. O-gea-wa-te-kae, Place of the butternut. Royalton Centre. Ga-a-no-geh, On the Mountains. Tuscarora village near Lew- iston.
Hate-keh-neet-ga-on-da. Golden Hill creek.
Chu-nu-tah, Where the water comes and overflows all. as given me by A. Cusick. Bloody lane.
Ga-o. wah-go-waah, Big canoe island. Navy island, so called from the early French ship building there.
Ti-yan-a-ga-run-te. A. Cusick interpreted this Where she threw a stick at me. A river next east of Johnson's Harbor, perhaps Six Mile creek.
Dyus-da-nyah-goh, Cleft rocks. Devil's Hole and Bloody Run.
Dyu-no-wa-da-se, The current goes round. Whirlpool.
Ouar-o-ro-non, the last village of the Neutrals, which was one day from the Iroquois in 1626. A. Cusick interpreted this A separate people, for it was really an Indian nation.
Ou-non-tis as ton. De la Roche's residence in 1626. On the same authority I render this The thing that made the hill high.
Near by, on the Canada shore, Chippewa creek was called Jo-no-dak, Shallow water. Pouchot called it Che-non-dac, and it had its present name from the Ojibways, or Mississaugas, who lived. there.
ONEIDA COUNTY.
Ta-ga-soke, Forked like a spear. Fish creek.
Te-ge-so-ken, Between two mouths. Really the same name, and applied to the same stream).
On-ey-da river. an early name of this creek. The meaning has been already given.
A-on-ta-gil-lon, Creek at the point of rocks. Another name of the same.
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INDIAN NAMES.
On-ei-yu-ta, Standing stone. Oneida. It was often spelled On-ei-out at an early day. With aug added, it properly means People of the stone. The council name of the nation was some- times applied to the principal village, and in this way it appear- ed as Ni-ha-run-ta-quo-a in 1743. In general Oneida is best de- fined as simply a stone, referring to the one around which the nation first grouped itself, the idea of standing being added when a smaller stone became its emblem.
Skan-an-do-wa creek, Great hemlock, after the old Oneida chief Skenandoah, the friend of Kirkland. He pathetically said, in allusion to his grey hairs, that he was an old hemlock, dead at the top. It is retained as a common family name.
Skun-an-do-wa, Great hemlock. Vernon Centre.
Ska-nu-sunk, Place of the fox. Vernon.
Te-ya-nun-so-ke, Beech tree standing. Nine mile creek.
O-ris-ca, on early maps for Oriskany, has been interpreted Where there was a large field. On the other hand, Morgan calls it O-le-hisk. Nettles. A. Cusick told me it meant something growing large in the field, and thus might be applied to this weed. The Mohawk word for nettle is Oh-rhes. It is O-chris- ke-ney creek on the map of 1790.
Sau-quoit, or Sa-da-quoit creek, Smooth pebbles in a stream. It is Sa-dagh-que-da on the map just mentioned.
Skan-o-wis, Long swamp. Sangerfield.
Kan-go-dick, or Kan-e-go-dick, is Wood creek.
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Date-wa-sunt-ha-go, Great falls. Trenton Falls. These have also been called Kuy-a-ho-ra, defined as Slanting waters.
Ho-sta-yun-twa. Camden.
Nun da-da-sis, or U-nun-da-da-ges, Around the hill. Utica. It was so called because of the peculiar way in which the great trail wound around the hill east of the city.
One-te-a-dah-que, In the bone. Trenton.
Twa-dah-ah-lo-dah-que, Ruins of a fort, given to Utica from
5 1
INDIAN NAMES.
the ruins of Fort Schuyler, of revolutionary days.
The-ya-o-guin, White head. Mentioned iu French documents of 1748, and it may have been Rome, but possibly a little far- ther west. This was King Hendrick's name.
O-je-en-rud-de, On the other side of the fire, was mentioned as the proposed site of a French fort, in 1700, on a branch of our (English) river. This would be either the Mohawk or Hudson, but it was probably Ticonderoga, as the English governors' ideas of American geography were not always clear.
Che-ga-quat-ka, Kidneys. Whitestown creek and New Hart- ford.
Ga-nun-dag-lee, Hills shrunk together. Paris Hill.
Ka-da-wis-dag, or Ka-de-wis-day, White field. Clinton.
; Te-o-na-tale, Pine forest. Verona.
Da-ya-hoo-wa-quat, Carrying place. Rome. A Cusick, how- ever, distinguished between this and De-o-wa-in-sta, which is translated in the same way and applied to the same place. The former is Lifting the boat; the latter, Setting the boat down. In early days boats were carried from the Mohawk to Wood creek.
Can-o-wa-rog-ha-re, Head on a pole. Oneida Castle, and sometimes applied to the lake. Many forms of this will be found. and it was given to many villages, though the allusion is not clear. Kan-o-wa-lo-ha-le.
De-ose la-ta-ga-at, Where the cars go fast. Oneida, after the opening of the railroad. This is not far from the modern Oneida castle, the nation originally living much farther south.
Kun-yous-ka-ta, Foggy place, with suggestions of a rainbow, as given to me. White creek.
Egh-wag-ny, a branch of the Unadilla, in this county, in 1701.
Can-a-da creek. A. Cusick rendered this Kan-a-ta, Dark brown water. It is capable of another interpretation in this form.
Kan-agh -ta-ra-ge-a-ra. Dean's creek.
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INDIAN NAMES.
Ka-ny on-scot-ta, given me as Rainbow in a misty place. A branch of Oriskany creek, and perhaps identical with a name previously mentioned.
ONONDAGA COUNTY.
On-on-da-ga, People of the mountain in its complete form The principal village always had this name, called by the French On. on-ta-e, or On-on-tah-que. Among themselves the Ononda- gas use the broad a in the third and fourth syllables, but not in talking with whites. It was first used in the south-east part of the county about A. D. 1600, remaining near the Limestone creek for over seventy years, and then being transferred to a village on Butternut creek. Early in the 18th century it crossed over to the east side of Onondaga creek, and about 1750 it was established on the west side. The nation has occupied that valley less than two hundred years, and their present home about a century. The Oneida and Oswego rivers were once called by this name. A. Cusick gave me the name as On-on-dah-ka, Up on a hill. In 1743, the council name of the nation, Sa-gogh-sa- an a gech-they ky, was applied to the village.
Ga-nunt-a-ah, Material for council fire, according to Morgan ; but A. Cusick interprets the early form of this, Ge-nen-ta-ha, as Near the village on a hill. Oh-nen-ta-ha is the present In- dian name of this, and Ka-ne-en-da the early English form for a village on the inlet. As applied to the principal village, it may be remarked that Onondaga was descriptive only of the earlier towns.
Kotch-a-ka-too, Lake surrounded by salt springs, according to Clark. More exactly it is Ka-chik-ha-to.
Te-ya-jik-ha do, Place of salt, applied to Salina, is the same.
Nat-a-dunk, Broken pine with drooping top, Syracuse. It was given me as Tu-na-ten-tonk, Hanging pine. Some have made it Oh-na-ta-toonk, Among the pines, and used it for the vicinity of · Syracuse and the mouth of the creek.
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INDIAN NAMES.
Kah-ya-hoo-neh. Where the ditch full of water goes through ; more correctly Ken-tue-ho-ne, A creek or river that has been made. Syracuse. The Indians pronounce the name of the city Sy-kuse.
Skan-e-at-e les. Long lake; in the Onondaga form Skan-e-a-ti- es : not an uncommon name, but also given to much smaller lakes. In this case it comes from its river-like appearance as seen from some points. It has been erroneously asserted that it means beautiful square, and this may be persisted in, as it has long been in the past. A curious memorial of this conflict of opinion may be added, in the form of a statement procured by Mr. J. V. H. Clark, intended to settle the question, but which had little effect. It was made and subscribed by two Onondaga chiefs, and is as follows :-
"Our attention has been lately called to two or three articles in the Skaneateles Democrat of March 13th, 1862, which articles aver that the name of Skaneateles means . Beautiful Squaw.' The authors made the statement, and persevere in it. from in- formation purporting to be derived from Indians many years ago. We would here distinctly state that we have never known among Indians the interpretation of Skaneateles to be . Beautiful Squaw, nor do we know of any tradition among the Onondagas. connect- ed with Skaneateles, that has any allusion to a . Beautiful Squaw. or 'Tall Virgin,' or any 'Female of graceful form.' The Onon- dagas know the lake by the name Skeh ne a-ties, which, literally rendered, is 'Long Water.' Nothing more or less. We have in- quired of several of our chief men and women, who say that it is the first time they have ever heard that Skaneateles meant ' Beau- tiful Squaw.' They, as well as ourselves, believe such interpre- tation to be a fiction.
Totowahganeo, (Henry Webster) Principal Chief Onondaga Nation.
Honoeyahteh, (Capt. George)
Principal Chief Onondaga Nation.
Onondaga Castle, March 18th, 1862."
Kai-yahn-koo, Resting place, where they stop to smoke. Green lake near Kirkville, from its being a resting place between Onon-
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INDIAN NAMES.
daga and Oneida Castle. Mr. Clark interpreted this Satisfied with tobacco, and assigned it to Green pond west of Jamesville. He said the Indians made an offering of tobacco there. I give the name as the Indians now place it.
Tue-yah-das-soo, Hemlock knots in the water. This is the name now given by the Onondagas to the pond last mentioned above, and its propriety is evident on looking down from the edge of the cliff. The same name was given in 1743, to a small village a few miles south. Weiser called the village Ca-chi-a- dach-se, in 1743, and it was also known as Ti-a-tach-tont. It was about four miles east of the present council house.
Te-a-une-sa-ta-yagh, is given simply as Deep spring, or Fort at deep spring, but there is no evidence of any fortification. It is also rendered De-o-sa-da-ya-ah, Deep basin spring. It has lost its beauty, but was a noted spot in early days, the water coming in on one side of a deep basin and passing out on the other.
O-tis-co lake has many names, the nearest to the present form being Ots kah, which is equivalent to Us-te-ka, Bitter-nut hickory. On a map of 1825 it is spelled Os-tis-co, which approaches the original. Morgan gives Ga-ah na, another name, as A drowning man rising and sinking. A. Cusick interpreted this as The last seen of anything, with somewhat of the same idea. The name of Kai-oongk has also been applied to it.
Usteka, Bitter nut hickory, the name of Nine Mile creek, flowing from this lake. I also received the names of Kai-ehn- tah, Trees hanging over water, and T'ka-sent-tah, The tree that hangs over, or One tree falling into another. The name of its estuary at Onondaga lake is Ki-a-heun-ta-ha. The present name of this beautiful stream simply refers to its distance west of On- ondaga creek, and many New York streams were named in a similar way.
T'kah-ne-a-da-her neuh, Many lakes on a hill, was given me as the proper term for the Tully lakes. Te.ka-ne-a-da-he, Lake
1
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INDIAN NAMES.
on a hill, is the simplest form, but others vary slightly. The In- dians place one Hiawatha story here, and one of the lake ser- pent, following the general tendency to locate traditions in fa- miliar places.
O-nun-o-gese, Long hickory. Apulia.
De-is-wa-ga-ha, Place of many ribs. Pompey.
Ote-ge ga-ja-kee. A grassy place, has also been applied to this, and Ote-queh-sah-he-eh, Field of blood, is said to have been an early name. A. Cusick did not know it by this name, but gave. this the meaning of Blood spilt. Applied also to Lafayette. The early Onondaga villages were in this town, but there were no early battles there. It had many open fields and cemeteries.
De-o-wy-un-do, Wind mill. Pompey Hill, there having been one there in early days. It was defined for me more exactly, as Windy place, being very much exposed. I have seen monu- ments in the cemetery there swaying in a spring wind. when not made secure.
O-ya-han, Apples split open. Camillus.
Ka-no-wa-ya, Skull on a shelf. Elbridge.
Ha-nan to, Small hemlock limbs on the water, or more briefly Hemlock creek. Skaneateles creek. Clark called it Ha-naut too.
U-neen-do. Hemlock tops lying on the water, the name of Cross lake according to Morgan. It is Yu-neen-do on Thur- ber's map. Clark calls it Te-ungk-too, and defines it Residence of the wise man, otherwise Hiawatha. A. Cusick, however, ren- dered it Teu-nen-to, meaning At the cedars, being just beyond a great cedar swamp.
Ga-do-quat is an Oneida name for Brewerton, interpreted for me as I got out of the water, this being a well known fording place.
Te wa-skoo-we-goo-na, Long bridge. Present name of Brew- erton.
Goi-en-ho was a name for Oneida lake in 1654, and perhaps for this spot, interpreted for me as Crossing place. Clark also
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INDIAN NAMES.
calls it Oh-sa-hau-ny-tah-Se-ugh-kah, Where the waters run out of Oneida lake.
Tou-en-ho was a neighboring village in 1688.
Among the early names for Oneida lake are Te-chir-o-guen, and Tsi-ro-qui, which are Mohawk forms of the Onondaga name. They have been defined as White water, but erroneously, though with a reference to the true meaning. Clark gives the definition of the Onondaga name, Se ugh-ka, as Blue and white lines meet- ing and parting, and refers this to such lines frequently seen on its surface. A. Cusick, however, called it Se-u-ka, String divided in two (by islands) and uniting again. On Thurber's map it is Ka no-a-lo-ka lake, a name derived from that of Oneida Castle. In a journal of Van Schaick's expedition it is called Oni-da-hogo, and in one old map it appears as Ca-hung-hage lake. It was commonly known, however, by its present name, derived from the People of the stone.
Se-u-ka Kah-wha-nah-kee, Frenchman's Island, the latter word meaning island.
Se-u-ka Keh-hu-wha-tah dea, Oneida river, the suffix meaning river. Clark calls it also Sah-eh. On Thurber's map it is Ta- gu-ne-da.
Qui-e-hook, We spoke there, is mentioned as the creek flow- ing out of Oneida lake in 1700.
Kach-na-ra-ge, or Ka-que-wa-gra-ge, was a ledge on this stream where it was proposed to build a fort in 1700. A. Cusick de- fined this as the Red, or Bloody place. He gave the same mean- ing to Qua-quen-de-na, which appears on the map of 1779, be- tween Brewerton and Caughdenoy. It probably belongs to the latter place. In 1792 Ke-quan-de-ra-ga was said to be the only rapid in Oneida river. Probably named from the color of the banks.
Ra-rag-hen-he, a place on the Oneida river in 1788, may come
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INDIAN NAMES.
from the last, but Cusick thought it meant Place where he con- sidered.
Te-yo-wis-o-don, Ice hanging from the trees, according to my informant. A place east of the last.
Teu-ung-hu-ka. Meeting of the waters. Three River Point, according to Clark. I received it as Teu-tune-hoo-kah, Where the river forks. The place has had its present English name for nearly two centuries.
Ga-no-wa-ya, Great swamp. Liverpool.
T'kah-skwi-ut-ke, Where the stone stands up, referring to the high brick chimneys, as given me. This is a Seneca name for Liverpool.
Tun-da-da-qua, Throw out. According to Morgan a creek at Liverpool, but it may mean the excavation of the Onondaga outlet.
So-hah-hee, for Onondaga outlet, is like a chief's name which means Wearing a weapon in his belt.
Ga-sun-to, Ka soongk-ta, or Ka-sonda, Bark in the water, is Butternut creek at Jamesville. It refers to the practice of plac . ing bark in the water there in the spring to soak, so that it might not curl when required for making cabins. The village of On- ondaga, which was burned in 1696, was just east of the reservoir.
De-a-o-no-he, Where the creek suddenly rises. Limestone creek at Manlius. Clark calls it Te-a-une-nogh-he, with the same meaning, but also abbreviates it to mad or angry stream.
Ga-che-a-yo, Place of fresh-water cray-fish, locally known as crabs. The same stream at Fayetteville.
Swe-no-ga, A hollow. South Onondaga. This I had from Cusick, with many others in this county. Clark renders it Swe. nugh-kee, Cutting through a deep gulf, applying it to the west branch of Onondaga creek. The location and meaning are the same.
Sta-a-ta, Coming from between two barren knolls. Clark gives
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